Semester Course Works (7th Semester Engg.

IC Engines
Dr. Shahid Imran
CourseWork 1

Homework Set #1:

The purpose of this set of homework is to give you a feel for the design values of practical engines. Not

all the relevant numbers are given in the problem statement. Make reasonable estimates and engineering

judgments of the unknown parameters. You have to calculate a lot of numbers. Use Matlab or Spreadsheet

to do the calculations.

Problems:
1.2 Draw a free body diagram of the piston. Also calculate the magnitude of the gas loading force
o
and the side thrust force due to the connecting rod at = 45 for the following:
o
(a) A SI engine with an 85 mm bore at a cylinder pressure of 20 bar (at = 45 ).
o
(b) A turbo-charged CI engine with a 150 mm bore at a cylinder pressure of 100 bar (at = 45 ). (You
may also want to express the results also in lb-force or kg-force to appreciate the magnitude.)

2.5 Note the relative magnitude of the different terms in the road power requirement. Also
estimate the force for accelerating the vehicle from 40 to 60 mph in 5 seconds.

Homework Set # 2

Problems:

5.3 Assume that CV=900 J/kg. Also calculate the ratio of the imep of the turbo-charged engine to
that of the naturally aspirated engine. (This is a rather long problem, but straight forward. It
is a good exercise in doing cycle analysis.)

3.1 Also calculate the power output, assume fuel conversion efficiency is 0.3.

3.3 Exercise in exhaust gas analysis.

3.13 This problem gives you some feel for what comes out in the exhaust pipe. The reason for doing the

dry versus wet analysis is because water vapor is usually removed from the exhaust gas before the
CO and CO2 measurements (to prevent condensation on the instruments). Use Matlab or a spread sheet to

calculate the numbers.

Homework # 3

Problems:

1) The NOX emission from automobiles is a mixture of NO and NO 2. At high temperatures, the mixture is
mostly NO, and at low temperatures, mostly NO 2. Consider a mixture with elemental composition of 1
mole of nitrogen atom and 2 moles of oxygen atoms at a fixed pressure of 1 atmosphere. Plot the
equilibrium mole fraction of NO as a function of temperature in the 600 to 1000 K range. (The actual
exhaust gas is not in equilibrium; therefore, the equilibrium value of NO is a lower bound.) Note that at
equilibrium above 1000 K, most of the gas is NO.

Problem 3.8 of text

(In part (c), the equilibrium constant should be 10 instead of 10.2. Dissociation of the N2 and H2O.)
10.2

The equilibrium Log10Kp for NO Log10Kp for NO2

Problem 4.9 of the text. constants from
the JANAF table
Homework No. 4 are: T(K)
600 -7.210 -6.111
Problems: 700 -6.086 -5.714
800 -5.243 -5.417
1) Problem 6.1 of 900 -4.587 -5.185 text book. Think
about under 1000 -4.062 -5.000 the same engine
speed and BMEP, why would
the inlet manifold pressure
and thus the Pumping MEP be
different for the two fuels.

2) This problem is an exercise to get an

idea of the flame propagation
environment under typical engine
condition. In the problem set directory, the simulation results for operating an engine under
vehicle cruise condition (see engine specification below) are tabulated in the ascii file
si_sim.oum. The columns are explained in the matlab m-file si_sim.m and also documented
below. (If you are using matlab, executing the m-file si_sim.m will automatically load the data
file into the various variables; if you want to use Excel, you can import the file into a spread
sheet.)
o
Engine specification: 1500 rpm; intake pressure=38 kpa; =1; ignition at 30 BTC Bore = 86 mm;
stroke = 86 mm; con-rod to bore ratio = 1.58 Clearance vol.=58.77 cc.
 Plot the following quantities as a function of the mass burned fraction. Use Eq. 9.36 for the
laminar flame speed calculation. The residual gas mole fraction is 20%. After the plots (by the
computer), take a look at the values to appreciate the magnitude of the various quantities. (Good
engineers/scientists should always know the numbers for the phenomena they are working on.)

(i) The unburned and burned gas temperatures

(ii) The pressure

(iii) The laminar flame speed

(iv) The laminar flame expansion velocity
(v) The mass fraction burn rate d(xb)/d
(vi) The volume of burned gas as a fraction of the charge volume

(vii) Assuming that the engine has a flat head and a flat piston, and assuming that the burned gas
occupies a cylindrical volume of radius R and a height equals to the combustion chamber height,
plot the ratio of 2R/B where B is the bore. (In reality, the flame ball is more likely to be roughly
hemispherical at first until it touches the piston; then it will transition into a cylindrical geometry.)

