ENGINEERIN

G
PHYSIC ONE DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS
Dynamics- relation of force in motion

S Mechanics- study of motion of the objects

Kinematics- science describing motion of objects
Distance-(SQ) how much ground and object is
covered during its motion.
Speed-(SQ)how fast an object is moving
Average Speed- the average on an instantaneous
speed = Distance/Time

1 & Average Velocity= Displacement/Time

Displacement= (VQ)final- initial
Instantaneous Speed(v)- speed at any given time
Velocity(V)- the rate at which an object covers
distance; V=displacement(m)/time(s); m/s
Acceleration=(f-Vi)/t; m/s2
Kinematics Formulas(KF)
o Vx=Vix+axt

2 o x-xi=Vixt+(1/2)axt2
o Vx2= Vix2+2axx; x=x-xi

Constant Acceleration
Vx=Vix+(1/2)axt2
o if ax=0; Vix= Vx or Vxcos
Free Falling Objects (Vi=0)-just like KF; doesnt
encounter air resistance.
o a=g(gravitational for acceleration);

(review o x= y
o gearth=9.8 m/s2, gmoon= 1.6 m/s2,
gsun=270 m/s2
Projectile Motion
o Initial Velocity

Vxi=Vi cos

er) o

Vyi=Vi sin

at the top of the arc path, Vy=0;

Vy=Viy-gt

Vy=Vi sin -gt

tm(max time to reach max height
ym)=Vi sin /g

t(total t of flight)=2tm=2Visin /g

R(distance in the x
direction)=Vxt=2Visin 2/g
Momentum(p)=mV; kg.m/s
Principle of Conservation of Momentum
o m1Vi1+m2Vi2=m1Vf1+m2Vf2
 Newtons 1st Law of Motion- In the absence of
external forces, an object at rest remains at rest and
an object in motion continues in motion with a
constant Velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a
straight line); Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Newtons 2nd Law- The rate of change of
momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
resultant force acting on the body and is in the same
direction. F (mf- mi)/t; F=ma; LAW OF
ACCELERATION
Newtons 3rd Law- for every action theres an equal
and opposite reaction.
Inertia- resistance of any physical object to a change
in its state of motion.
Equilibrium- the condition of a system in which
competing influences is balanced.
Forces- push or pull upon an object;
o Contact Forces-frictional, tension, normal,
air resistance, applied, spring FORCES
o Action-at-a-Distance Forces- magnetic,
gravitational, electrical Forces
Forces in equilibrium
o E.G.
Resultant Force or Net Force(F)-
a Vector produced when two or more forces acting
upon a single object; the overall force acting on an
object; single force that will replace the given force
system. R or Fnet= Fx+ Fy; =tan-1 (Fy/ Fx)
Moment or Torque- is the tendency of a force to
rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or piVot. Just
as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought
of as a twist.
M=F.d[(Force)(Perpendicular Distance)]
Centripetal Force(Fc)- a force that makes a body
follow a curved path: it is always directed orthogonal
to the Velocity of the body, toward the
instantaneous centre of the path.
Centrifugal Force- represents the effects of inertia
that arise in connection with rotation and which are
experienced as an outward force away from the
centre of rotation.
Centre of Gravity(Mass)-m=mass
o x'=my/m; y= mx/m
Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)- moves with a
constant speed but has a changing velocity because of
the continuing change in direction.
o ac(centripetal acceleration)=v2/r; tangential or orbital
speed2/radius of the circular orbit
o Fc(centripetal force)=m ac=mv2/r
Work- product of force and displacement;
mechanical work, the amount of energy transferred
by force acting through a distance.
o W=F.d

Wapplied force=F.d=F.d.cos

Wfrictional force=f.d= f.d.cos 180o

Wnormal force=N.d. cos 90o

Wnet=W.d
Energy- capacity of physical system to do work;
1Joule(J)=1N-m
Mechanical Energy
o K.E.=(1/2)mv2;kg.m2/s2=N-m
o P.E.= KE
Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
o Einitial=Efinal
Momentum (p)- Momentum is sometimes referred
to as linear momentum to distinguish it from the
related subject of angular momentum. Linear
momentum is a vector quantity, since it has a
direction as well as a magnitude. Angular momentum
is a pseudovector quantity because it gains an
additional sign flips under an improper rotation. The
total momentum of any group of objects remains the
same unless outside forces act on the objects (law of
conservation of momentum); p=mv
Impulse- the integral of a force with respect to time.
When a force is applied to a rigid body it changes the
momentum of that body. A small force applied for a
long time can produce the same momentum change
as a large force applied briefly, because it is the
product of the force and the time for which it is
applied that is important. The impulse is equal to the
change of momentum. I=Ft=mv=p
Collision- an isolated event in which two or more
moving bodies (colliding bodies) exert relatively
strong forces on each other for a relatively short time.
o Elastic Collision- KE and P are conserved
o Inelastic Collision- KE is not conserved
Law of Conservation of Momentum- the total
momentum of a closed system of objects (which has
no interactions with external agents) is constant. One
of the consequences of this is that the centre of mass
of any system of objects will always continue with
the same velocity unless acted on by a force from
outside the system.
o

