Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
HeorMarsTrunsfir.Vol.30,No.B.~1709-1719,
1987 0017-9310/87$3.00+0.00
Great Britain
Printedin Q 1987PergamonJoumalsLtd.
C. PRAKASH
CHAM North America, 1525-a Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, U.S.A.
Abstract-An enthalpy formulation based fixed grid methodology is developed for the numerical solution
of convection-diffusion controlled mushy region phase-change problems. The basic feature of the proposed
method lies in the representation of the latent heat of evolution, and of the flow in the solid-liquid mushy
zone, by suitably chosen sources. There is complete freedom within the me~odoIo~ for the definition of
such sources so that a variety of phase-change situations can be modelled. A test problem of freezing in a
thermal cavity under natural convection is used to demonstrate an application of the method.
1. INTRODUCTION ail solid) and L (cell all liquid), where L is the latent
heat of the phase change. Gartling [6] employs a more
A LARGE number of numerical techniques are avail- subtle approach in making the viscosity a function of
able for the solution of moving boundary problems, AH such that as AH decreases from L to 0 the value
a comprehensive review has been presented by Crank of the viscosity increases to a large value thus simu-
[l]. The majority of these techniques are concerned lating the liquid-solid phase change.
with phase change in which conduction is the principal Voller et al. [7-91 have investigated various ways
mechanism ofheat transfer. In physical systems which of dealing with the zero solid velocities in fixed grid
involve a liquid-soiid phase change, however, con- enthalpy solutions of freezing in a thermal cavity. At
vection effects may also be important. AS such, the the same time they proposed an alternative but similar
problem of freezing of a pure liquid in a thermal cavity approach to that used by Gartling [6]. Computational
under conduction and natural convection has received cells in which phase change is occurring, i.e.
some attention in recent years. For example see Rama- 0 < AH < L, are modelled as pseudo porous media
chandran et al. [2], Gadgil and Gobin [3] and Albert with the porosity, A, decreasing from 1 to 0 as AH
and ONeill [4]. In these works, a temperature for- decreases from L to 0. In this way, on prescribing a
mulation is used, and in order to treat the moving Darcy source term, velocities arising from the sol-
liquid-solid interface, deforming grids have been ution of the momentum equations are inhibited,
employed. An alternative approach is to use an reaching values close to zero on complete solid for-
enthalpy formulation in which case no explicit con- mation.
ditions on the heat flow at the liquid-solid interface To the authors knowledge ail applications of
need to be accounted for and therefore the potential convection~iffusion phase-change numerical met&-
arises for a fixed grid solution. This will have advan- odologies have been to isothermal phase-change prob-
tages in terms of simplifying the numerical modelling lems. These applications assume that the liquid-solid
requirements, particularly in systems for which the phase change occurs in a pure material. In many prac-
phase change may only be a component part. Exam- tical situations, however, the material under con-
ples of fixed grid solutions of convection-diffusion sideration is not pure (e.g. a metallurgical alloy). In
phase change can be found in Morgan [5], Gartling such cases the phase change takes place over a tem-
[6] and Voller et al. 17-91. perature range, E < T $ --E say. That is, the evolution
The major problem with fixed grids is in accounting of latent heat has a functional relationship with tem-
for the zero velocity condition as the liquid region perature, e.g. AH =f(Y), as opposed to the step
turns to solid. Morgan [5] employs the simple change associated with an isothermal phase change.
approach of fixing the velocities to zero in a com- Problems of this type are often referred to as mushy
putational cell whenever the mean latent heat content, region problems to indicate the solid plus liquid state
AH, reaches some predetermined value between 0 (cell of the material in the phase-change range.
