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F2 F1 F2
F1
F5 F3
F3 F4
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
TYPES
The applied force can also tend to rotate the body about
an axis in addition to motion. This rotational tendency is
known as moment.
MA = Fd
From (1), A O X
R (r/AO) = P (p/AO) + Q (q/AO)
i.e., R r = P p + Q q
Moment of resultant R about O = algebraic sum
of moments of component forces P & Q about
same moment center O.
VARIGNONS THEOREM PROOF BY VECTOR
FORMULATION
Consider three forces F1, F2, and F3
concurrent at point A as shown in fig.
Let r is the position vector from O to
point A. The sum of moments about O
for these three forces by cross-product is,
Mo = (rF) = (rF1) + (rF2) + (rF3).
By the property of cross product,
Mo = r (F1+F2+F3)
=rR
where, R is the resultant of three original
forces.
APPLICATIONS OF VARIGNONS
THEOREM
F F
F
F
d
Q Q
= M=F d
=
P P
F
Fig. (a) Fig. (b) Fig. (c)
A given force F applied at a point can be replaced
by an equal force applied at another point Q together with
a couple which is equivalent to the original system.
Two equal and opposite forces of same magnitude F
and parallel to the force F at P are introduced at Q.
F F F F
M=F d
Q d Q
= =
P
P
Fig. (a) F Fig. (b) Fig. (c)
Of these three forces, two forces i.e., one at P and the
other oppositely directed at Q form a couple.
Moment of this couple, M = F d.
Third force at Q is acting in the same direction as that at P.
The system in Fig. ( c ) is equivalent to the system in Fig. ( a ).
Thus, the force F acting at a point such as P in a rigid
body can be moved to any other given point Q, by adding a
couple M. The moment of the couple is equal to moment of
the force in its original position about Q.
PROBLEM - 1
60
O
Determine,
a) The moment of 100N force about O.
b) Magnitude of the horizontal force applied at A,
which develops same moment about O.
c) The smallest force at A, which develops same
effect about O.
d) How far from the shaft a 240N vertical force must
act to develop the same effect?
e) Whether any of the above systems is equivalent to
the original?
SOLUTION
Case a) Perpendicular distance from the line of
action of force F to moment center O = d
A
= 240 cos 60
= 120 mm.
F
Moment about O = F d = 100 120 60
= 12,000 N-mm O
d
(Clockwise)
Case b)
Perpendicular distance between the line of
F
action of horizontal force F at A to moment
center O= d = 240 sin 60
d
=207.85 mm.
60
Moment about O = F d
A
O
= F 207.85
= 12,000 N-mm (Clockwise)
Therefore, F = 12,000/207.85 = 57.73 N
Case c)
F = M/d
Force is smallest when the perpendicular
A
distance is maximum so as to produce
same M.
i.e., d = 240 mm. F
60
Therefore, Fmin = 12,000/240 = 40N.
O
Case d)
Distance along x-axis, X = M/F
A
= 12,000/240
= 50 mm.
Distance along the shaft axis
d = X/cos 60 d
60
= 50/cos 60
= 100 mm O X F
Case e) Observations:
I) None of the above force system is equivalent to
the original even though all of them produce same
moment.
II) Shaft rotates in the same manner but the pulling
effect on the shaft is different in different cases.
PROBLEM - 2
A 100N force acts on the corner of a 4m x 3m box as
shown in the Fig. Compute the moment of this force about
A by a) Definition of Moment
b) Resolving the force into components along CA
and CB.
F=50 kN
D 4m C
60
3m
A B
SOLUTION
a) By Definition of Moment: F=50 kN
To determine d: D 4m C
60
36.87
AC = 4 3 5m
2 2
60 3m
Fx
+ MA = - Fx 3 + Fy 4 3m
= - 25 3 + 43.3 4
= + 98.20kNm. A B
PROBLEM - 3
60kN
30 60 30kN
200mm
80kN
SOLUTION
+ 0 = -6.69kN. 30 60 30kN
R=
200mm
Inclination w.r.to horizontal = R
80kN
= tan-1(Ry/Rx)
= tan-1(6.69/56.96) = 6.7
b) Position w.r.to D:
Moment of the component forces about D:
+ MD = - 60 100 + 80 100 = 2000kNm.
=R d
where d = perpendicular distance from point D to the line
of action of R.
= 2000 d.
d = 57.35/2000 = 0 .029m.
PROBLEM - 4
Find the resultant and its position w.r.to O of the non-
concurrent system of forces shown in the figure.
F1=2500N
F5=2000N F2=500N
1 4 2
1 1m
5 F3=1000N
O
1m
F4=1500N
SOLUTION
A) To find the resultant F1=2500N
F5=2000N F2=500N
2 = tan-1(1/2) = 26.56 1 4 2
4 = tan-1(3/2) = 56.31 1
5
1m
F3=1000N
5 = tan (1/1) = 45
-1
O
+ Fx = Rx = F2 cos2 +F3 1m
-F4 cos4-F5 cos 5
F4=1500N
y
R
= 2998.14N
R = tan R = tan-1(2889.7/799.03) = 74.54
-1 R
x
Rx
B) Position of Resultant w.r.to O:
By Varignons theorem, Moment of the resultant about O
= Algebraic sum of the moments of its components
about O.