u= velocities before collision

v= velocities after collision
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)- the motion of a
simple harmonic oscillator, a periodic motion that is
neither driven nor damped. A body in simple
harmonic motion experiences a single force which is
given by Hooke's law; that is, the force is directly
proportional to the displacement x and points in the
opposite direction.
o angular frequency= 2f
o ffrequency=(1/2) k/m
o Tperiod=1/f=2 m/k

Enegry in SHM(E);
K.E.= (1/2)mv2
 P.E.= (1/2)kx2;x=Aamplitude Kinetic Energy(fluid), K.E.=(1/2)m 2
M.E.=E=(1/2)mv2x+(1/2)kx2 Change in Kinetic Energy(fluid)
Fluids- any substance in the liquid or gaseous state. o K.E.=(1/2)V(22- 12)
Fluid Statics- study of fluids at rest; atoms and Potential Energy(fluid), P.E.=mgh;h=y2-y1
molecules of an object is constantly moving Change in Potential Energy
Density-mass per unit volume o P.E =mg (22- 12)
o Mass Density, =m/v=kg/m3 Bernoullis Equation
o Weight Density, w=W/V=mg/v=N/m3 o P1-P2=gh+(1/2) (22- 12)
o Relative Density, relative= substance/water
Fluids flowing to sufficient large
Mass- amount or quantiy of matter present in an pipes.
object.
Flows within bulk fluids(air
Volume- amount of space acquired by the object. flowing around airplanes)
Pressure- force per unit area applied in a direction o Fluids at rest
perpendicular to the surface of an object. Gauge o Speed of Efflucx, =2gh
pressure is the pressure relative to the local o Rocket Propulsion, =2(P-Po)/
atmospheric or ambient pressure; P=F/A Temperature- indicates the average measure of
o unit: N/m2=Pa energy flow or energy in motion; from HOT to
o 1atm =1.013x105Pa COLD.
=1.013x106dynes/cm2 Calorimetry- study of thermal properties of matter
=1.013x105 bar Thermal- heat(a form of energy)
=760 mmHg Calorie, Ca- unit of heat; used for food value
=76 cmHg o 1cal=4.186J
=760 torr o 1cal=1000cal=1kCal(water as base
=34ft H20 substance)
=14.7 psi(per square inch) Thermometer- device used to measure temperature
Pressure Gauge- instrument use to measure Gauge o Temp. Scales
Pressure.
Tf=(9/5)Tc+32
o Open-Tube barometer, Mercury Barometer,
Tc+(5/9)(Tf-32)
Aneroid Barometer, Bourdon Barometer,
Tkelvin= Tc+273.15
Sphygmomanometer
TRankine=Tf+459.7
Gauge Pressure, P-Po= gh Thermal Equilibrium- Two systems A &B are in
Absolute Pressure, P= Po+ gh the thermal equilibrium. If their temperature are the
Total Pressure, (F1/A1)=(F2/A2)+ gh F1<<F2 same.
Archimedes Principle- when a body is submerged in Phase Equilibrium- the coexistence of two states of
a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force on the body matter at the same temperature and pressure(Ice
equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the body. Water).
Fluid Dynamics- study of fluids in motion. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics- Two systems A
Ideal Fluid-fluid that is incompressible & B are in Thermal Equilibrium with a third system
Buoyant Force- upward force exerted by the fluid. C.
Surface Tension- It is what causes the surface Triple Point- the coexistence of the 3 states of matter
portion of liquid to be attracted to another surface. at the same pressure and temperature
Viscosity- measure of the resistance of a fluid which o Tc=0.01oC=273.16K
is being deformed by either shear stress or tensile o P=0.0061atm=610Pa
stress. In everyday terms (and for fluids only), Standard Temperature and Pressure(STP)
viscosity is "thickness". Thus, water is "thin", having o T=0oC
a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a o P=1atm=1.013x105Pa
higher viscosity. Viscosity describes a fluid's internal o 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4L
resistance to flow and may be thought of as a o Na=6.02x1023atm/mol
measure of fluid friction; internal friction. Linear Expansion, L=LiT; =coefficient
Turbulence- no steady state pattern; the flow patter Area Expansion, A=2AiT
changes continuously. Volume Expansion, V=ViT
Laminar Flow- adjacent layers of fluid slide o P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
smoothly pass each other and the flow is steady. Instead of material to expand when heated, materials
Flow Tube- formed by the flow lines passing are forced to CONTRACT.
through the edge of an imaginary element of an area. o P=F/A= -YT(SOLIDS);Y=Youngs
Streamline- a curve whose tangent at any point is in Modulus
the direction of the fluid velocity at that point. When materials are heated but held to expand and
Stagnation Point- experiences COMPRESSIVE STRESS.
Continuity Equation(flow rate) o P=F/A= -BT(SOLIDS);B=Bulk Modulus
o A11=A22 Phase of Matter- specific state of matter, pressure
Total Work(fluid),W=(P1-P2)V and temperature.
 State of Matter- normal state of matter at specified Capacitance, C-the ability of capacitors to store
condition. charges; C=Q/V, F=Farad
Thermodynamics- branch of Physics that deals with o Series Capacitors
the study of relationship of work and energy.
2 Capacitors, C=C1C2/C1+C2
Heat Transfer (Heat Flow)- energy in transit from
Multiple, 1/C=1/C1+1/C2+...1/Cn
one region to another region; direction-hot to cold. o Parallel Capacitors
Quantity of Heat, Q=mcT; Q+& T+=warming, if
C=C1+C2+....Cn
(-) then =realeasing of energy.
C= oA/d, o=8.85x10-12C2/Nm2
o Specific Heat of Water Ohms Law-the current through a conductor between