SW 30:&J 1709
1710 V. R. VOLLER and C. PRAKASH
NOMENCLATURE
In a numerical modelling analysis of a mushy region the problem are the same as previous studies of freez-
solidification the enthalpy is a sound starting point in ing in a thermal cavity, see Voller er al. [7-91, Albert
that any functional relationship AH =f(r) may and ONeill [4], and Morgan [5]. Initially the liquid in
be readily incorporated into the enthalpy definition. the cavity is above the freezing temperature. At time
Furthermore, in problems that involve convection in t = 0 the temperature at the surface Y = 0 is lowered
the melt, the Darcy source approach proposed by and fixed at a temperature below the freezing tem-
Voller et al. [7-91, something of a numerical fix in perature so that as time proceeds a solid layer attaches
the isothermal case, now has some physical sig- to this surface. The essential and important difference
nificance. For example, in metallurgical problems, it in this work is the introduction of a mushy region,
is fairly standard practice to model the flow in the which is defined as follows. The enthalpy of the
mushy region via a Darcy law, see Mehrabian et al. material (the total heat content) can be expressed as
HOI. H=h+AH
The purpose of this paper is to present an enthalpy
formulation based fixed grid methodology for the i.e. the sum of sensible heat, h = CT, and latent heat
numerical solution of convective-diffusion controlled AH. In order to establish a mushy phase change the
mushy region phase-change problems. The method is latent heat contribution is specified as a function of
general and can handle situations where phase temperature, T
changes occur at a distinct temperature (pure
AH =f(T). (1)
material} or over a temperature range (alloys). Further,
the functional relationship AH = f (T) can be of any On recognizing that latent heat is associated with the
form, though a linear relationship is used in the cur- liquid fraction in the mushy zone a general form for
rent work. The Darcy source approach is used to f(T) can be written
simulate motion in the mushy region. The essence of
L, T> T
the paper is to present the basic methodology ; the test
example chosen is primarily a vehicle to explain the Y(T) = L(1 -K), 7-, > T>, 7s (2)
details of the procedure. 0, T< T,
i
where F,(T) is the local solid fraction, T, the liquidus
2. A TEST PROBLEM
temperature at which solid formation commences and
The configuration for the test problem employed in TVis the temperature at which full solidification is
this paper is illustrated in Fig. 1. The basic features of achieved. The task of fully defining the nature of the
A fixed grid numerical modelling methodology for convection-diffusion mushy region phase-change problems 1711
INSULATED
DIMENSIONS 1X1
T INT = 0.5
latent heat evolution in the mushy region is that of isothermal phase change in a cavity derived by Voller
identifying the form of the local solid fraction-tem- et al. [7-91. Important differences arise, however, in
perature relationship, i.e. F,(T). In the current work the definition of the source terms and in the treatment
a simple linear form is chosen of the velocities.
For the purpose of the development of the meth-
0, T>,&
odology it is helpful to regard the entire cavity as a
F,(T) = (&--)I% E> T> --E
(3) porous medium, where the porosity, 2, takes the
1, T< -E values, /I = I in the liquid phase, 1= 0 in the solid
i
phase, and 0 -=cI < 1 in the mushy zone. The govern-
where the temperature has been scaled such that T = E ing equations can then be written in terms of the
and --a are the liquidus and solidus temperatures, superficial velocity (i.e. the ensemble-average velocity)
respectively. The quantity E is referred to as the half defined as
temperature range of the mushy zone.
The method to be proposed is not restricted to ll = lu,
the form for t;,(T) given by equation (3) and it is where II, is the actual fluid velocity. On recognizing
recognized that in practical cases such a simple defi- that the porosity 3, = 1 -F, the above relationship can
nition may not suffice. For example in metallurgical
solidification of a binary alloy the function Fs( T) will
Table 1.Test problem data
depend on the nature of the solute redistribution and
the associated phase-change equilibrium diagram, see Initial temperature T, = 0.5
Flemings [ill. A trea~ent such as this, however, is Hot wall temperature Tn = 0.5
outside the scope of this paper. Cold wall temperature T, = -0.5
Reference temperature r,, = 0.5
The current intention is to develop a basic meth-
Half mushy range E = 0.1,0.05,0
odology for the treatment of mushy solidification, In Cavity dimension I=1
keeping with this approach the thermal properties Density p=I
used are assumed constant with temperature and Specific heat c=l
phase. The values of the properties used along with Viscosity p=l
Conductivity k = 0.001
the value of appropriate dimensionless numbers are B = 0.01
Coefficient of thermal expansion
given in Table 1. Gravity $j = 1000
Latent heat L=5
So that :
3. THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS Raleigh number Ra = pzgBc(TH - T#/pk = lo4
Prandtl number Pr = @c/k = 10
The form of the governing zquations for the test Stefan number Sre = L/c( T, - Tc) = 5
problem of Fig. 1 are similar to the equations for an .-
1712 V. R. VOLLER and C. PRAKASH
In the isothermal case due to the step change in AU Table 2. Grid dependence
along with a zero velocity at the solid-liquid interface
Size Fraction of solid at t = 250
the convective part of this source term takes the value
zero. In a mushy region case, however, the convective 10x 10 0.85
term needs to be included. 20x20 0.82
40x40 0.81
H
---_-c_--_
I
I I
I whA I
I I--- ---1
, I
____ _----
__---
___-- __c- ---
_____pw
e----
_____---
.--7
--___--
--
+-tttCttt-C-H-~-t-CC-C-C~~-_L- c - . .