+ Mo =Rd = +25002 + 500sin26.565 500
cos26.563 - 10001- 1500 cos56.310
1500sin56.31+2500 cos451-2500sin450
= 2998.14 d
d = 1.43 m from O.
TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS
1. Concentrated Loads This is the load acting for very
small length of the beam.
2. Uniformly distributed load This is the load acting
for a considerable length of the beam with same intensity
of W kn/m throughout its spread.
W kN/m
Total intensity = W L
(acts at L/2 from one end of the spread) L
120 kN
50 kN 30 kN
2m
3m 1m
60
A B
6m
SOLUTION
120 kN
50 kN 30 kN
2m 60
3m
60 1m
A B
6m
+ Fx = Rx = 50 30 cos 60 = 35 kN
= 35 kN
+ Fy = Ry = -120 30 sin 60 = -145.98 kN
= 145.98 kN
3m 2m 1m 2m
SOLUTION:
Resultant:
+ Fx = Rx = -30 cos45 = - 21.21kN = 21.21kN
+ Fy = Ry = -30 sin45 20x2 = -61.21kN = 61.21kN
Rx
R=
R
R=tan-1(Ry/Rx) = tan-1(61.21/21.21) = 70.89 Ry
R
Position w.r.to A:
+ MA = -40 30cos450 30sin45(3+2) 202
(3+2+1+2/2) = -426.07 = 426.07 kNm
For this clockwise moment, the line of action must be
onto the right of A.
The perpendicular distance to the line of action of R from A
d = M/R = 426.0/64.78 = 6.58m
The X-distance from A along the beam, X=M/Ry
= 426.07/61.21 = 6.96m
PROBLEM - 7
Locate the resultant w. r. to point A.
10kN 10kN
1m 30 5kN/m
2kN/m 1m
A B
2m 2m 1m 2m
SOLUTION:
Resultant:
+ Fx = Rx = -10 cos30 = - 8.66 kN = 8.66kN
+ Fy = Ry = -1/222-10-10sin30-52 = -27kN
= 27kN
Rx R y 8.66 2 27 2 28.35kN
2 2
R=
Rx
R
R=tan-1(Ry/Rx) = tan-1(27/8.66) = 72.22
R
Position w.r.to A:
Ry
+ MA = - (1/222)2/32 10(2+2) + 10 cos301
10 sin30(2+2+1+1) 52(2+2+1+1/22) = -124.006kNm
= 426.07kNm
For this clockwise moment, the line of action must be
onto the right of A.
The perpendicular distance to the line of action of R
from A, d = M/R = 124.06/28.35 = 4.38m.
The X-distance from A along the beam, X=M/Ry
= 124.06/27 = 4.59m
PROBLEM 8
A 50 N force is applied to the corner of a plate as
Shown in the fig. Determine an equivalent
force-couple system at A. Also determine an equivalent
Consisting of a 150 N force at B and another force at A.
30 mm
50 mm
100 mm 30
50 N
PROBLEM 8
Force Couple System at A:
Fx = 50 sin 30 = 25 N. 30 mm
50 cos 30
SOLUTION
A) Force Couple System at A:
B
Fx = 50 sin 30 = 25 N. 30 mm
A
Fy = 50 cos 30 = 43.3 N 50 mm Fx=50 sin 30
These forces can be moved to
A by adding the couple.
30
Moment of the couple about A 100 mm
50N
+ MA= Fx50-Fy100 Fy=50 cos 30
= 2550 - 43.3100
= -3080 N-mm. Fx=50 sin 30
A
= 3080 N-mm 50 mm Ma=3080N-mm
Fy=50 cos 30
100 mm
SOLUTION
150 N
B) Forces at A and B :
The couple MA is because of two
B
equal and opposite forces at A 30 mm
A
and B.
i.e., MA = 150 cos 30 50 mm
= 3080
Therefore, = 46.8. 100 mm
Resultant force at A:
FX=50sin30-150cos46.8 =46.8 Fx=50 sin 30
A
= -77.68N = 77.68N 50 mm
FY=-50cos30-150sin46.8 150N
= -152.65N = 152.65N
100 mm
Fy=50 cos 30
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
600 N 60 o 30 1000 N
2000 N 10 60 400 N
2. Four forces of magnitudes 10N, 20N, 30N and 40N
acting respectively along the four sides of a square
ABCD as shown in the figure. Determine the
magnitude, direction and position of resultant w.r.t. A.
(Ans:R=28.28N, =45, x=1.77a)
20N
D
30N C
A 10N
a B
40N
3. Four parallel forces of magnitudes 100N, 150N, 25N
and 200N acting at left end, 0.9m, 2.1m and
2.85m respectively from the left end of a horizontal
bar of 2.85m. Determine the magnitude of resultant
and also the distance of the resultant from the left
end.
(Ans:R=125N, x=3.06m)
4. Reduce the given forces into a single force and a
couple at A.
(Ans:F=320kN, =14.48, M=284.8kNm)
70.7kN
200kN
45 30
1.5m
A
1m 30
100N
80N
5. Determine the resultant w.r.t. point A.
(Ans:R=450kN, X=7.5kNm)
150Nm
150N
1.5m 3m 1.5m
100N 500N