SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

(10th MAY 10th JUNE 2017)

SUBMITTED BY

VENKATASALAM K L
FIRST YEAR POST GRADUATE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BITS PILANI HYDERABAD CAMPUS

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI HYDERABAD CAMPUS

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel immense pleasure and privilege to express my deep sense of gratitude, indebtedness
and thankfulness towards my guide Mrs. Keerthana, Chief Engineer, B&F, L&T
Construction. for her invaluable guidance, constant supervision, continuous
encouragement and support throughout this intern.

I am also thankful to Mr. Illayaraja, Engineering Manager, B&F, L&T Construction for
supporting me and clarifying my queries throughout my intern. I am thankful to
Mr. Janarthanan Loganathan, L&T Banglore and Mrs. Sindhu, HR Manager, B&F, L&T
Construction by whom I got this opportunity for intern in this company.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE Pg.No.

NO.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND 3

1.2 STRUCTURAL PLANNING 3

1.3 POSISTION OF COLUMNS 3

1.4 ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS 4

1.5 POSISTIONING OF BEAMS 5

1.6 SPANNING OF SLABS 6

1.7 CHOICE OF FOOTING TYPE 7

1.8 STRUCTURAL DRAWING 8

2 LOAD CALCULATION

2.1 DEAD LOAD 9

2.2 IMPOSED OR LIVE LOAD 14

2.3 EARTHQUAKE LOAD 15

2.4 WIND LOAD 16

2.5 PRI. LOAD CASES & COMBINATION 17

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3 MANUAL DESIGN

3.1 DESIGN OF BEAM 18

4 MODELLING AND ANALYSIS

4.1 MODELLING 20

4.2 ASSIGNING LOADS 21

4.3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 22

5 CONCLUSION 23

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 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND

Engineering is a professional art of applying science to the efficient

conversion of natural resources for the benefit of man. Engineering therefore
requires above all creative imagination to innovative useful application for
natural phenomenon. The basic needs of human existence are food, clothings &
shelter. From times immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their
standard of living. The point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and
efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a
feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man. The
engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of
future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any
client.

1.2 STRUCTURAL PLANNING

After getting an architectural plan of the buildings, the structural planning

of the building frame is done. This involves determination of the following: a)
Positioning and orientation of column of columns b) Position of beams c)
Spanning of slabs d) Layout of stairs e) Selecting proper type of footing the
basic principle in deciding the layout of component members is that the loads
should be transferred to the foundation along the shortest path.

1.3 POSITION OF COLUMNS

1) Columns should be preferably located at or near the corners of a building

and at the intersections of beams/walls. Since the basic function of the columns
is to support beams which are normally placed under the walls to support them,

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their position automatically gets fixed. Column position for rectangular pattern
building

2) Select the position of columns so as to reduce bending moments in

beams. When the locations of two columns are very near, then one column should
be provided instead of two at such a position so as to reduce the beam moment.

3) Avoid larger spans of beams. When the centre to centre distance

between the intersection of walls is large or when there are no cross walls, the
spacing between two columns is governed by limitations of spans of supported
beams because spacing of columns decides the span of beam. As the span of the
beam increases, the required depth of the beam, and hence its self-weight, and the
total load on beam increases.

4) Avoid larger centre to centre distance between columns. Larger spacing

of columns not only increases the load on the column at each floor posing problem
of stocky columns in lower storeys of a multi storeyed building. Heavy sections
of column lead to offsets from walls and obstruct the floor area.

1.4 ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS

1) Avoid projection of column outside wall. According requirements of

aesthetics and utility, projections of columns outside the wall in the room should
be avoided as they not only give bad also obstruct the use of floor space and create
problems in furniture flush with the wall. Provide depth of the column in the plane
of the wall to avoid such offsets.

2) Orient the column so that the depth of the column is contained in the
major plane of bending or is perpendicular to the major axis of bending. When
the column is rigidly connected to right angles, it is subjected to moments of
addition to the axial load. In such cases, the column should be so oriented that the
depth of the column is perpendicular to major axis of bending so as to get larger

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moment of inertia and hence greater moment resisting capacity. It will also reduce
Leff/D ratio resulting in increase in the load carrying capacity of the column

3) It should be borne in mind that increasing the depth in the plane of

bending not only increases the moment carrying capacity but also increases its
stiffness, there by more moment is transferred to the column at the beam column
junction.

1.5 POSITION OF BEAMS

1) Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy

concentrated load to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs. Since beams are
primarily provided to support slabs, its spacing shall be decided by the maximum
spans of slabs.

2) Slab requires the maximum volume of concrete to carry a given load.

