STUDY OF TELECOM NETWORK AT NTC

An Internship report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Computer Science And Engineering

Submitted by
Atul Verma 14131A05B7
Lekhnath Kafle 14131A05B8
Mukesh Sah 14131A05B9
Prabin Ghimire 14131A05C3

Under the guidance of

Dr.P.Krishna Subba Rao - Professor and Head of the Department

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
( AUTONOMOUS)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)

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 (Affiliated to J.N.T University, Kakinada, A.P)
VISAKHAPATNAM- 530 048MAY, 2016

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Internship Training/project titled TELECOM NETWORK at NTC is a
bonafide record of the work done by Atul Verma,Lekhnath Kafle,Mukesh Shah,Prabin Ghimire
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Computer Science And Engineering of the Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering
(Autonomous) affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada during the year
2017.

(Name & Signature of the Supervisor) (Name & Signature of the HOD)
Sri.Sagara Pandu Dr. N. Balasubramanyam

Project Viva-voce held on _____________________________

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We hereby take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to the following
eminent personalities whose aid and advice helped us to complete this training cum
project work successfully without any difficulty.

We express our deep gratitude to Mr. N.BALA SUBRAMANYAM, HOD of

electronics and communication engineering for his constant support and
encouragement.

We would like to thank Sri.Sagara Pandu , ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

forgiving me a chance to do the project and support during the project.

We am also thankful to other faculty members of ECE department and my friends for
their support during the internship in Nepal Telecom(NTC), Biratnagar,Nepal.

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 ABSTRACT

The world we see today is a result of the continuous research in the field of
communication, which started with the invention of telephone by Graham Bell to the
current avatar as we see in the form INTERNET and mobile phones. All these
technologies have come to existence because man continued its endeavor towards the
objective.

The common man is aware of NTC (in Nepal), a giant public sector undertaking in
Nepal, doing business in the telecommunication industry. NTC has all the new
services send technological advantages, which are available with any well, developed
Telecom network anywhere else in the country. Full credit for all above achievement
goes to the officers and staff of the NTC.It is the only service provider, making
focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the rural-urban digital divide act
sector. in fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its
wide network giving services in every nook & corner of country and operates across
Nepal.NTC serves its customers with its wide bouquet of telecom services.

In telecommunications, a broadband signaling method is one that handles a wide

band of frequencies. Existing broadband is struggling to support the increasing
number of Internet-capable devices in the home, which include: Mobile phones,
IPads and tablets, Notebooks, e-readers (such as Kindle), Desktop PCs, Games
consoles, Apple TV and media players. The term broadband commonly refers to
high-speed Internet access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up
access. Broadband includes several high-speed transmission technologies such as:
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Cable Modem, Fiber, Wireless, Satellite, Broad band
over Power lines (BPL).

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION TO NEPAL TELECOM

1.1 PSTN SERVICES......02
1.2 CDMA....02
1.3 MOBILE....02
1.4 INTERNET AND EMAIL.03
1.5 AWARDS AND RECOGNITION.03

2. INTRODUCTION OF GSM
2.1 FREQUENCY RANGE OF GSM..05
2.2 FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF GSM.....05
2.3 ARCHITECTURE OF GSM......05
2.4 GSM NETWORK AREAS.07
2.5 THE MOBILE STATION(MS)..07
2.6 THE BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM(BSS).08
2.7 THE NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM(NSS).11
2.8 THE OPERATION SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM(OSS)12

3. TRANSMISSION NETWORK SYSTEM

3.1 OPTICAL FIBER CABLE13
3.2 THE GENERAL SYSTEM...14
3.3 TRANSMISSION SEQUENCE....14
3.4 APPLICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER.....15
3.5 ROLE OF ANTENNA IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION.15
3.6 TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK..17
3.7 SWITCHED COMMUNICATION NETWORK..19
3.8 BROADCAST NETWORK......19
3.9 NETWORK ACCESS....19
3.10 SCHEDULE ACCESS...20
3.11 RANDOM ACCESS..20

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4. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
4.1 CRM...21
4.2 OPERATIONAL....21
4.3 MAIN COMPONENTS.22
4.4 CRM BENEFITS FOR CUSTOMER....23
4.5 CRTB..23
4.6 ADSL......24

5. CONCLUSION....................................................................................28

6. REFERENCES29

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE1.0.0 NEPAL TELECOM LOGO 1

FIGURE2.3.1 ARCHITECTURE OF GSM 5

FIGURE2.3.2 GSM NETWORK ALONG WITH ADDED ELEMENTS 6

FIGURE2.6.0 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEMS 8

FIGURE2.6.1 BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION 9

FIGURE2.7.0 NETWORK SWITCHING SYSTEMS 11

FIGURE2.8.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTER 12

FIGURE3.1.0 OPTICAL FIBER CABEL 13

FIGURE3.3.0 FIBER OPTICS TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER 14