Cliquid=4.186J/gCo=1cal/gCo two points is directly proportional to the potential

Cice =2.09J/gCo=0.5cal/gCo difference or voltage across the two points, and

Csteam =2.01J/gCo=0.48cal/gCo inversely proportional to the resistance between
Heat Fusion, Q=mLf ; Lf=3.34 J/gCo=80cal/gCo them. V=IR
Heat Vaporization, Q=mLv ; Resistors- a two-terminal electronic component that
Lv=2.26x103J/gCo=540cal/gCo produces a voltage across its terminals that is
Sublimation- transition of a substance from the solid proportional to the electric current passing through it
phase to the gas phase without undergoing in accordance with Ohm's law
intermediate liquification; Sublime Materials. Resistance, R- electrical resistance of an object is a
Heat of Sublimation-corresponding heat het measure of its opposition to the passage of a steady
sublimation. electric current. An object of uniform cross section
Super Cooling or Under Cooling- the process of will have a resistance proportional to its length and
lowering the temperature of a liquid or a gas below inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, and
its freezing point, without it becoming a solid. proportional to the resistivity of the material.
Super Heating (boiling retardation or boiling delay)- o R=V/I, =Ohm
the phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a o R= L/A, = Resistivity
temperature higher than its boiling point, without o Resistors in Series
boiling. Superheating is achieved by heating a
R=R1+R2+....+Rn
homogeneous substance in a clean container, free of o Resistors in Parallel
nucleation sites, while taking care not to disturb the
R=R1R2/R1+R2
liquid.
R=1/R1+1/R2+...1/R3
Amorphous Solid- a solid in which there is no long- Current, I- a flow of electric charge (a phenomenon)
range order of the positions of the atoms. Most or the rate of flow of electric charge (a quantity). I
classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in o I=V/R, A=Ampere
an amorphous form. For instance, common window o I=nqdA
glass is an amorphous solid, many polymers (such as
d=drift velocity
polystyrene) are amorphous, and even foods such as
q=charge
cotton candy are amorphous solids.
n= no. of charges per m3
o Current in Series
Conservation of Heat or Energy- heat gain=heat

I=I1=I2=In
lost
Voltage or Electric Potential Difference, V- a short
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
name for the electrical force that would drive an
o Conduction- happened only in solid
electric current between those points. Specifically,
materials; heat current, H=[kA(Th-Tc)]/L

K=heat conducvity, voltage is equal to energy per unit charge.
o V=IR, V=Volt

Th= hot temperature
o Voltage in Series

Tc=cold temperature

V=V1+V2+.....Vn
o Convection(fluids)-material itself move
o Voltage in Parallel
from one region to another; H=hAT

V=V1=V2=Vn

h=thermal coefficient of convection
o Radiation- heat transfer by electromagnetic Reaction of Materials to Temperature
waves; H=AeT4 o R=Ri[1+T]