3) Problem 9.4 of text book. The problem illustrates the effects of spark plug location and combustion
chamber shape on burn rate.

For Problem 2, the columns of data in the file si_sim are:

theta=si_sim(:,1); %crankangle

p =si_sim(:,2); %pressure (bar)

tu =si_sim(:,3); %unburned gas temp (k)

tb =si_sim(:,4); %bunred gas temp (k)

m_int=si_sim(:,5); %cumulative mass inducted (g)

m_exh=si_sim(:,6); %cumulative mass exhausted (g)

viv =si_sim(:,7); %velocity at intake valve (m/s)

vexh =si_sim(:,8); %velocity at exhaust valve (m/s)

xb =si_sim(:,9); %mass fraction burned

x_net=si_sim(:,10); %net ht rel / (LHV*fuelmass)

qdot_h=si_sim(:,11); %heat transfer (J/deg)

w_pist=si_sim(:,12); %work transfer to piston (Kj)

Homework No. 5
Problems

1) Many inventors claim that they have invented a high energy spark plug which would substantially
improve combustion and engine efficiency. Typical commercial spark discharge system puts out
~30 mJ per pulse; because of heat loss to electrodes, only about 10% of this energy gets
delivered to the charge. (For a stoichiometric mixture, only ~0.2 mJ is needed for ignition.) For
a high energy spark plug (300 mJ per pulse ten times the energy delivered by the commercial
system), say 30 mJ is delivered to the charge. To see whether this has substantial effect on the
overall combustion behavior, estimate the size of the flame such that the heat release from the
burned gas is equivalent to 30 mJ. (You may assume a spherical flame ball and determine its
radius. The mixture is stoichiometric with 20% residual)

2) One strategy to prevent the engine from knocking is to enrich the mixture to a fuel equivalence
ratio of =1.2. There are two effects: (a) the lowering of the charge temperature by more fuel
being evaporated;
(b) The value of for the unburned mixture decreases with . Compared to the case of =1,
estimate the decrease in compression temperature due to the effects of (a) and (b). You may
assume a compression ratio of 9, and = 1.33 and 1.30 for = 1 and 1.2, and make other
reasonable assumptions.

3) The large local pressure and temperature rises due the very fast compression ignition of the end gas
(knocking) could cause severe damage to the combustion chamber. To estimate the magnitude of
these quantities, consider the constant volume combustion of a mass element of stoichiometric
gasoline mixture with 10% residual gas at TDC of a naturally aspirated SI engine operating at WOT.
The effective compression ratio is 9 (the effective compression ratio is due to that IVC is not at
3
BDC). Assume that the density of the trapped charge is 1 kg/m at IVC, and that the charge may be
considered as
an ideal gas with = 1.33.

(a) What is the pressure rise due to the constant volume combustion of the mixture?
(b) If the pressure before knocking is 20 bar, what is the temperature of this burned gas? (The actual
temperature is lower because of dissociation.)

Homework No. 6

Problems:

1) The fuel injector flow rate (mass per unit time) is constant so that the amount of fuel delivered is
controlled by the pulse width. This flow rate is sized by the requirements that at idle, the
injector should meter the fuel accurately (thus the lower the flow rate the better, since the
corresponding pulse width will be longer and the metering error will be less), and at WOT and
max engine speed, there is enough fuel delivered within the time constrain of a cycle.

For a four-cylinder 2L displacement engine, with a max speed of 6500 rpm

(a) Estimate the smallest injector flow rate that will do the job
(b) What is the fuel pulse width at idle? (Idle intake pressure ~0.3 bar.)
Homework No. 7

Problems:

1) Problem 11.3 of text book. Interpret the HC measurement as hydrocarbon with H/C ratio of 1.85.

2) Problem 11.9 of text book, but change the dimensions such that the top land height is 6 mm instead

of 9.52 mm, and the piston/bore clearance is 0.1 mm instead of 0.3 mm. (The values given in the

problem are for much older cars.)

3) Problem 11.10 of text book. This problem gives you an idea of the time scale for NO formation under
engine combustion condition. For the last part of the problem, see Eq. 4-32 and Fig. 4-17 for gas
properties.