FIGURE3.5.0 ANTENNA IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION 16

FIGURE3.6.3 TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK 18

FIGURE4.6.3 FREQUENCY PLQN FOR ADSL 26

FIGURE4.6.5 FDM AND ECHO CANCELLATION 27

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 1. INTRODUCTION TO NEPAL TELECOM

Nepal Doorsanchar Company Ltd, popularly known as Nepal Telecomis state owned
telecommunication service provider in Nepal with 85% of the government share.The
company was amonopoly until 2003, when the first private sector
operator UTL started providing basic telephony services. The central office of Nepal
Telecom is located at Bhadrakali Plaza, Kathmandu. It has branches, exchanges and
other offices in 184 locations within the country.It is the sole provider of fixed
line, ISDN and leased-line services in Nepal. Following the entry
of Ncell (previously called Mero Mobile) into Nepal's telecommunications industry
in 2005, it is no longer the only provider of GSM mobile service. With around 5,000
employees, it is one of the largest corporations of Nepal. It has a total of 262
telephone exchanges in various part of the country serving 603,291 PSTN lines,
more than 5 million GSM cellular phones and more than a million CDMA phone line
as of July 2011. According to recent data, there are about 10 million users of Nepal
Telecom including all those of fixed landline, GSM mobile, CDMA and internet
service. As of September 2014, Nepal Telecom is planning to launch LTE by the end
of 2015.

Fig: 1.0 Nepal Telecom Logo

Services provided by Nepal Telecom are as follows:-

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1.1PSTN Services
Local calls
.National Trunk Calls
International Trunk Calls
International Telegram
Domestic Telex
International Telex
Leased Lines
Operator -Assisted Int'l Telephone
Packet Switching Data Communication
ISDN (Integrated services Digital Network)
Pay Phone
Intelligent Network Services
PCC Easy Call Service
HCD Service
AFS Advanced Free phone Service
Universal Access Number service
PSTN credit Limit service

1.2CDMA
Fixed Postpaid.
Fixed Prepaid.
SKY phone.
Data Services.

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1.3Mobile
Postpaid
Prepaid
Roaming (Incoming & Outgoing)
SMS
3G Service
VAS Services

1.4Internet and E-mail

Dial -up Internet /Email Access
PSTN Dial-up
Fixed hour package
Night Surfing Package
Fixed hour / month package
Unlimited Single User Package
PSTN Bills in the Internet
Post-Paid Mobile Bills
Telephone Inquiry
ISDN dialup
Leased Line Connectivity (n*64kbit/s)
Web SMS
E-mail Alert

1.5Awards and recognition

Nepal Telecom was honoured with No.1 Taxpayer' title in FY 2009-10 and FY
2010-11.

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 Best Presented Award for the best financial statements presentation awarded
by Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal (ICAN) for consecutive three
times (FY 2008-09, FY 2009-10 and FY 2010-11)

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 2. INTRODUCTION OF GSM

If you are in Europe or Asia and using a mobile phone, then most probably
you are using GSM technology in your mobile phone.
GSM s t a n d s for Global System for Mobile Communication.
It is a digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and
data services.
The concept of GSM emerged from a cell-based mobile radio system at Bell
Laboratories in the early 1970s.
GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create
a common
European mobile telephone standard.
GSM is the most widely accepted standard in telecommunications and it is
implemented globally.
GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200 kHz channel into
eight 25 kHz time-slots. GSM operates on the mobile communication bands
900 MHz and 1800 MHz in most parts of the world. In the US, GSM operates
in the bands 850 MHz and 1900 MHz.
GSM owns a market share of more than 70 percent of the world's
digital cellular subscribers.
GSM makes use of narrowband Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
technique for transmitting signals.
GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64
kbps to 120
Mbps of data rates.
Presently GSM supports more than one billion mobile subscribers in
more than 210 countries throughout the world.
GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data services including
roaming service.
Roaming is the ability to use your GSM phone number in another GSM
network.

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2.1 Frequency Range of GSM
GSM works on four different frequency ranges with FDMA-TDMA and FDD.
They are as follows:

System P-GSM (Primary) E-GSM (Extended) GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Freq Uplink 890-915MHz 880-915MHz 1710-1785Mhz 1850-1910MHz

Freq Downlink 935-960MHz 925-960MHz 1805-1880Mhz 1930-1990MHz

2.2 Functional Unit Of GSM

A GSM network comprises of many functional units. These functions and interfaces
are explained in this chapter. The GSM network can be broadly divided into:

The Mobile Station (MS)

The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
The Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)

2.3 Architecture Of GSM

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The additional components of the GSM architecture comprise of databases and
messagessystems functions:

o Home Location Register (HLR)

o Visitor Location Register (VLR)
o Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
o Authentication Center (AuC)
o SMS Serving Center (SMS SC)
o Gateway MSC (GMSC)
o Chargeback Center (CBC)
o Transcoder and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
The following diagram shows the GSM network along with the added elements:

Fig 2.3.2 GSM Network along with added elements

The MS and the BSS communicate across the Um interface. It is also

known as the air interface or the radio link. The BSS communicates with the
Network Service Switching (NSS) center across the A interface.

