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Abstract- The channel estimation problem in and mitigate the effect of ICI as these subcarriers
multi-input-multi-output orthogonal frequency are orthogonal to each other.
division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems is due Using Multiple Antenna (MA), one can
to multipath delay spread and high sampling rate is achieve high-data-rate over wireless multipath
investigated from the compressed sensing (CS) channel. The Multiple Input Multiple Output
theory. In CS theory two algorithms are proposed (MIMO) technology enhances the data rate without
such as SP and CoSaMP. These two algorithms are any additional transmission power or extra
greedy algorithms and minimize the mutual bandwidth. In multi-input-multi-output orthogonal
coherence of the measurement matrix. Simulation frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM)
results show that estimated channel patterns systems, channel estimation is of crucial
designed by CS theory algorithms gives much better importance to the performance of coherent
performance than using normal channel estimation demodulation. It also helps obtain channel state
technique patterns in term of mean square error information (CSI) to support precoding and
and bit error rate of the systems. scheduling. In broadband wireless communication,
Keywords: Channel estimation, Compressed sensing in which the delay spread could be very large but
(CS), MIMO, OFDM, MIMO-OFDM, Pilot allocation the number of significant paths is normally very
small, By taking into account the inherent sparsity
1. INTRODUCTION of the channel, sparse channel estimation [4][6]
Radio spectrum is a rare resource for all nations in can give a better estimation performance than
the world. As the number of wireless subscriber conventional channel-estimation methods such as
grows there will be increase in demand for high least squares (LS) and minimal mean square error
rate services. The modulated carriers must be put (MMSE).
as close as possible allowing more number of bits
for transmission without any Inter Carrier 2. MIMO-OFDM
Interference (ICI) and Inter Symbol Interference
(ISI). This results in efficient utilization of the 2.1. OFDM
spectrum.
ISI can be mitigated by using special In both wireless and a wired environment OFDM
multiplexing and modulation technique called technology can be employed. The basic principle of
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM is to get a number of parallel lower data rate
(OFDM). In OFDM, the high rate data information is streams from single high data rate information.
converted into groups of parallel lower rate These lower data rate streams are sent
information and therefore extends the symbol simultaneously over some narrower sub-channels.
duration, in this way making a difference to Henceforth, it is called multiplexing (Frequency
suppress the ISI. Another advantage is that Division Multiplexing) technique. In OFDM the
bandwidth of each subcarrier can be overlapped letter O indicates orthogonal which is major
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2.3. MIMO-OFDM
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before up-converting to RF and transmitted For error to be minimum, the derivative of the cost
through wireless channel. After collecting the signal function must be equated to zero with respect
at receiver, by using sub carriers receiver must to .
estimate the channel. The received signal is sum of
all signals transmitted from different branches. In = -2
the Receiver first removed the Cyclic prefix (CP)
and performs the N-point DFT to estimate the pilot B =
subcarriers in frequency domain. The estimated Therefore the LS solution is given by,
channel coefficients are used to detect the rest of
the subcarriers. MIMO detection is done per =( A= A ..... (3)
subcarrier. Demodulation and decoding is done For each component, k=0, 1, 2 M-1.
after the detection of the bits. The received signal
per branch is combined with all the transmitted [k] = , k = 0, 1, 2 M-1. ... (4)
signals from transmit antennas.
The mean square error is given by
3. CHANNEL ESTIMATION IN MIMO-OFDM
=E{ (H )} (5)
SYSTEMS
=E{ (H A)}
In MIMO-OFDM system, frequency domain channel
estimation is considered because number of =E{ ( W)}
parameters ( coefficient) required to handle
is less compared to time domain response. More =E{ (B )W
number of pilots are required for estimating a
= . ... (6)
MIMO channel because there are more number of
multipaths.
Where is the SNR. From equation 6, MSE
3.1 LS channel estimation decrease as SNR increases. This is the disadvantage
It is a simple estimation technique and very straight of LS.
forward. The received pilot signal is multiplied with 3.2 MMSE channel estimation
the inverse of the transmitted pilot signal.
The Mean Square Error (MSE) can be
[k] = , k = 0, 1, 2 M-1. ... (1) reduced by using MMSE technique. The time
domain representation of the received signal is
LS technique has low complexity and simple
to implement. However, LS channel technique b (n) = IFFT {B(k)} n = 0,1,2 . . . .N-1 ..(7)
doesnt take channel statistics into account and
=
suffer from high mean-square error.
Where N is the FFT length. The time domain
The LS channel estimation the inversion of
received signal is given by
the channel matrix is done. The cost function is
minimized is as follows a (n) = b (n) h (n) + w(n) .(8)
J( ... (2) Where h (n) is the channel impulse response which
can be represented as follows
= (A B )
( )
= A A h (n) =
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The LS solution in frequency domain is given by matched filter. The support set and it is union with
= A= candidate-set of previous set can be called as
= , is the MMSE estimate, is union-set. From the union set, a new K-dimensional
weight matrix. subspace is identified from the union-set using
least squares. This will reduce the reconstruction
The cost function is defined as error of the sparse signal. The computational time
J( )=E{ }=E{ } of CoSaMP is given by O (m.N) which is small
. (9) compared to OMP.
4. IMPLEMENTATION OF CS ALGORITHMS
WITH CONVENTIONAL METHODS
3.3 CS algorithms
3.3.1 SP algorithm
This Sparsity level (K) is varied to get the best sparsity level, more the number of non-zero
estimate of the channel coefficients. coefficients and less error.
5. RESULTS
Number of transmit 2
antennas
Number of receive antennas 2
Channel type Rayleigh
Input sample period
Total number of subcarriers N=256
Number of pilot subcarriers =24 , 12
Cyclic prefix length Ng = 64
Delay spread 15
Doppler frequency 0.1 Hz
Modulation QAM
Table 1: System parameters
sparse approximation using CS algorithms. The [8] J. A. Tropp and A. C. Gilbert, Signal recovery
results show that conventional technique combined from random measurements via orthogonal
with CS algorithms have better performance matching pursuit, IEEE Trans. Info. Theory,
compared to normal technique in terms of Bit Error 53(12):4655-4666, 2007.
Rate (BER) and Mean Square Error (MSE).
[9] D. Donoho, Compressed sensing, IEEE
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