Stainless Steel, Why Stainless?

Corrosion Resistant Steel

University of
Indonesia

(Stainless Steel) ƒ Stainless steels = Cr containing

Corrosion Rate (mm/year)

steel alloys
ƒ Cr content is min. 10.5% and 0.2
max 30%
Dr.-Ing. Bambang Suharno ƒ Cr makes the steel 'stainless' =
improved corrosion resistance,
Dr. Ir. Sri Harjanto ƒ due to a chromium oxide film
0.1
ƒ that is formed on the steel
surface
Kuliah Baja Paduan & Super Alloy ƒ This extremely thin layer is
ƒ also self-repairing in the
presence of oxygen 0
0 5 10
ƒ and damage by abrasion,
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department cutting or machining is % Chromium
quickly repaired
University of Indonesia
2007
ƒ C : < 0.03 % - 1,2%

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Chromium Oxide Film Pasivitas Pada Stainless Steels

University of University of
Indonesia Indonesia

ƒ Pasivitas dikarenakan ƒ Pada Duplex SS Cr 22-27%

oleh adanya lapisan
ƒ Ketahanan korosi
oksida yang bersifat self-
tergantung pada
repairing dengan
kestabilan lapisan oksida
karakteristik :
ƒ Untuk lingkungan yang
ƒ Kompak, lapisan
berbeda dioptimalkan oleh
kontinyu memerlukan ~
ƒ Fig. 1 - In any normal oxidising environment a protective coating alloying dengan unsur lain
of passive chromium rich oxide film is automatically formed on 11wt% Cr.
stainless steel. ƒ Pasivitas meningkat ƒ Contoh; Ni, Mo, N,
ƒ Fig. 2 - When scratched, damaged or machined this protective film dengan meningkatnya Cu
is denuded exposing the steel to the atmosphere. Cr hingga ~17wt%
ƒ Fig. 3 - The protective coating is quickly restored through the rapid
ƒ Umumnya stainless
self-repairing quality of the chromium rich film.
steels mengandung
17-18wt% Cr
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1
University of
Produk Stainless Steel University of
Pengelompokan Stainless Steels
Indonesia Indonesia

ƒ Wrought Product
ƒ Long Product: Pipa, ƒ Berdasarkan mikrostruktur Stainless steels (SS)
Batangan, Profil dapat dikelompokkan atas:
ƒ Flat Product: Lembaran, • Feritik SS
sheet, Pelat • Austenitik SS
ƒ Casting Product • Duplex (Feritik-Austenitik) SS
ƒ Impeller, Flange, Valve • Martensitik SS
• Precipitation Hardening (PH) SS
ƒ Mikrostruktur stainless steels (sangat tergantung dari
komposisi) dapat diprediksi menggunakan diagram
Schaeffler-Delong

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Schaefler Diagram
University of University of
Classification of Stainless Steel
Indonesia Indonesia

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2
 Diagram Schaeffler-Delong Classification of Stainless Steel
University of University of
Indonesia
•904 Indonesia

Austenitik
Martensitik-
Martensitik-Austenitik
•316
Nickel Equivalent

•304 Feritik-
Feritik-Austenitik
•2507
•2304 •2205
•410
Martensitik
•430 Feritik

Chromium Equivalent

Chromium Equivalent = %Cr + 1.5%Si + %Mo

Nickel Equivalent = %Ni + 30(%C + %N) + 0.5(%Mn + %Cu + %Co)
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Strength and Ductility of

Toughness of Stainless Steel
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Stainless Steel University of
Indonesia

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3
University of University of
Effect of Alloying Elements
Indonesia Indonesia

ƒ Unsur paduan berkontribusi terhadap

Family ƒ pembentukan fasa ferrite-austenite
of SS ƒ Ferrite stabilizer (misal: Cr, Mo, W, V)
ƒ Austenite stabilizer (misal: C, Cu, Ni, Mn, N)
ƒ pembentukan fasa kedua (precipitate) yang melibatkan
unsur Cr, Mo, W, Cu, N
ƒ Sigma phase
ƒ Chi phase

Sangat penting untuk mengetahui pengaruh elemen

paduan terhadap ‘complex metallurgical system”

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University of
Effect of Alloying on SS Properties University of
Effect of Carbon
Indonesia Indonesia

Property C Cr Ni S Mn Si P Cu Mo Se Ti or Nb ƒ Iron + carbon =

Corrosion Resistance - √ √ X - - √ - √ - - ƒ increasing the hardness and strength of iron.
ƒ In austenitic and ferritic stainless steels
Mechanical Properties √ √ - - √ √ √ √ √ - √
ƒ a high carbon content is undesirable,
High Temperature Resistance - √ √ X - - - - √ - √ especially for welding Æ carbide precipitation -
Æ brittle
Machinability X X - √ - - √ - - √ -

Weldability X X - X √ - X - √ - √

Cold Workability X X X - - - √ - - -

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4
 Effect of Chromium on oxidation
Effect of Chromium
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Indonesia
University of
Indonesia
resistance
ƒ Chrom :
ƒ To increase resistance to oxidation.
ƒ This resistance increases as more chromium is added.
ƒ Duplex Stainless Steel
ƒ Cr = ferrite former and sigma phase (carbide former)
ƒ Cr > 22%
ƒ increase in pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
ƒ Cr < 27 % in order to
ƒ retain ductility, toughness and corrosion resistance