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2.4 GSM network area
In a GSM network, the following areas are defined:

Cell : Cell is the basic service area; one BTS covers one cell. Each cell is
given a Cell
Global Identity (CGI), a number that uniquely identifies the cell.
Location Area : A group of cells form a Location Area (LA). This is the area
that is paged when a subscriber gets an incoming call. Each LA is assigned a
Location Area Identity (LAI). Each LA is served by one or more BSCs.

MSC/VLR Service Area : The area covered by one MSC is called the
MSC/VLR service area.

PLMN : The area covered by one network operator is called the Public
Land Mobile
Network (PLMN). A PLMN can contain one or more MSCs.

2.5 The Mobile Station(MS)

The MS consists of the physical equipment, such as the radio transceiver, display
and digital signal processors, and the SIM card. It provides the air interface to the
user in GSM networks. As such, other services are also provided, which include:

Voice teleservices
Data bearer services
The features' supplementary services

2.5.1 The MS Functions

The MS also provides the receptor for SMS messages, enabling the
user to toggle between the voice and data use.

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 Moreover, the mobile facilitates access to voice messaging systems.
The MS also provides access to the various data services available in a
GSM network.

These data services includes

1. X.25 packet switching through a synchronous or asynchronous dial-up

connection to the
2. PAD at speeds typically at 9.6 Kbps.
3. General Packet Radio Services (GPRSs) using either an X.25 or IP
based data transfer method at speeds up to 115 Kbps.
4. High speed, circuit switched data at speeds up to 64 Kbps.

2.5.2SIM
The SIM provides personal mobility so that the user can have access to all
subscribed services irrespective of both the location of the terminal and the use of
a specific terminal. You need to insert the SIM card into another GSM cellular
phone to receive calls at that phone, make calls from that phone, or receive other
subscribed services.

2.6 The Base Station Subsystem(BSS)

Fig 2.6.0: Base Station Subsystem

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 The BSS is composed of two parts:
The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
The Base Station Controller (BSC)

The BTS and the BSC communicate across the specified Abis interface,
enabling operations between components that are made by different suppliers.
The radio components of a BSS may consist of four to seven or nine cells. A BSS
may have one or more base stations. The BSS uses the Abis interface between the
BTS and the BSC. A separate high-speed line (T1 or E1) is then connected from the
BSS to the Mobile MSC.

2.6.1 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

The BTS houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the radio link
protocols with the MS. In a large urban area, a large number of BTSs may be
deployed.

Fig 2.6.1: Base Transceiver Station

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 The BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the
network. A BTS is usually placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting power
defines the size of a cell. Each BTS has between 1 and 16 transceivers, depending
on the density of users in the cell. Each BTS serves as a single cell. It also includes
the following functions:

Encoding, encrypting, multiplexing, modulating, and feeding the RF signals to

the antenna

Transcoding and rate adaptation

Time and frequency synchronizing
Voice through full- or half-rate services
Decoding, decrypting, and equalizing received signals
Random access detection
Timing advances
Uplink channel measurements

2.6.2 The Base Station Controller (BSC)

The BSC manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles radio
channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers. The BSC is the connection
between the mobile and the MSC. The BSC also translates the 13 Kbps voice
channel used over the radio link to the standard 64

Kbps channel used by the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSDN) or ISDN.

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 It assigns and releases frequencies and time slots for the MS. The BSC also
handles intercell handover. It controls the power transmission of the BSS and MS
in its area. The function of the BSC is to allocate the necessary time slots between
the BTS and the MSC. It is a switching device that handles the radio resources.

Additional functions include:

Control of frequency hopping

Performing traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from the MSC
Providing an interface to the Operations and Maintenance Center for the BSS
Reallocation of frequencies among BTSs
Time and frequency synchronization
Power management
Time-delay measurements of received signals from the MS

2.7 The Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

The Network switching system (NSS), the main part of which is the Mobile
Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile and
other fixed or mobile network users, as well as the management of mobile
services such as authentication.

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 Fig 2.7: Network Switching System

2.8 The Operation Support Subsystem(OSS)

Some of the OMC
functions:
Administration and commercial operation (subscription, end
terminals, charging and statistics).
Security Management.
Network configuration, Operation and Performance Management.
Maintenance Tasks.
The operation and Maintenance functions are based on the concepts of the
Telecommunication
Management Network (TMN), which is standardized in the ITU-T
series M.30.

Following is the figure, which shows how OMC system covers all the
GSM elemen

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 Fig 2.8: Operation and Maintenance Center

The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and
controls the system. The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective
support for centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities
that are required for a GSM network. An important function of OSS is to provide a
network overview and support the maintenance activities of different operation
and maintenance organizations. .

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 3. Transmission Network system

3.1 Optical fiber cable

The use of visible optical carrier waves or light for communication has been
common for many years. Simple systems such as signal fires, reflecting mirrors
and, more recently signaling lamp shave provided successful, if limited,
information transfer. initially the optical fibers exhibited very high attenuation
and were therefore not comparable with the coaxial cable they were to replace.
There were also problems involved in jointing the fiber cables in a satisfactory
manner to achieve low loss and to enable the process to be performed relatively
easily and repeatedly in the field.