Homework No. 8

Problems:

The following exercise is for you to get a feel for the magnitude of things for a modern turbo-charged

truck diesel engine. The Hino K13C 4-stroke turbo-charged diesel engine has the following

specifications:

No. of cylinders 6
Total displacement 12882 cc
Bore x Stroke 135 mm x 150 mm
Compression ratio 16.5
Rated power 294 KW @2000 rpm
bsfc @ rated power 200 g/KW-hr
Injection: common rail; max pressure 1400 bar
Nozzles 8 per injector @ 200 m diameter each
Compressor pressure ratio at rated power 2.5
Intercooler outlet temperature at rated power 120o C
At rated power, the volumetric efficiency is approximately 0.8. The fuel pulse width is 40 o crank angle.
Well assume that the injection rate is constant (at the average value) for the following analysis. (The
actual needle lift profile has a triangular shape.)

Compute the following quantities at rated power: (You may assume that the cylinder condition at the
time of injection to be 50 bar and 800K.) Diesel fuel at 120 o C (the fuel operating temperature) has s.g. =
-4 2
0.78 and viscosity = 5x10 N-s/m .)

(a) What are the air mass flow rate and the average fuel flow rate for the engine? What is the A/F?
(b) On a per cylinder, per cycle basis, what are the air mass, the fuel mass and fuel volume injected per
cycle? (You should get a mental picture of these quantities.)
(c) What is the average flow velocity through each nozzle hole?
(d) If the nozzle hole has a length to diameter ratio of 10, what is the pressure drop? Is this drop
significant?
(e) What is the average discharge coefficient for each nozzle?
(f) If the critical Webber number is 30, what is the average droplet diameter of the diesel spray? (The
surface tension of the diesel fuel at the injection condition is 0.025 N/m.)
(g) If all the drops are of the same size as calculated in (f), how many drops are there? If these drops are
to be distributed uniformly in the cylinder at TDC, what is the average distance between the drops? What
is the implication of these facts on the air/fuel mixing process? (Neither assumption is a good one, but the
estimates give a picture of the difficulty of air utilization.)

2) The compression ratio of a diesel engine must be high enough for fast auto-ignition. An acceptable
ignition delay is 20o crank angle. Well use the ignition delay equations Eq. (10-37, 38 and 39) to study
this. (Note that there is a typo in Eq. 10-37; see errata sheet on the web.) The inlet pressure and
temperatures are 1 bar and 20oC (253K). The cranking speed is 200 rpm. The fuel has a cetane number
of 45.
(a) For a truck engine with a 135 mm stroke, the polytropic exponent (n) for compression is 1.2. Plot the
ignition delay as a function of compression ratio (CR) in the range of 12 to 25. Determine the minimum
CR required.
(b) For a small passenger car diesel engine with a stroke of 80 mm, because of the higher heat loss, n =
1.12. Plot the ignition delay on the same graph as in (a) and determine the minimum CR required.

3) The soot burn-up rate may be obtained by the Nagle and Strickland-Constable formula which is given
by Eq. (11.41),(11-42) and Table 11.10 of the text. The value w in the formula is the surface
2
oxidation rate in g/cm -s. Since the data for the correlation were obtained from graphite oxidation
experiments, the rate is the value for carbon. Well assume that the oxidation of soot particle is at
the same rate as that of carbon. Also the density of the soot is assumed to be 2 g/cc.

Do the calculations for the following conditions:

(a) p =100 bar and T = 2500 K
(b) p =70 bar and T = 2000 K
(c) p=30 bar and T = 1400 K
The three conditions represent roughly at the peak pressure point, at the end of combustion, and late in the
expansion process.

(i) To show that mass transport is not the limiting process for oxidation of small particles, calculate the
2
transport time ( = d /D) for particle diameter d of 10, 100 and 1000 nm. The mass diffusivity D
is:
2 5 1.81
D(m /s) = 1.8x10 (p/p0)(T/T0 ) where p0 = 1bar and T0 = 300K
(ii) Calculate the time to oxidize particle of diameter 100 nm for oxygen mole fractions of 0.1%, 1% and
10%. Note that to have fast oxidation, sufficient oxygen has to be available at high temperatures.