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University of
Effect of Nickel University of
Effect of Mo and N
Indonesia Indonesia

ƒ Ni = austenite former (austenite promoting element) ƒ Molybdenum (Mo):

ƒ To balance the microstructure to ferrite/ austenite
ratio
ƒ Affects the corrosion and mechanical properties
ƒ Excessive Ni:
ƒ increase in austenite content
ƒ Promoting a greater conc. of ferrite stabilizer element
(Cr, Mo) in the remaining ferrite (not change to the
precipitation of sigma phase)
ƒ Strong ferrite former, similar effect as Cr does on
properties
ƒ when added to austenitic stainless steels
ƒ improves resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
especially in Cl and S containing environments
ƒ Nitrogen (N):
ƒ N = austenite forming element
ƒ increasing the austenite stability
ƒ Yield strength is greatly improved without sensitization
(e.g. carbon)

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University of
Effect of Mn and Cu University of
Effect of W
Indonesia Indonesia

ƒ Manganese (Mn): ƒ W = minor elements

ƒ to improve hot working properties ƒ improving corrosion resistance
ƒ and increase strength, toughness and hardenability. ƒ The addition of W causes
ƒ Mn = austenite forming element ƒ easy to form inter metallic phase compare with W-free
ƒ used as a substitute for nickel in Austenitic SS duplex SS
ƒ e.g. AISI 202 as a substitute for AISI 304 ƒ W=
ƒ like Cr and Mo promotes sigma phase formation
ƒ Copper (Cu): ƒ promote of Chi phase
ƒ Cu = normally present as a residual element
ƒ in a few alloys to
ƒ produce precipitation hardening properties
ƒ or to enhance corrosion resistance

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Properties of Stainless Steel University of
Indonesia Indonesia

Alloy Group Magnetic Work Hardening Corrosion Hardenable

Response1 Rate Resistance2

Austenitic Generally No Very High High By Cold Work

Duplex Yes Medium Very High No
Ferritic Yes Medium Medium No
Martensitic Yes Medium Medium Quench &
Temper
Precipitation
Yes Medium Medium Age Harden
Hardening

High Temperature Low Temperature

Alloy Group Ductility Weldability
Resistance Resistance3

Austenitic Very High Very High Very High Very High

Duplex Medium Low Medium High
Ferritic Medium High Low Low
Martensitic Low Low Low Low
Precipitation
Medium Low Low High
Hardening

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University of
Indonesia

Mekanisme Penggetasan
(Brittleness) pada Stainless Steel

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department

University of Indonesia
2007

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Mekanisme Penggetasan pada

Sensitasi pada Stainless Steel
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Indonesia
Stainless Steel University of
Indonesia

ƒ Stainless Steel peka terhadap ƒ Austenitic SS peka terhadap intergranular

corrosion jk berada pada temp 480–815OC
Embrittlement (Kehilangan ductility/
ƒ Umumnya akibat:
toughness) ƒ Welding
ƒ Penyebab: ƒ Service condition
ƒ Sensitasi ƒ Terjadi karena terbentuk endapan M23C6
(Cr3Fe)23C6 pada batas butir
ƒ 475°C Embrittlement (350°C -
ƒ Pencegahan:
550°C). ƒ Kurangi Kadar C (0.015 – 0.02%), substitusi
ƒ Sigma Phasa (σ phase) dengan N
ƒ Tambahkan Nb/ Ti

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7
 475°C Embrittlement
University of
Indonesia
ƒ Paduan dengan Cr tinggi, cenderung untuk Brittle,
terutama jika ditahan atau pendinginan lambat pada
400 – 550OC
ƒ 475°C Embrittlement menyebabkan:
ƒ UTS, Hardness naik
ƒ Ductility turun
ƒ Ketangguhan turun
ƒ Corrosion resistance turun
ƒ Penyebab 475°C Embrittlement:
ƒ Terbentuk second phase (carbides, nitrides,
oxides, phosphides)
ƒ Pembentukan Fe3Cr, FeCr, FeCr3, mirip sigma
phase hanya saja pada temp rendah
ƒ Kecenderungan Brittle jika:
ƒ Kandungan Cr tinggi
ƒ Kandungan Carbide former tinggi (Mo, V, Ti, Nb)
ƒ Pengerjaan pada temp 475 OC
Sigma Phasa (σ) Embrittlement
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Indonesia
ƒ Pembentukan FeCr Intermetallic yang
keras, brittle (68 HRC)
ƒ Terbentuk jika temperatur proses sekitar
565 – 980 OC dan berlangsung lama, hal ini
dapat menyebabkan fracture
ƒ Semua elemen paduan penstabil ferrite
dapat men promote pembentukan sigma
phase
ƒ Cr yang tinggi mem promote sigma
phase
ƒ C yang tinggi pembentukan sigma phase
dikurangi sebab terbentuk Cr-Carbide

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University of
Indonesia

ƒ Tugas I:
ƒ Buat paper tentang :
ƒ Ultra finegraine steel, atau
ƒ Nano structure steel
ƒ Uraian meliputi latar belakang R&D bida tsb., sejarah
perkembangan R&D, mekanisme penguatan, dan
aplikasi
ƒ Nilai terbaik diberikan dengan kriteria:
ƒ Orisinalitas uraian,
ƒ Kelengkapan bahasan (comprehensive),
ƒ Ke- update- an bahan

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