In microwave system if we double the distance the loss will be

increased by 6db.
For the shorter distance the loss is higher.
In ofc system Optical wire is small size, light weight, high
strength and flexibility.
Its transmission benefits includes wide band width, low loss and
low cost.
They are suitable for both analog and digital transmission.
It is not suffered by digging, electrical interference etc.
problems

Figure 3.1: optical fiber cable

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3.2 THE GENERAL SYSTEM

An optical fiber communication system is similar in basic concept

to any type of communication system. A block diagram of a general
communication system in fig.The function of which is to convey the signal from
the information source over the transmission medium to the destination. In
electrical communication, the information source provides an electrical signal,
usually derived from a message signal which is not electrical, to a transmitter
comprising electrical and electronic components which converts the signal into a
suitable form for propagation over the transmission medium. The transmission
medium can consists of a pair of wires, a coaxial cable or a radio link through free
space down which the signal is transmitted to the receiver where it is
transformed into original electrical information signal before being passed to the
destination.

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3.3Transmission Sequence

Transmitter
Input Coder or Light Source-to-Fiber
Signal Converter Source Interface

Fiber-optic

o/p
Fiber-to-light Light Amplifier/Shaper
Interface Detector Decoder

Receiver

Figure 3.3: fiber optic transmitter and receiver

Information is encoded into electrical signals.

Electrical signals are converted into light signals.
Light travels down the fiber.
A detector changes the light signals into electrical signals.
Electrical signals are decoded into information

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3.4 APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBER
1. Long distance communication backbone
2. Inter exchange junctions
3. Video transmission
4. Broadband services
5. Computer data communication
6. High Emi areas
7. Non-communication application

3.5 Role of Antenna in Mobile Communication

Antennas transform wire propagated waves into space propagated waves.
They receive electromagnetic waves and pass them onto a receiver or they
transmit electromagnetic waves which have been produced by a transmitter. As a
matter of principle all the features of passive antennas can be applied for
reception and transmission alike (reciprocality) . From a connection point of view
the antenna appears to be a dual gate, although in reality it is a quad gate. The
connection which is not made to a RF-cable is connected to the environment,
therefore one must always note, that the surroundings of the antenna have a
strong influence on the antennas electrical features. The principle of an antenna
can be shown by bending a co-axial cable open. .

a) A transmitter sends a high frequency wave into a co-axial cable. A pulsing

electrical field is created between the wires, which cannot free itself from the
cable.

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b) The end of the cable is bent open. The field lines become longer and are
orthogonal to the wires.

c) The cable is bent open at right angles. The field lines have now reached a
length, which allows the wave to free itself from the cable. The apparatus radiates
an electromagnetic wave, whereby the length of the two bent pieces of wire
corresponds to half of the wave length. This simplified explanation describes the
basic principle of almost every antenna - the /2-dipole. Not only is an electrical
field (E) created due to the voltage potential (U) but also a magnetic field (H)
which is based on the current (I) . The amplitude distribution of both fields
corresponds to the voltage and current distribution on the dipole. The free
propagation of the wave from the dipole is achieved by the permanent
transformation from electrical into magnetic energy and vice versa. The thereby
resulting electrical and magnetic fields are at right angles to the direction of
propagation.

Figure 3.5: Antenna in mobile communication

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3.6 Telecommunication Network

A telecommunications network is a collection of terminal nodes, are connected

so as to enable telecommunication between the terminals. The transmission links
connect the nodes together. The nodes use circuit switching, message switching
or package switching to pass the signal through the correct links and nodes to
reach the correct destination terminal. Each terminal in the network usually has a
unique address so messages or connections can be routed to the correct
recipients. The collection of addresses in the network is called the address space.

Examples of telecommunications
networks are:
Computer network
The internet
The telephone network
The global Telex network
The aeronautical ACARS network

3.6.1 Computer Network

A computer network consists of computers and devices connected to one another.

Information can be transferred from one device to the next. For example, an office
filled with computers can share files together on each separate device. Computer
networks can range from a local network area to a wide area network. The
difference between the types of networks is the size. These types of computer
networks work at certain speeds, also known as broadband. The Internet network
connects computers worldwide. .

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3.6.2 INTERNET NETWORK:
Access to the network allows users to use many resources. Over time the
Internet network will replace books. This will enable users to discover information
almost instantly and apply concepts to different situations. The Internet can be
used for recreational, governmental, educational, and other purposes. Businesses
in particular use the Internet network for research or to service customers and
clients.

3.6.3 TELEPHONE NETWORK:

The telephone network connects people to one another. This network can be used
in a variety of ways. Many businesses use the telephone network to route calls
and/or service their customers. Some businesses use a telephone network on a
greater scale through a private branch exchange. It is a system where a specific
business focuses on routing and servicing calls for another business. Majority of the
time, the telephone network is used around the world for recreational purposes.