Homework No. 9

Problems:

1. The purpose of this problem is to let you have a feel for the magnitudes of the heat load under
typical engine condition. Use the spark ignition engine data from HW4 (on the web) for your
calculation; assume that the volumetric efficiency based on intake condition is 0.7. The
overall heat transfer correlation is given by
Q =hA(Tg Tw )
where A is the surface area (estimated by assuming a flat piston and a flat head), and h is
calculated from the Nusselt correlation
0.8 0.4
Nu =0.35Re Pr
The Reynolds number is based on the mean piston speed and bore diameter. The Prandtl number is 0.8.
Note that the heat transfer correlation used in the problem is based on the average gas temperature,
which can be estimated from the burned and unburned gas temperatures. To simplify the problem, you
may use constant values for the gas properties:
Specific heats cp,unburned =1.2 kJ/kg; cp,burned = 1.5 kJ/kg.Viscosity = 7x10-5 kg/m-s
Thermal conductivity k = 0.15 W/m-K Average molecular weight = 29
The average wall temperature is 400K.

Plot as a function of the crank angle, the values of: A, h, Tg-Tw, Q and the cumulative heat
transfer Q as a function of crank angle from when the intake valve closes to when the exhaust
valve opens. (In the data file, TDC compression is 360o; IVC at 234o; EVO at 483o.)
Note that the Q you calculated is the overall heat transfer based on the average gas
temperature. There is a Q listed in the data file; that value is based on the heat transfer from
the burned gas through the wetted area the burned gas covers. You should compare the two
values. You should also note that the Q values you calculated are based on time and those
listed in the file are crank angle based so that conversion is needed before you can compare
them.

2. The lubrication film under the top piston ring will break though somewhere near the end strokes where
the the piston velocity is low. The resulting boundary lubrication manifests as liner wear, of which the
wear pattern can be seen when the engine is disassembled. The wear near TDC is more severe than
that near BDC because the ring pressure is higher. This phenomenon could be interpreted by the
 Stribeck diagram (see Fig. 13-3). For the piston ring, the non-dimensional Sommerfeld number S
(which is graphed as the x-axis of the Stribeck diagram):
S = U()/aP()

where is the lubricant viscosity, a is the piston ring thickness, and U() and P() are the
instantaneous piston speed and cylinder pressure at crank angle . Film break through occurs
when S is less than a critical value Scritical.
For the pressure data of file si_sim, plot S as a function of for a = 1 mm; = 0.01 Kg/m-s. If
Scritical = 1, where are the transition points (in terms of CA) near TDC in the compression and
expansion strokes under the following conditions
(a) Under the operating condition of the data file.
(b) When the speed is increased from 1500 rpm to 4500 rpm at the same load
(c) When the load is increased by a factor of 2.

In these calculation, the shape of P() may be considered the same; thus for part (c), the pressure curve
will be scaled by a factor of 2.

CourseWork 2
Emissions caps are a serious concern and a constraint in the development of higher performance
engines. Elaborate this statement in the perspective developments that lead to the evolution of EURO
standards from Issue 1 to Issue 6. Keep followings in mind

1. Emissions standards are different for diesel and gasoline engines

2. Different emissions have different sources and causes

3. There does exist a trade-off between various emissions

The report should be 10-12 page long enclosing pure academic concepts about the topic.
 Heat & Mass Transfer
Dr. Rabia Shaukat

Course Work No.1

Problem Description
This exercise consists of an analysis of an electronics component cooling design using fins: All electronic
components generate heat during the course of their operation. To ensure optimal working of the
component, the generated heat needs to be removed. This is done by attaching fins to the device which aid
in rapid heat removal to the surroundings. For the sake of simplicity, well assume that the electronic
circuit is made of copper with thermal conductivity of 386 W/mK and that it generates heat at the rate of
1 W. The enclosing container is made of a steel with thermal conductivity of 17 W/mK. The fins are
made of aluminum with thermal conductivity of 180 W/mK. There is convection along all the boundaries
except the bottom, which is insulated. The film (convection) coefficient is h=50 W/m2K and the ambient
temperature is 20C
1.1 Objective:
Determine an optimal number of fins to use on the component. Cases considered should all use an
odd number of fins (3, 5, 7, ).
1.2 Deliverables:
A hardcopy submission that includes: 1. A plot of the temperature distribution in the component for
the baseline case of 3 cooling fins and for your recommended number of fins. 2. A plot generated
using Matlab that shows the reduction of the maximum temperature in the component as a function
of the number of fins. Students are encouraged to collaborate with each other by distributing the
tasks of modeling the specific cases (each case differing in only the number of fins used).
Submissions must be prepared individually.