,-,-~-+377~~CCCC~-*-t--C-.C. . . *. . . I
;
1716 V. R. VOLLER and C. PRAKASH
e = 0.1
I--
c = 0.5 6 = 0.0
(isothermal)
Figure 7 shows results using the revised porosity between the morphology of the mushy region and the
source with all other conditions the same as in Fig. 3. porosity source need to be investigated.
These results clearly indicate the effect of a reduced
flow in the mushy region with the liquidus defor-
8. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
mation very much reduced. If the proposed meth-
odology is to be used to investigate real systems then The principal aim of this work has been to develop
clearly care has to be taken in defining the nature a generalized methodology for the modelling of mushy
of the porosity source. In particular relationships region phase change. This motivated the development
-L +tZ
FIG. 7. Flow field and mushy region (E = 0. l), t = 1000, for revised source.
A fixed grid nutnerical modelling methodology for co~v~tion~iff~sion mushy region phase-change problems 1717
ofa fixed grid approach along with retaining the basic N. Ramachandran, J. R. Gupta and Y. Jalunu, Tbermat
form of the ~ydrom~~~ani~a1 equations. The phenom- and fluid flow effects during solidi~~tion in a rec-
tangular cavity, Int. J. Heat Mass Tran@i?r 25, 187-194
ena associated with a particular phase change can
(1982).
be modelled on careful consideration and choice of A. Gadgil and D. Gobin, Analysis of two dimensionai
source terms. The driving source terms are the Dar& melting in rectangular enclosures in the presence of con-
source and the latent heat source. vection, .I. ileat Transfer 106,20-26 (1984).
The Darcy source is used to model the effect of the M. R. Albert and K. ONeill, Transient two-dimensional
phase change with convection using deforming finite
nature of the porosity of the mushy region on the flow eiemenls. In Computer Techniques in Heat Transfer
field. ~re~~rnina~ results suggest that the nature of the (Edited by R. W. Lewis, K. Morgan, J. A. Johnson and
porosity has a significant effect. W. R. Smith), Vol. l. Pineridge Press, Swansea (1985).
The latent heat source term is a function of the solid K. Morgan, A numerical analysis of freezing and
meltinn with convection. Comu. Meth. ADDI. Enana 28,
fraction which is a function of temperature. In this
275-2%4(1981). _ As - _
paper a linear change was assumed. In real systems D. K. Gartling, Finite element analysis of convective
the solid fraction-temperature relationship may not heat transfer problems with change of phase. In Cam-
be such a simple form. In a binary alloy for example pufer Methods in Fluids (Edited by K. Mornan et al.),
F, will depend on the nature of the solitte redis- pp. 257-284. Pentech, London (1980). -
V. R. Volier. N. C. Markatos and M. Crass. Techniques
tribution and may take a non-linear form possibly for accoun& for the moving interfaie in con-
with a jump discontinuity at a eutectic front. v~tio~/diffusi~n phase change. 1; Numerical Methods
There is a need for further studies to be made. In in Thermal Problems fEdited bv R. W. Lewis and K.
particular : Morgan), Vol. 4, pp. 5&609. Pineridge Press, Swansea
(1985).
(i) A comparison between the proposed fixed grid 8. V. R. Voller, N. C. Markatos and M. Cross, Sol-
method and a deforming grid technique. Such a study idification in convection and diffusion. In Numerical
Simulations of Fluid Flow and Heat/Mass Transfer Pro-
would provide a mechanism by which the relative
cesses (Edited by N. C. Markatos, D. G. Tatchell, M.
advantages and disadvantages of each approach could Cross and N. Rhodes), pp. 425-432. Springer. Berlin
be analyzed. (1986).
(ii) An investigation into various approaches and 9. V. R. Voller, M. Cross and N. C. Markatos, An enthalpy
models of flow in the mushy zone. Important ques- method for convection/diffusion phase changes. Inr. J.
Num. Meth. Engng 24,2?1&284 (1987).
tions in such a study will be; What is an appropriate 10. R. Mehrabian, M. Keane and M. C. Flemings, Inter-
form for the mo~boiogy-porosity relationship? and ; dendritic fluid flow and macrosegreeation : influence of
Is the Darcy law appropriate? (i.e. should an alter- gravity, Met. Trans. 5 I, 12~.-1~20-(1970~
native such as the ~~nkman equation be used [Ifi]). 11. M. C. Flemings, So~jd~euf~on Processing. McGraw-~il1,
New York (1974).