Therefore the thickness of slab is required to be kept minimum. The maximum
practical thickness for residential/office/public buildings is 200mm while the
minimum is 100mm.

3) The maximum and minimum spans of slabs which decide the spacing of
beams are governed by loading and limiting thickness given above. In the case of
buildings, with live load less than 5kN/m2, the maximum spacing of beams may
be limited to the values of maximum spans of slabs given below.

4) Avoid larger spacing of beams from deflection and cracking criteria.

Larger spans of beams shall also be avoided from the considerations of
controlling the deflection and cracking. This is because it is well known that
deflection varies directly with the cube of span and inversely with the cube of
depth i.e., L3/D3.Consequently, increase in D is less than increase in span L which
results in greater deflection for larger span.

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 5) However, for large span, normally higher L/D ratio is taken to restrict
the depth from considerations of head room, aesthetics and psychological effect.
Therefore spans of beams which require the depth of beam greater than one meter
should be avoided.

1.6 SPANNING OF SLABS

This is decided by supporting arrangements. When the supports are only

on opposite edges or only in one direction, the slab acts as a one way supported
slab. When rectangular slab is supported along its four edges, it acts as one way
slab when Ly / Lx> 2 and as two way slab for Ly/Lx< 2. However two way action
of the slab not only depends on the aspect ratio Ly / Lx and but also on the ratio
of reinforcement in the two directions. Therefore, designer is free to decide as to
whether the slab should be designed as one way or two way.

1) A slab normally acts as a one way slab when the aspect ratio Ly/Lx>2,
since in this case one way action is predominant. In one way slab, main steel is
provided along the short span only and the load is transferred to two opposite
supports only. The steel along the long span just acts as distribution steel and is
not designed for transferring the load but to distribute the load and to resist
shrinkage and temperature stresses.

2) A two way slab having aspect ratio Ly / Lx<2 is generally economical

compared to one way slab because steel along the spans acts as main steel and
transfers the load to all its four supports.

3) Spanning of the slab is also decided by the continuity of the slab.

4) Decide the type of the slab. While deciding the type of the slab whether
a cantilever or a simply supported slab or a continuous slab loaded by UDL it
should be borne in mind that the maximum bending moment in cantilever (M =
wL2/ 2) is four times that of a simply supported slab (M=wL2/8), while it is five

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to six times that of a continuous slab or a fixed slab (M=wL2/10 or wL2/12) for
the same span length.

5) Similarly deflection of a cantilever loaded by a uniformly distributed

load is given by: wL4/8EI = 48/5 x (5wL4/ 38EI) which is 9.6 times that of a
simply supported slab = (5wL4/384 EI).While designing any slab as a cantilever
slab, it is utmost importance to see whether adequate anchorage to the same is
available or not.

1.7 CHOICE OF FOOTING TYPE

1) The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and
bearing capacity of the supporting soil

2) It is necessary to conduct the survey in the area where the proposed

structure is to be constructed to determine the soil properties. Drill holes and trail
pits should be taken and in situ plate load test may be performed and samples of
soil tested in the laboratory to determine the bearing capacity of soil and other
properties.

3) For framed structure under study, isolated column footings are normally
preferred except in case of soils with very low bearing capacities. If such soil or
black cotton soil exists for great depths, pile foundations can be appropriate
choice.

4) If columns are very closely spaced and bearing capacity of the soil is
low, raft foundation can be an alternative solution. For column on the boundary
line, a combined footing or a strap footing may be provided.

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1.8 STRUCTURAL DRAWING

Built-up Area 284.95 m2

Multipurpose Room 1 3.22 x 3.85 m2

Multipurpose Room 2 2.4 x 2.5 m2

W.C - 0.9 x 1.2 m2

Bathroom - 1.2 x 1.2 m2

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 LOAD CALCULATION

2.1 DEAD LOAD

Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are transferred to the
structure throughout their life span. Dead load is primarily due to self-weight of
structural members, permanent partition walls, fixed permanent equipment and
weighs of different materials. IS 875 Part 1