Course work No 2

A double pipe heat exchanger is required to cool 1.25 kg/s of toluene (process fluid) from 90 C to
60 C (flowing in the inner pipe) using hot benzene (1.10 kg/s) in the annulus. The exchanger is
made of 1 in inner pipe Schedule 40 and 2 in outer pipe Schedule 40. Both the pipes are made of
steel. The inlet benzene temperature is 20 C.
Find out assuming coutercurrent flow:
a) the outlet temperature of benzene assuming constant specific heat capacities at average
temperatures
b) LMTD
 c) the appropriate inside and outside heat transfer coefficients correlations and calculate individual
heat transfer coefficients by assuming the properties of fluids as constant at average temperatures
d) overall heat transfer coefficient based on part (c) including wall resistance but neglecting fouling
resistances
e) the total surface area required based on overall heat transfer coefficient calculated in Part (d)
f) the temperature profiles in the exchanger

________________________________________________________________

Mechanics of Materials-III
Mr.Sheeraz Ali

1. Discuss in detail the Mechanical properties of material and stress strain

curve.
2. What are codes and standards? Discuss ASME codes related to pressure
vessels.

Mechanical Vibration
Mr. H.M.Shahid. Akbar

1.Drawing the total response of an un-damped system under the effect of a

harmonic force. Equations 3.16 and 3.17 will be used by assuming suitable values
of variables.

2. Studying the performance and making comparison of different vibrations

measuring instruments and finding suitable instrument applicable in common
industry

Finite Element Analysis

 Dr.Farhan
Coursework1a

Problem 1 (30 points):

Consider the truss problem already discussed in class, in linear elastic analysis,
but with all displacement boundary conditions removed and no applied load.

2
A m = cross-sectional area of each bar, E N 2 , and a[m] .
m
Coursework 1b
Problem1(20points):

Exercise4.2,textbookp.215

Problem2(20points):

Exercise4.6,textbookp.217
Coursewok2
Semester Course Works (5th Semester Engg.)

Machine Tools & Machining

Mr. Tahir Asif

COURSE WORK 1

From the list of product components given below, please select one and do the following. (If you wish,
you may substitute a productprocess combination with which you are more familiar than with those on
the list, but it should contain at least two discrete processing steps.)

a) Determine the key quality characteristics that you would worry about if you were the customer for the
part. In other words, what are the key measures of output geometry (e.g. diameter) and of output
constitutive properties (e.g. hardness) for the part? (While aesthetic considerations might well be of
concern to the customer, we are concerned here purely with measurable, functional outputs.)

b) Based on the processes listed for your chosen component, describe how the component is made and
what the principal determinants of the parts geometry and its final constitutive properties will be.

c) For each process used to make your component, identify the key process parameters:

Equipment state

Equipment properties

Material states

Material properties

For equipment and material states, list the appropriate power and energy variables.

d) What variable(s) are typically used to control the processes? e) What variables can be expected to
cause variation in the output and why?
COURSE WORK 2

Explain the working principle of ADVANCED CNC MILLING. Search for industries using this process.

Machine Design-II
Mr. Faraz Fazal

Machine Design and CAD-ll

Course work 1
1. A helical gear drive shown in Fig.1 transmits 20 kW power at 1440 rpm to a machine
input shaft running at 360rpm. The motor shaft pinion has 18 teeth, 20 normal pressure
angle and a normal module of 4mm and 30 right hand helix. Determine all dimensions of
the gear and the pinion along with the forces. Comment the chosen gears.

Fig. 1
2. A 21-tooth spur pinion mates with a 28-tooth gear. The diametral pitch is 3 teeth/in and
the pressure angle is 20. Make a drawing of the gears showing one tooth on each gear.
Find and tabulate the following results: the addendum, dedendum, clearance, circular
pitch, tooth thickness, and base-circle diameters; the lengths of the arc of approach,
recess, and action; and the base pitch and contact ratio.