e=emissitivity
Ri=resistance at an initial

=Stefan-Boltzman Constant, temperature, Ti
5.67x10-8W/mK
=coefficient of thermal resistivity.
Electrodynamics- study of charges in motion. Kirchhoffs Rule
o Loop Rule
Electric Force, F= kq1q2 /r2; Newton
o Junction Rule- the algebraic sum of
Electric Field, E= F/ qo=Er= kq1 /r2
potentials must be equal to zero, node
Electric Potential Energy, U=kq1q2 /r
branch is a point in the circuit.
Electric Potential, V=U/ qo=kq1 /r
Kirchhoffs Current Law- at any junction of a circuit,
Capacitors- electronic devices used to store energy current entering the junction is equal to the current
by storing e-charges on a two parallel plates
connected to voltage supply,
 leaving the junction.
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law- in a loop, the algebraic
sum of the voltage is equal to zero.
Sign Conventions
o R=resistance
o r=internal resistance
o Voltage
o Resistance
Magnets- any substance that posses the properties
that are able to attract other materials especially those
materials with iron
Magnetic Domain- similar to molecules of substances
having the polarities, north and south such that when
they are aligned in one direction that creates the
magnetic properties.
Lodestone- natural permanent magnet
AlNiCuCo- strong permanent magnets.
Types of Magnets
o Permanent Magnets- object made from a
material that is magnetized and creates its
own persistent magnetic field.
o Temporary Magnets
o Electromagnets- made from a coil of wire
which acts as a magnet when an electric
current passes through it, but stops being a
magnet when the current stops.
Magnetic Flux, - the number of magnetic field;
Wb=Weber
Magnetic Field, B- Magnetic fields surround
magnetic materials and electric currents and are
detected by the force they exert on other magnetic
materials and moving electric charges,
o B= /A=wb/m2=T=Tesla
Magnetism Due to Moving Charge
o F=qBsin
o a= 2/R
o =2R/t=qRBsin /m

R=radius of circular path
o F=ma=m 2/R
Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carrying Wire
o Straight Conductors

B= oI/2R
o=4x10-7Wb/Am
o Circular Coil

B= oIN/2R
N= no. of turns of coil
o Solenoid

B= oIN/L
Waves- a disturbance that propagates through space
and time, usually with transference of energy.
Types of Waves
o Mechanical Waves- waves that need
medium of transmission but the particles of
the medium DO NOT move from one region
to another.

Transverse- a moving wave that
consists of oscillations occurring
perpendicular to the direction of
energy transfer.

Longitudinal- waves that have the
same direction of oscillation or
vibration along their direction of
travel, which means that the
oscillation of the medium (particle)
is in the same direction or opposite
direction as the motion of the wave.
Mechanical longitudinal waves
have been also referred to as
compressional waves or
compression waves.
o Electromagnetic Waves- wave that do not
need medium of transmission

Light, visible light, x-ray, UV
Light, infrared, microwaves, radio
and tv waves.
Properties of Waves
o Reflection
o Refraction- bending of waves through
barriers; waves that have the same direction
of oscillation or vibration along their
direction of travel, which means that the
oscillation of the medium (particle) is in the
same direction or opposite direction as the
motion of the wave. Mechanical longitudinal
waves have been also referred to as
compressional waves or compression waves.
o Diffraction- a wave encounters an obstacle.
It is described as the apparent bending of
waves around small obstacles and the
spreading out of waves past small openings.
o Interference- the addition (superposition) of
two or more waves that results in a new
 wave pattern. Interference usually refers to
the interaction of waves that are correlated
or coherent with each other, either because
they come from the same source or because
they have the same or nearly the same
frequency.

Constructive Interference

Destructive Interference
Characteristics of Waves
o Wavelength, - determined by considering
the distance between consecutive
corresponding points of the same phase,
such as crests, troughs, or zero crossings,
and is a characteristic of both traveling
waves and standing waves, as well as other
spatial wave patterns

=/ f; =speed
o Frequency, f- no. of cycles

f=1/T= / ; Hz=Hertz
o Period, T= 1/f
Doppler Effect- is the change in frequency of a wave
for an observer moving relative to the source of the
wave.
o f=[( + r)/( + s)]fo:Both source and
receiver are moving.

f= observed frequency

fo=emitted frequency.

= velocity of the medium

r= the velocity of the receiver
relative to the medium; positive if
the receiver is moving towards the
source.

s= the velocity of the source
relative to the medium; positive if
the source is moving away from the
receiver.
o If the source moving away from the
observer is emitting waves through a
medium with an actual frequency f0, then an
observer stationary relative to the medium
detects waves with a frequency f given by
the equation with r=0
o A similar analysis for a
moving observer and a stationary source
yields the observed frequency then s=0.
Infrasound- sound that is lower in frequency than 20
Hz (Hertz) or cycles per second, the normal limit of
human hearing, covering sounds beneath 20 Hz down
to 0.001 Hz
Ultrasound- cyclic sound pressure with a frequency
greater than the upper limit of human hearing, 20
kHz serves as a useful lower limit in describing
ultrasound.
Sonic Boom-commonly used to refer to the shocks
caused by the supersonic flight of an aircraft.
Shock Wave-it carries energy and can propagate
through a medium (solid, liquid, gas or plasma) or in
some cases in the absence of a material medium,
through a field such as the electromagnetic field.