Fig 3.6.3: Telecommunication Network

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3.7 SWITCHED COMMUNICATION NETWORK:

A switched communications network transfers data from source

to destination through a series of network nodes. Switching can be done
in one of two ways. In a circuit-switched network, a dedicated physical
path is established through the network and is held for as long as
communication is necessary. An example of this type of network is the
traditional (analog) telephone system. A packet-switched network, on the
other hand, routes digital data in small pieces called packets, each of
which proceeds independently through the network. In a process
called store-and-forward, each packet is temporarily stored at each
intermediate node, then forwarded when the next link becomes
available. In a connection-oriented transmission scheme, each packet
takes the same route through the network, and thus all packets usually
arrive at the destination in the order in which they were sent. Conversely,
each packet may take a different path through the network in a
connectionless or datagram scheme. Since datagrams may not arrive at
the destination in the order in which they were sent, they are numbered
so that they can be properly reassembled. The latter is the method that is
used for transmitting data through the Internet.

3.8 BROADCAST NETWORK:

A broadcast network avoids the complex routing procedures of a

switched network by ensuring that each nodes transmissions are
received by all other nodes in the network. Therefore, a broadcast 32

network has only a single communications channel. A wired local area

 network (LAN), for example, may be set up as a broadcast network, with
one user connected to each node and the nodes typically arranged in a
bus, ring, or star topology, as shown in the figure. Nodes connected
together in a wireless LAN may broadcast via radio or optical links. On a
larger scale, many satellite radio systems are broadcast networks, since
each Earth station within the system can typically hear all messages
relayed by a satellite.

3.9 NETWORK ACESS:

Since all nodes can hear each transmission in a broadcast network, a
procedure must be
established for allocating a communications channel to the node or nodes
that have packets to transmit and at the same time preventing destructive
interference from collisions (simultaneous transmissions).

This type of communication, called multiple access, can be established either

by scheduling (a technique in which nodes take turns transmitting in an
orderly fashion) or by random access to the channel.

3.10 SCHEDULED ACCESS:

In a scheduling method known as time-division multiple access
(TDMA), a time slot is assigned in turn to each node, which uses the slot
if it has something to transmit. If some nodes are much busier than
others, then TDMA can be inefficient, since no data are passed during
time slots allocated to silent nodes. In this case a reservation system
may be implemented, in which there are fewer time slots than nodes
and a node reserves a slot only when it is needed for transmission.
33
3.11 RANDOM ACCESS:
Scheduled access schemes have several disadvantages, including the
large overhead required for the reservation, polling, and token passing
processes and the possibility of long idle periods when only a few nodes
are transmitting. This can lead to extensive delays in routing
information, especially when heavy traffic occurs in different parts of
the network at different timesa characteristic of many practical
communications networks. Random-access algorithms were designed
specifically to give nodes with something to transmit quicker access to
the channel. Although the channel is vulnerable to packet collisions
under random access, various procedures have been developed to
reduce this probability.

34
 4. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
4.1 CRM

Customer relationship management (CRM) is an approach to managing a

company's interaction with current and potential future Customers. The CRM
approach tries to analyse data about customers' history with a company, to
improve business relationships with customers, specifically focusing on
customer retention, and ultimately to drive sales growth.

One important aspect of the CRM approach is the systems of CRM that
compile information from a range of different communication channels,
including a company's website, telephone, email, live chat, marketing materials,
social media, and more. Through the CRM approach and the systems used to
facilitate CRM, businesses learn more about their target audiences and how to
best cater to their needs. However, adopting the CRM approach may also
occasionally lead to favoritism within an audience of consumers, resulting in
dissatisfaction among customers and defeating the purpose of CRM.

4.2 Operational

The primary goal of customer relationship management systems is to integrate

and automate sales, marketing, and customer support. Therefore, these systems
typically have a dashboard that gives an overall view of the three functions on a
single page for each customer that a company may have. The dashboard may
provide client information, past sales, previous marketing efforts, and more,
summarizing all of the relationships between the customer and the firm.
Operational CRM is made up of 3 main components: sales force automation,
marketing automation, and service automation.

35
 Service automation is the part of the CRM system that focuses on direct
customer service technology. Through service automation, customers are
supported through multiple channels such as phone, email, knowledge
bases, ticketing portals, FAQs, and more. For example, Microsoft's
Dynamics CRM Software tracks call times, call resolution and more in
order to improve the efficiency of customer service within a business.

Sales force automation works with all stages in the sales cycle, from
initially entering contact information to converting a prospective client
into an actual client. For example, in August, 2000, Oracle released a
CRM software package, OracleSalesOnline.com, which makes contacts,
schedules and performance tracking available online so that a customer's
information is easily accessible for all employees working at the office or
remotely. Sales force automationimplements Sales promotion analysis,
automates the tracking of a client's account history for repeated sales or
future sales and coordinates sales, marketing, call centers, and retail
outlets. It prevents duplicate efforts between a salesperson and a customer
and also automatically tracks all contacts and follow-ups between both
parties.