3. A 20 straight-tooth bevel pinion having 14 teeth and a diametral pitch of 6 teeth/in drives
a 32-tooth gear. The two shafts are at right angles and in the same plane. Find:
(a) The cone distance
(b) The pitch angles
(c) The pitch diameters
(d) The face width

4. A parallel helical gearset uses a 17-tooth pinion driving a 34-tooth gear. The pinion has a
right hand helix angle of 30, a normal pressure angle of 20, and a normal diametral
pitch of 5 teeth/in. Find:
(a) The normal, transverse, and axial circular pitches
(b) The normal base circular pitch
(c) The transverse diametral pitch and the transverse pressure angle
(d) The addendum, dedendum, and pitch diameter of each gear

5. An uncrowned straight-bevel pinion has 20 teeth, a diametral pitch of 6 teeth/in, and a

transmission accuracy number of 6. Both the pinion and gear are made of through-
hardened steel with a Brinell hardness of 300. The driven gear has 60 teeth. The gearset
has a life goal of 109 revolutions of the pinion with a reliability of 0.999. The shaft angle
is 90; the pinion speed is 900 rev/min. The face width is 1.25 in, and the normal pressure
angle is 20. The pinion is mounted outboard of its bearings, and the gear is straddle-
mounted. Based on the AGMA bending strength, what is the power rating of the gearset?
Use K0 = 1, SF = 1, and SH = 1.

Course work 2

1. Make a two-view drawing or a good freehand sketch of a helical compression spring

closed to its solid height and having a wire diameter of 12 in, outside diameter of 4 in,
and one active coil. The spring is to have plain ends. Make another drawing of the same
spring with ends plain and ground.

2. A helical compression spring is wound using 0.105-in-diameter music wire. The spring
has an outside diameter of 1.225 in with plain ground ends, and 12 total coils.
(a) What should the free length be to ensure that when the spring is compressed solid
the torsional stress does not exceed the yield strength, that is, that it is solid-safe?
(b) What force is needed to compress this spring to closure?
(c) Estimate the spring rate.
 (d) Is there a possibility that the spring might buckle in service?

3. An 02-series ball bearing is to be selected to carry a radial load of 8 kN and a thrust load
of 4 kN. The desired life LD is to be 5000 h with an inner-ring rotation rate of 900
rev/min. What is the basic load rating that should be used in selecting a bearing for a
reliability goal of 0.90?

4. A full journal bearing has a journal diameter of 1.000 in, with a unilateral tolerance of
0.0015 in. The bushing bore has a diameter of 1.0015 in and a unilateral tolerance of
0.003 in. The l/d ratio is unity. The load is 250 lbf and the journal runs at 1100 rev/min. If
the average viscosity is 8 reyn, find the minimum film thickness, the power loss, and the
side flow for the minimum clearance assembly.

5. A full journal bearing has a journal diameter of 1.250 in, with a unilateral tolerance of
0.001 in. The bushing bore has a diameter of 1.252 in and a unilateral tolerance of 0.003
in. The bearing is 2.5 in long. The journal load is 400 lbf and it runs at a speed of 1150
rev/min. Using an average viscosity of 10 reyn find the minimum film thickness, the
maximum film pressure, and the total oil-flow rate for the minimum clearance assembly.

Principles of Management
Mr.Adeel Munir

Course Work 1
What are four functions of Management? If you start a new business, describe the detailed steps
(in view of four functions of management) that you will apply to complete the task.

Note: Copying the context of other students will carry no marks. Similarity in assignments will
result in cancellation of all assignments.

Course Work 2

a) What is difference between manager and leader? Give detailed analysis

b) Give a detailed cost/benefit analysis of human resource management (HRM) department
in company with details of its merits and demerits

Note: Copying the context of other students will carry no marks. Similarity in assignments will
result in cancellation of all assignments
Semester Course Works (3rd Semester Engg.)

Manufacturing Processes
Ms. Samina Ishaq

Course Work 1

Suggest the methods to improve the efficiency of lowering the raw material and lead time reduction and
how capacity increases and the waiting time for individual products for different manufacturing
industries will be reduced.

The work must be under critical condition due to economic point of view
ROI (Return On Investment) analysis on these manufacturing processes
Metal injection molding
Centrifugal casting

Course Work 2

What are the important properties which are essential in good molding sand. Suggest different
properties of molding sand and also elaborate what are main ingredients of molding sand.
Also search out the real practical examples related this topic.
Make a detailed report containing all the properties and ingredients of sand along with their
figures.