DEAD LOAD

1. Plinth Level Wall Load

(2.9+0.128) x 0.2 x 10 6.056 kN/m

Plastering weight

18 mm thick 0.018 x 3.028 x 20.4 1.11 kN/m

12 mm thick 0.012 x 3.028 x 20.4 0.74 kN/m

Total 7.906 kN/m

2. Floor Level Wall Load

0.2 x 2.9 x10 5.8 kN/m

Plastering weight

18 mm thick 0.018 x 2.9 x 20.4 1.06 kN/m

12 mm thick 0.012 x 2.9 x 20.4 0.70 kN/m

Total 7.57 kN/m

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3. Roof Level Wall Load

0.2 x 1.15 x 10 2.3 kN/m

4. Dead Load of Slab (Living Room,

Veranda, Kitchen)
Ceramic Tiles 8 mm thick

0.008 x 0.12 0.0096 kN/m2

Mortar 20 mm thick

0.02 x 20.4 0.408 kN/m2

Slab 100 mm thick

0.1 x 25 2.5 kN/m2

Self-weight of Deck Sheet

0.07 kN/m2 0.07 kN/m2

Total 2.9876 kN/m2

5. Self-weight of Slab (Sunken Area)

Ceramic Tiles 8 mm thick

0.008 x 0.12 0.0096 kN/m2

Mortar 20 mm thick

0.02 x 20.4 0.408 kN/m2

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 Slab 100 mm thick

0.1 x 25 2.5 kN/m2

Self-weight of Deck Sheet

0.07 kN/m2 0.07 kN/m2

Sunken Area Load

0.2 x 20 4 kN/m2

Total 6.9876 kN/m2

6. Roof Dead Load

Water Proofing Load

0.113 x 24 2.712 kN/m2

Screed 1 in 120

Self-weight of Slab 100 mm thick 2.5 kN/m2

Self-weight of Deck Sheet

0.07 kN/m2 0.07 kN/m2

Total 5.282 kN/m2

7. Lift Machine Dead Load

25 / (1.8 x 2) (As Pressure) 6.9 kN/m2

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 Self-weight of slab

0.12 x 25 3 kN/m2

Total 9.94 kN/m2

8. Stair Case Load

Stringer Beam Length

(1.30+2.21+1.30) x 2 x 2 x 22.1 425.204 kg

2.37 x 4 x 22.1 209.508 kg

Hand Rail

i) Vertical Flats

18 x 2 x 0.06 x 0.01 x 7850 169.5 kg

ii) Steel Hollow Tube

(5.32+16.04) x 9 191 kg

25 mm thick concrete steps

0.025 x 0.27 x 1.36 x 24 x20 4.40 kN

Checked Plate

8 x 20 160 kg

Total 19.32 kN

19.32 / (4.1 x 3.92) 1.20 kN/m2

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9. Tie Beam Load

Self-weight of beam

0.2 x 0.25 x 25 1.25 kN/m

Weight of wall above the beam

0.2 x (0.9 - 0.1 - 0.3) x 10 1 kN/m

Weight of sunshade

((0.05 + 0.075) / 2) x 0.6 x 25 0.8437 kN/m

Torsion in tie beam due to sunshade

0.8437 x 0.3 0.281 kNm/m

Total Load at support at tie beam level 5.76 kN

Total Moment at support tie beam level 0.384 kNm

10. Load due to Water Tank

150 mm thick RCC wall

0.15 x 2 x 25 7.5 kN/m

Water Pressure

10 x 2 20 kN/m2

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2.2 IMPOSED OR LIVE LOAD

Live loads or movable loads without any acceleration or impact. These are
assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of the building
including weights of movable partition or furniture etc. The imposed loads to be
assumed in buildings IS 875 Part 2

LIVE LOAD

1. Corridor Passages 3 kN/m2

2. Roof Live Load 1.5 kN/m2

3. All Other Rooms 2 kN/m2

4. Staircase 3 kN/m2

5. Lift Room

1000 kg / 1.8 x 2 2.77 kN/m2

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2.3 EARTHQUAKE LOAD

Earth quake loads are horizontal loads caused by earth quake and shall be
computed in accordance with IS: 1893. For monolithic reinforced concrete
structures located in seismic zone II and III without more than 5 storey high, and
importance factor less than 1, the seismic forces are not critical.

EARTHQUAKE LOAD

Soil Type Medium Soil

Damping Ratio 0.02

Mass Source Dead Load + 50% Live Load

Method of obtaining response Response spectrum Method, CQC

Load Direction X and Z (Plan View)

Location Chennai

Importance Factor 1

Type of Building Steel Building with Concentric

Bracings
Response Reduction Factor 4

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2.4 WIND LOAD

Wind load is primary horizontal load caused by movement of air relative to earth.
The details of design wind load are given is IS : 875 (part - 3) Wind load is
required to be considered in design especially when the height of the building
exceeds two times dimensions transverse to the exposed wind surface.

