INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

TOPICS
I. Summary 3. Sulfuric Acid
4. Hydrogen Peroxide
A. Petroleum 5. Soda ash
1. Diesel E. Agrochemicals
2. Gasoline 1. Boric Acid
B. Petrochemicals 2. Penicillin
1. Olefins 3. DDT
2. Ethylene F. Fertilizer
3. Butadiene 1. Phosphate fertilizer
4. Toluene 2. Nitrogenous fertilizer
C. Polymer G. Pharmaceuticals
1. Polyethylene 1. Ibuprofen
D. Common Chemicals 2. Paracetamol
1. Activated Carbon 3. Penicillin
2. Hydrochloric Acid

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Petroleum

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Diesel oil

Fractionating Diesel Oil

Crude Oil Hydrotreater
Column Diesel Oil fraction

Fluid Catalytic
Higher Chain Cracking Unit
Fractions
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Olefins

NAPTHA CATALYTIC STEAM HYDRO OLEFINS

REFORMING CRACKING CRACKING
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LINK: http://www.uop.com/petrochemicals-flow-scheme/
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Ethylene

link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLmh0jJE2zE 6
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Butadiene
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Butadiene
CRUDE BUTADIENE
PURIFICATION
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Toluene Hydrodealkylation
Benzene

Catalyst: Mixtures of
Platinum and
Aluminum Oxide
Temperature: 500C
Pressure: 7-35 Bar

C6H5CH3 + H2 C6H6 + CH4

C6H4 (CH3)2 + H2 C6H5CH3
C6H6 + CH
2 Benzene = Diphenyl + H2

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https://www.scribd.com/document/86372093/Hydrodealkylation-Simulation
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Polymer Co-monomer(s)- added to improve

plasticization or the flexibility of a
polymer by inducing cross-linked
bonding.
Polymerization Types of Polymerization refers to
addition or condensation
polymerization (process depends on the
desired product)
Technique/Reactor classified into
Homogeneous, comprising of bulk or
solution polymerization, and
Heterogeneous System with
suspension, emulsion, precipitation
polymerization
Polymer Resin- clear liquid plastic
product which hardens and molded into
desired product.

REFERENCES
Available online at
http://slideplayer.com/slide/7070114
/
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Polyethylene

Block Flow Diagram based on

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6rCE8alv
3g

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Activated Carbon

References:

http://www.chemvironcarbon.com/en/activated-carbon
http://www.chemvironcarbon.com/en/activated-carbon/activated-carbon-
manufacture
http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/chemicals/producing-activated-carbon
https://youtu.be/Ag4fFJUmPmM
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Sulfuric Acid

Catalytic
Oxidation
Combustion (Converter )

Absorption

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/contact.html 13
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Hydrogen peroxide

Source: http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/hydrogen-peroxide.html

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Hydrogen peroxide

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Sodium Carbonate
Le Blanc process

2 NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 HCl

Na2SO4 + 2 C Na2S + 2CO2
Na2S + CaCO3 Na2CO3 + CaS

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Sodium Carbonate
Solvay process

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http://www.citycollegiate.com/sblock2.htm
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Solvay process
Sodium Carbonate
Ammoniation of brine
A lime kiln is used to Ammonia gas is absorbed
produce quicklime in concentrated brine to
through the give a solution containing
calcination of both sodium chloride and
ammonia.
limestone. This
reaction takes place In the Solvay tower, the
at 900C. solution now contains ions
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) Na+(aq), Cl-(aq), NH4+(aq) and
HCO3-(aq). Of the four
substances which could be
The heat of
formed by different
combustion of Coke combinations of these ions,
in the kiln raises the sodium hydrogencarbonate
temperature of the (NaHCO3) is the least
kiln and the soluble. It precipitates as a
limestone solid in the lower part of the
decomposes tower, which is cooled.
NaCl(aq) +
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) +
NH3(aq) +H2O(I) +CO2(g)
CO2(g) NaHCO3(s) + NaCl (aq)

2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + http://www.worldofchemicals.com/440/chemistry-articles/manufacturing-

of-sodium-carbonate-by-solvay-process.html 18
H2O (g) + CO2 (g
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Ammonia Recovery

CaO is formed as a by-product of the thermal decomposition of limestone in the

lime kiln.

This CaO enters a lime slaker to react with water to form calcium hydroxide:

CaO(s) + H2O (l) Ca(OH)2(aq)

The calcium hydroxide produced here is reacted with the ammonium chloride
separated out of the carbonating tower by filtration:

Ca (OH)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g)

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Agrochemicals
Manufacturing Process -
Technical grade pesticide Formulating Industry

http://www.slideshare.net/s181185/pesticide-industry-36254529
http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/gc/c2/c2gc35349k/c2gc35349k.pdf ---- 20
glyphosate production
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DDT

Page 126-127 of Chemical Process Technology and Simulation by Srikumar Koyikkal

Ebook link:
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=t08wJ9MRSXwC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=MCB+ddt&source=bl&ots=q5_3AhX9mz&sig=ky9Q5rlOfAfUskjfxpzlB 21
MKbSzU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5x5yrkrLOAhXCFJQKHWnZBlsQ6AEILjAD#v=onepage&q=MCB%20ddt&f=false
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Boric Acid

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NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS

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NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS
Sources
http://www.madehow.com/Volume
3/Fertilizer.html
United Nations Industrial Development
Organization. (1980). Fertilizer manual.
New York: United Nations.

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Phosphate fertilizers

http://www.ipni.net/ipniweb/portal.nsf/0/02d5d56d777313b20625
77ce0069a3a8/$file/p%20fert%20tech%2011%2010%202010.pd
f
http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/production/1
B.pdf 25
 IBUPROFEN
Boots
Synthesis

https://www.google.com/patents/US3385886
 IBUPROFEN

http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/41/p2/ibuprofencasestudy.pdf
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Acetaminophen (paracetamol)

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Penicillin

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Penicillin

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Penicillin

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