36
 Marketing Automation focuses on easing the overall marketing process to
make it more effective and efficient. For example, by scoring customer
behavior, Salesforce'sMarketing Cloud allows a business to adapt
marketing campaigns to how engaged customers are with a
business. CRM tools with marketing automation capabilities can
automate repeated tasks, for example, sending out automated marketing
emails at certain times to customers, or posting marketing information on
social media. The goal with marketing automation is to turn a sales lead
into a full customer. CRM systems today also work on customer
engagement through social media.

4.3 Main components

The main components of CRM are building and managing customer
relationships through marketing, observing relationships as they mature
through distinct phases, managing these relationships at each stage and
recognizing that the distribution of value of a relationship to the firm is not
homogenous. When building and managing customer relationships through
marketing, firms might benefit from using a variety of tools to help
organizational design, incentive schemes, customer structures, and more to
optimize the reach of its marketing campaigns. Through the
acknowledgement of the distinct phases of CRM, businesses will be able to
benefit from seeing the interaction of multiple relationships as connected
transactions. The final factor of CRM highlights the importance of CRM
through accounting for the profitability of customer relationships. Through
studying the particular spending habits of customers, a firm may be able to
dedicate different resources and amounts of attention to different types of
consumers.

4.4 CRM benefits for customer

With CRM systems customers are served better on day to day process and with
more reliable information their demand of self service from companies will
37
decrease. If there is less need to contact with the company for different
problems, customer satisfaction level increases.These central benefits of CRM
will be connected hypothetically to the three kind of equity that are relationship,
value and brand, and in the end to Customer equity.

Seven benefits were recognized to provide value drivers:

Enhanced ability to target profitable customers.

Integrated assistance across channels

Enhanced Sales force efficiency and effectiveness

Improved pricing

Customized products and services

Improved customer service efficiency and effectiveness

Individualized marketing messages also called as campaigns

4.5 CRTB

Convergent real time billing (CRTB) system to allow its customers to

conveniently pay all kinds of bills through a single billing platform.

The telecommunication service provider will be able to integrate its

different services into a single account and then provide an
integrated paying system to users through a common account.
The CRTB system refers to a solution used by communication service
providers operating multiple services in multiple modes to integrate
the services and maintain a single billing platform.

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 Currently, the state-owned telecommunication service provider, which
offers a number of telecom services including GSM, CDMA and landline,
has been using different billing mechanisms for each of its services.
CRTB uses single billing for all these services.

4.6 ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data

communications technology that enables faster data transmission over
copper telephonelines than aconventional modemcan provide.ADSL has the
distinguishing characteristic that the data can flow faster in one direction
(used for download streaming) than the other(used for upload streaming) i.e.,
asymmetrically. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line often referred to as
ADSL Full Rate orG.dmtand now also known as G.992.1 -- supports up to 8
Mbps bandwidth downstream and up to 1 Mbps upstream.

The asymmetrical aspect of ADSL technology makes it ideal for

Internet/Intranet surfing, video-on-demand and remote local area
network (LAN) access.

Users of these applications typically download more information than

they send.

ADSL requires a voice/data splitter, commonly called a POTS Splitter

(Plain Old Telephone Service) to be installed at the consumer's home or
business premise.

This device separates voice from data transmissions. Enables the Voice
and data to travel simultaneously.

Full rate ADSL provides service up to a maximum range of 18,000 feet

(about 3.4 miles, or 5.5 km) from the telecommunication provider
company's central office to the end-user.
39
4.6.1 Benefits of ADSL:
Always on

Simultaneous Usage of Phone and Internet.

Could connect to the Internet at up to 140 times faster than analog

modems.(8Mbps vs. 56Kbps Modem)

Home has its own dedicated connection.

Connection is highly secure, compared to shared-media Cable Modem.

No telephone call charges

4.6.2 Needs of ADSL

ADSL is in place due to both technical and marketing reasons. On the technical
side,there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM
(Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplex) end (where the wires from many
local loops are close together) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload
signal is weakest, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of
the local loop. It therefore makes DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does
the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer
a higher download speed, thus telecom companies chose to make a virtue out of
necessity, hence ADSL

4.6.3 Working of ADSL

To obtain the asymmetrical data transfer to suit requirement of Internet and

LAN access, ADSL works by firstly splitting the available bandwidth on the
twisted copper wire (telephone wires) into three different channel:

A high speed downstream channel (ranges from 1.5 to 8 Mbps)

A medium speed upstream channel (ranges from 16 kbps to 1 Mbps) 40

 POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) channel ADSL uses two separate
frequencybands. With standard ADSL, the band from25.875 kHzto 138
kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138 kHz - 1104 kHz is
used for downstreamcommunication.

4.6.4 Frequency plan for ADSL

Figure 4.6.3: frequency plan for ADSL

First the POTS channel is splits off from the digital modem by filter, thus
guaranteeinguninterrupted POTS. After the POTS channel aresplittedfrom the
digital data transfer bandwidth, the 26kHz to 1.1mhz data bandwidth could be
further separated by using one of two ways as describe below:

One band for downstream data. Time division multiplexing divides the
downstream path intoone or more high speed channels and one or more low
speed channels. But the upstream pathis only multiplexed into corresponding
low speed.