WIND LOAD

Location Chennai

Terrain Category Category 3

Class Class B

K1 1

K2 at 0, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50 m 1, 1.05, 1.07, 1.12, 1.17

K3 1

K4 1

Vb 50 m/s

Vz Vb x K1 x K2 x K3 x K4

Pz 0.6 x Vz2

Height Pressure kN/m2

2.9 1.5
5.8 1.5
8.7 1.5
11.6 1.54
14.5 1.63

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2.5 PRIMARY LOAD CASE AND LOAD COMBINATION

1 DL DEAD LOAD
2 LL LIVE LOAD
3 ELX EARTHQUAKE LOAD IN X DIRECTION
4 ELZ EARTHQUAKE LOAD IN Z DIRECTION
5 WLX WIND LOAD IN X DIRECTION
6 WLZ WIND LOAD IN Z DIRECTION

LOAD COMBINATIONS

1 1.5 (DL LL)

2 1.5 DL 0.9 ELX
3 1.5 DL 0.9 ELZ
4 1.5 (DL WLX)
5 1.5 (DL WLZ)
6 1.2 (DL + LL ELX)
7 1.2 (DL + LL ELZ)
8 1.2 (DL + LL WLX)
9 1.2 (DL + LL WLZ)
10 1 (DL + LL)
11 1 (DL + ELX)
12 1 (DL + ELZ)
13 1 (DL + WLX)
14 1 (DL + WLZ)
15 DL + 0.8 LL + 0.8 ELX
16 DL + 0.8 LL + 0.8 ELZ
17 DL + 0.8 LL + 0.8 WLX
18 DL + 0.8 LL + 0.8 WLZ

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 MANUAL DESIGN OF BEAM

3.1 DESIGN OF BEAM

Beam No. 1847

Length of the beam = 5.84 m
End Conditions - Simply Supported
Combination - 1.5(DL+LL)
Shear force = 90.292 kN
Bending Moment = 160.955 kNm

Trial 1 ISMB 350 @ 52.4 kg/m

Type of section Plastic
Md = Zp x Fy x b / mo Zp = 889.57 x 10-6 m3
Ze = 779 x 10-6 m3 Fy = 250 Mpa
b = 1
Md = 202.175 kNm
Md < 1.2 x Ze x Fy / mo
Hence Safe in Moment

Vu < Vd
< 0.6 Vd
Vd = Fy x tw x d / (1.905) Vd = 371 kN
0.6 Vd = 222.6 Kn 222.6 kN > 90.292 kN
Hence Safe in Shear

Allowable Deflection = Span / 300

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Span / 300 = 19.46 mm
Actual Deflection = 16.121 mm
Actual Deflection < Allowable Deflection
Hence Safe in Deflection, Shear and Moment

Trial 2 ISMB 300

Deflection
Actual Deflection = 22.45 mm
Actual Deflection > Allowable Deflection
Hence Unsafe

Hence adopt ISMB 350 @ 52.4kg/m

CODEBOOKS REFFERED

1. IS 800 2007
2. IS 875 PART 1
3. IS 875 PART 2
4. IS 875 PART 3
5. IS 1893 2002

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 MODELLING AND ANALYSIS

4.1 MODELLING

Modelling was done in STAAD.Pro V8i. Positioning of columns, Primary

beams, Secondary Beams should be decided. Correspondingly nodes should be
created at beam column intersection, main beam and secondary beam
intersections. Using beam and truss elements members were created. Truss
elements were used for bracings. Beam elements can transfer moments from one
member to the other member. Since all joints were assumed to be shear
connections, those moments should be released. This can be done using member
releases command. Supports were assumed to be fixed. Column, Beam cross
Sections were assumed to be ISHB 450 with cover plates of thickness 18 mm and
ISHB 400.

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4.2 ASSIGNING LOADS

To define DL, LL, EL, WL load cases should be defined and calculated
loads are assigned under corresponding load cases. These load cases are called
primary load case. Load combinations should be defined as per Indian standards.
Both factored and unfactored load should be taken into account.

Primary Load cases 6

Load Combinations 18
Factored Load Combination 9
Unfactored Load Combination 9

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4.3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

After assigning the loads analysis was done. In post processing tab the
deflections of the members for various load cases should be checked. The actual
deflection should be less than the permissible deflection. Member design was
carried out in steel design module. The input parameters in steel design module
are ultimate stress of steel, yield stress of steel, effective length of member in X,
Y and Z direction. Code check should be done. Utility ratio should be checked, if
the utility ratio for a particular member is more than 1 then it says that the member
has failed. That particular member should be redesigned. This process should be
done till the utility ratio becomes less than 1. If a member has utility ratio less
than 0.5 then it means that we are designing the section in uneconomical way.
Hence it is always better to keep the utility ratio between 0.8 0.9 for economical
design. Staad editor and output file is attached for reference. Footing and pedestal
are concrete members so code check should be done according to IS 456.

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CONCLUSION

The design and Analysis of residential building in the Chennai city has
been done. The various components that were designed are beam, column, lintel
cum sunshade.

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