An investigation of this type could have particular
12. S. Y. Pantankar, _~~rner~~o~Heat Transfer and Fluid
relevance in applications of the proposed meth- Flow. Hemisphere, Washington, DC (1980).
---
odotogy to metal systems, where the flow in the mushy 13. P. t. Carman, I-&id flow through granular beds> Trans.
zone is significant. Inst. Chem. Engrs 15, 150-156 (1937).
4. V. R. Voller &d C. Prakash,A fixed grid numerical
(iii) Some experimental studies are required. The
modelling methodology for phase change problems
work presented in this paper lacks any validation. The involving a mushy region and convection in the melt.
authors concede that this is a major deficiency but PHOENICS Demonstration Report PDR/CI-IAM
are unaware of any suitable experimental studies of NA/9 (1986).
solidification in mushy systems. It is noted, however, 5. G. De Vahl Davis, Natural convection of air in a square
cavity : a bench mark solution. The University of New
that the isothermal case has been checked against
South Wales Report l982/FMT/2 (1982).
limiting analytical solutions by Volier et nl. [8,9]. 16. H. C. Brinkman, A calculation of the viscous force
The questions raised on what is the appropriate exerted by a flowing fluid on a dense swarm of particles,
form of the sources and the need for further studies Appl. Scient. Res. Al, 27-34 (1947).
does not detract from the proposed methodology. 17. C. Prakash, M. Samonds and A. K. Sin&al, A fixed
grid numerical methodoloa for phase change problems
Indeed as it stands its framework nature makes it an involving a moving heat source, irk+.f. Heat Mass
idea1 vehicle by which such studies can be carried out, Tremor (1987),in press.
thereby adding to the limited understanding of the
mushy region solidification.
Ackrrowleni(lemfnls-One ofthe authors, V. R. Voller, would APPENDIX: NUMERICAL TREATMENT
like to acknowledge CHAM of North America for one OF SOURCES
months support during the completion of this work. The
authors would also like to acknowledge the referees of the Part A. The enthalpy source
Internatiomzl Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer for their The latent heat source, S,, in equation (14) is considered
useful and stimulating comments. to consist of two parts, a transient term and a convective
term. The transient term has the discrete form
ag(AH; -AHp) (AlI
REFERENCES
where A.H is the nodal latent heat (i.e. the mean latent heat
i. J. Crank, Free and booing 5oundary Problems. Ciar- in con&o1 volume F). An obvious way of treating this source
endon Press, Oxford (1984). term during an iterative solution of equation (14) would be
1718 V. R. VOLLER and C. PRAKASH
to use the iterative update The convective part of the latent heat source, i.e.
- div @AH)
(AH&+ 1=f[(~d.l
is treated via an upwinding discretization. The contribution
where ( ), indicates evaluation at the nth iterative step and to the source term may be written in the form
the functionfis defined by equation (2). A drawback to this
approach is that if the mushy range (E) is small, (Tr) may (INFLOW) - (OUTFLOW) (A5)
oscillate between values greater than E and values less than with
--E, and hence. (AH,), will oscillate between 0 and L, and
convergence will not be achieved. This problem will become INFLOW = ][F,,O]]AHs-I[-F,,O]]AH,
acute as an isothermal phase change is approached. An alter-
native method which avoids this problem is as follows. At
any point in the iterative solution, equation (14) may be and
rearranged as OUTFLOW = I [F,,O]]AH, - I[-F,, OIlAH,
[hp] - h; = [TERMS], + A% - [AHp], 642)
R&sum&-Une formulation enthalpique basee sur une mtthodologie a grille tixe est developpee pour la
resolution numerique des problemes de changement de phase avec une region trouble control&e par la
convection. La methode proposte repose sur la representation par des sources convenablement choisies de
ltvolution des chaleurs latentes et de Iecoulement dans la zone trouble liquid*solide. 11 y a une complete
liberte dans la mtthodologie pour la definition de telles sources de telle sorte quon peut modtliser une
grande variitt de situations. On btudie la congelation dans une cavitb avec convection naturelle pour
demontrer lapplication de la methode.
A fixed grid numerical modelling methodology for convectiondiffusion mushy region phase-change problems 1719