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4.6.5 Echo cancellation :-

Echo cancellation assigns the upstream band to over-lap the downstream.

To separate them is by local echo cancellation. This technique is common
inV.32 and V.34 modems(Conventional Modems). By using either one of the
above techniques, ADSL splits off a 4khz region for POTS at the DC end of the
band.

Figure 4.6.5: FDM AND ECHO CANCELLATION

4.6.6 ADSL MODULATION

ADSL uses two types of Modulation Ecap (CarrierlessAmplituse Phase

Modulation)&DMT(Discrete Multi Tone) & DMT is the most widely used one.

42
 5. SWITCHING

Switching is a process of moving data through a series of intermediate

steps rather than moving from the starting point directly to the end point.
A network consists of many switching devices. In order to connect
multiple devices, one solution could be to have a point to point
connection in between pair of devices. But this increases the number of
connection.
The other solution could be to have a central device and connect every
device to each other via the central device which is generally known as
Star Topology.
Both these methods are wasteful and impractical for very large network.
The other topology also can not be used at this stage.
Hence a better solution for this situation is SWITCHING. A switched
network is made up of a series of interconnected nodes called switches.

5.1 Types of Switching Techniques

There are basically three types of switching methods are made available. Out of
three methods, circuit switching and packet switching are commonly used but
the message switching has been opposed out in the general communication
procedure but is still used in the networking application.
1) Circuit Switching
2) Packet Switching
3) Message Switching

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Figure : Types of switching
 5.1.1 Circuit Switching

Circuit Switching is generally used in the public networks. It come into

existence for handling voice traffic in addition to digital data.

How ever digital data handling by the use of circuit switching methods are
proved to be inefficient.

The network for Circuit Switching is shown in figure. Here the network
connection allows the electrical current and the associated voice with it to flow
in between the two respective users. The end to end communication was
established during the duration of call.

In circuit switching the routing decision is made when the path is set up across
the given network.

After the link has been sets in between the sender and the receiver then the
information is forwarded continuously over the provided link.

In Circuit Switching a dedicated link/path is established across the sender and

the receiver which is maintained for the entire duration of conversation.

Figure : Circuit Switching Network 44

5.1.2 Packet Switching

In Packet Switching, messages are broken up into packets and each of

which includes a header with source, destination and intermediate node
address information. Individual Packets in packet switching technique
take different routes to reach their respective destination. Independent
routing of packets is done in this case for following reasons:

Bandwidth is reduces by the splitting of data onto different routes for a

busy circuit.

For a certain link in the network, the link goes down during transmission
the the remaining packet can be sent through the another route.

The major advantage of Packet switching is that they they are used for
performing data rate conversion.

When traversing the network switches, routers or the other network nodes
then the packets are buffered in the queue, resulting in variable delay and
throughput depending on the networks capacity and the traffic load on
network.

Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm,

circuit switching, a method which sets up a limited number of dedicated
connections of constant bit rate and constant delay between nodes for
exclusive use during the communication session.

In cases where traffic fees are charged, for example in cellular

communication, packet switching is characterized by a fee per unit of
information transmitted.

45
 Figure : Packet Switching Network

5.1.3 Message Switching

In case of Message Switching it is not necessary to established a

dedicated path in between any two communication devices.

Here each message is treated as an independent unit and includes its own
destination source address by its own. Each complete message is then
transmitted from one device to another through internetwork.

Each intermediate device receive the message and store it until the nest
device is ready to receive it and then this message is forwarded to the
next device. For this reason a message switching network is sometimes
called as Store and Forward Switching.

Message switches can be programmed with the information about the

most efficient route as well as information regarding to the near switches
that can be used for forwarding the present message to their required
destination.

The storing and Forwarding introduces the concept of delay. For this
reasons this switching is not recommended for real time applications like
voice and video.
46
 Figure : Message Switched Network

5.2 Public switched telephone network

The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the
world's circuit-switched telephone networks that are operated by national,
regional, or local telephony operators, providing infrastructure and
services for public telecommunication.

The PSTN consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave

transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and
undersea telephone cables, all interconnected by switching centers, thus
allowing most telephones to communicate with each other.

Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is

now almost entirely digital in its core network and includes mobile and
other networks, as well as fixed telephones.

The technical operation of the PSTN adheres to the standards created by

the ITU-T. These standards allow different networks in different
countries to interconnect seamlessly.

47
The E.163 and E.164 standards provide a single global address space for
telephone numbers. The combination of the interconnected networks and
 the single numbering plan allow telephones around the world to dial each
other.

Figure : PSTN Network

5.2.1 History

Commercialization of the telephone began in 1876, with instruments

operated in pairs for private use between two locations. Users who
wanted to communicate with persons at multiple locations had as many
telephones as necessary for the purpose. Alerting another user of the
desire to establish a telephone call was accomplished by whistling loudly
into the transmitter until the other party heard the alert. Bells were soon
added to stations for signaling, so an attendant no longer needed to wait
for the whistle.