Fluid Mechanics-I
Dr. Fahad Noor

Course work No: 1

A frustum-shaped body is rotating at a constant angular speed of 200 rad/s in a container filled with
SAE 10 W oil at 20 C ( = 0.1 Pa . s). If the thickness of the oil film on all sides is 1.2 mm,
determine the power required to maintain this motion. Also determine the reduction in the required
power input when the oil temperature rises to 80 C ( = 0.0078 Pa . s).

Course Work No: 2

Write down the industrial applications, advantages and dis-advantages of following Equipments used
is fluid systems.
Positive displacement flow meters

Turbine flowmeters

Variable area flowmeters

Ultra sonic flowmeters

Electromagnetic flowmeters

Vortex flowmeters

Mechanics of Materials-I
Ms.Mehroz Sana

COURSE WORK 1

The beauty of a bicycle wheel design is that the spokes (narrow cylindrical wires
connecting the wheel center to the perimeter) are loaded in tension, despite the
compressive force exerted via the bicyclists weight. Consider a stainless steel
spoke with a diameter of 2 mm, under a 1000 N (224 lbf) load.
(a) What is the (tensile) stress on the spoke?

(b) What is the elastic strain in the spoke, given that approximation of the stainless
steel as a linear elastic continuum is a reasonable approximation? If the spoke is
initially 25.50 cm long, what is the spoke length under the maximum applied load?

(c) Why would it be a bad idea to place the spoke under a compressive load of
1000 N

1. (d) The company that employs you, Unique Unicycles, has designed a new
bicycle that requires the spokes be loaded in compression. Design an
alternative circular spoke made of stainless steel that is able to carry the
same load and yet is a reasonable size and weight for the bicycle (e.g.,
within 25% of the initial spoke weight).
COURSE WORK 2

1. The beam is supported by a pin at A and a short link BC. Determine the
maximum magnitude of P of the loads the beam will support if the average
shear stress in each pin is not to exceed 80 MPa. All pins are in double shear
and each has a diameter of 18mm.

2. The bar is pinned at A and supported by two aluminum rods, each having a
diameter of 25 mm and a modulus of elasticity Eal = 70 GPa. If the bar is
assumed to be rigid and initially vertical, determine the force in each rod
when the 10 KN is applied

3. The turbine develops 150 KW of power, which is transmitted to the gears

such that C receives 70% and D receives 30%. If the rotation of the 100 mm
diameter steel shaft is 800 rev/min, the shear modulus G=75 GPa.
Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft and the angle of
twist of end E of the shaft relative to B. The journal bearing at E allows the
shaft to run freely about its axis.
Semester Course Works (1st Semester Engg.)

Thermodynamics-I
Dr. Zahid Anwar

Coursework No 1

Use of Engineering Equation Solver (EES) and Microsoft Excel

a. Develop digital version of a property table (Steam/R134a/R22/R600a/R717) in Microsoft Excel. User is

supposed to give input for two property parameters and rest of all property data is expected to be
looked up by this application. This application must be capable of doing interpolation and extrapolation
functions.

b. Use Microsoft Excel for plotting following processes on a P-v diagram

i. Isobaric, Isothermal, Isentropic and Polytropic expansion processes 1-----Consider air as working
medium and use representative values for inlet and outlet conditions.

ii. Isobaric, Isothermal, Isentropic and Polytropic compression processes-----Consider air as working
medium and use representative values for inlet and outlet conditions.

c. How following parameters effect thermal efficiency of their respective thermodynamic cycles. Use
Microsoft Excel/EES for graphical representation from your calculations.

i. Effect of compression ratio and specific heat ratio in case of Otto Cycle

ii. Effect of Compression ratio, cut-off ratio and specific heat ratio for Diesel Cycle

iii. Effect of boiler pressure, condensation pressure, turbine inlet temperature on performance of simple
Rankine cycle

iii. Effect of Regeneration and reheating in comparison with simple Rankine cycle

Course Work No 2

1
Design related problem

Design models for the illustration of Zeroth law, First law and Second law of Thermodynamics.

Engineering Statics
Dr. Maryam Masood

Industrial Materials
Mr.Faraz Fazal

Course work 1

Choose five products (mechanical auto parts etc.) and specify the materials of those products. Also
mention what are the properties of that material which is most important one for its selection.

Course work 2

What is the role of nanotechnology in material sciences? Explain with the help of three
examples/applications.