Later telephones took advantage of the exchange principle already

employed in telegraph networks. Each telephone was wired to a
telephone exchange established for a town or area. For communications
outside this exchange area, trunks were installed between exchanges.
Networks were designed in a hierarchical manner until they spanned 48
cities, countries, continents and oceans.
 Automation introduced pulse dialing between the telephone and the
exchange, so that each subscriber could directly dial another subscriber
connected to the same exchange, but long distance calling across multiple
exchanges required manual switching by operators. Later, more
sophisticated address signaling, including multi-frequency signaling
methods, enabled direct-dialed long distance calls by subscribers,
culminating in the Signalling System 7 (SS7) network that controlled
calls between most exchanges by the end of the 20th century.

The growth of the PSTN meant that teletraffic engineering techniques

needed to be deployed to deliver quality of service (QoS) guarantees for
the users. The work of A. K. Erlang established the mathematical
foundations of methods required to determine the capacity requirements
and configuration of equipment and the number of personnel required to
deliver a specific level of service.

In the 1970s the telecommunications industry began implementing

packet-switched network data services using the X.25 protocol
transported over much of the end-to-end equipment as was already in use
in the PSTN.

In the 1980s the industry began planning for digital services assuming
they would follow much the same pattern as voice services, and
conceived end-to-end circuit-switched services, known as the Broadband
Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN). The B-ISDN vision was
overtaken by the disruptive technology of the Internet.

5.2.3Technology
5.2.3.1 Network topology

The PSTN network architecture had to evolve over the years to support
increasing numbers of subscribers, calls, connections to other countries,
direct dialing and so on. 49
 The model developed by the United States and Canada was adopted by
other nations, with adaptations for local markets.

The original concept was that the telephone exchanges are arranged into
hierarchies, so that if a call cannot be handled in a local cluster, it is
passed to one higher up for onward routing.

This reduced the number of connecting trunks required between operators

over long distances and also kept local traffic separate.

However, in modern networks the cost of transmission and equipment is

lower and, although hierarchies still exist, they are much flatter, with
perhaps only two layers.

5.2.3.2 Digital channels

Most automated telephone exchanges use digital switching rather than

mechanical or analog switching.

The trunks connecting the exchanges are also digital, called circuits or
channels. However analog two-wire circuits are still used to connect the
last mile from the exchange to the telephone in the home (also called the
local loop).

To carry a typical phone call from a calling party to a called party, the
analog audio signal is digitized at an 8 kHz sample rate with 8-bit
resolution using a special type of nonlinear pulse code modulation known
as G.711.

The call is then transmitted from one end to another via telephone
exchanges. The call is switched using a call set up protocol (usually
ISUP) between the telephone exchanges under an overall routing strategy.

50
 The call is carried over the PSTN using a 64 kbit/s channel, originally
designed by Bell Labs. The name given to this channel is Digital Signal 0
(DS0). The DS0 circuit is the basic granularity of circuit switching in a
telephone exchange.

A DS0 is also known as a timeslot because DS0s are aggregated in time-

division multiplexing (TDM) equipment to form higher capacity
communication links.

A Digital Signal 1 (DS1) circuit carries 24 DS0s on a North American or

Japanese T-carrier (T1) line, or 32 DS0s (30 for calls plus two for
framing and signaling) on an E-carrier (E1) line used in most other
countries.

In modern networks, the multiplexing function is moved as close to the

end user as possible, usually into cabinets at the roadside in residential
areas, or into large business premises.

These aggregated circuits are conveyed from the initial multiplexer to the
exchange over a set of equipment collectively known as the access
network.

The access network and inter-exchange transport use synchronous optical

transmission, for example, SONET and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
(SDH) technologies, although some parts still use the older PDH
technology.

Within the access network, there are a number of reference points

defined. Most of these are of interest mainly to ISDN but one the V
reference point is of more general interest.

This is the reference point between a primary multiplexer and an

exchange. The protocols at this reference point were standardized in ETSI
areas as the V5 interface.

51
At the turn of the 21st century, the oldest parts of the telephone network
still use analog technology for the last mile loop to the end user.
 However, digital technologies such as DSL, ISDN, FTTx, and cable
modems have become more common in this portion of the network.

Several large private telephone networks are not linked to the PSTN,
usually for military purposes.

There are also private networks run by large companies which are linked
to the PSTN only through limited gateways, such as a large private
branch exchange (PBX).

52
 CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, this internship has been an excellent and rewarding

experience. we can conclude that there have been a lot weve learnt
from our work at NTC. Needless to say, the technical aspects of the
work weve done are not flawless and could be improved provided
enough time. As someone with no prior experience we believe our
time spent this training was well worth it and contributed to finding a
practical exposure. Two main things that weve learned the
importance of time-management skills and self-motivation.

53
 REFERENCES

[1] Wikipedia, NEPAL TELECOM

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Telecom

[2]GSM - Tutorial - TutorialsPoint

www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/

[3] CRM
https://en.wiki.org/wiki/customer_relationship_management

[4] CRTB
https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2015-04-18

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