Solution of Problem 1.

Assumption:

1) The flow is uniform and pressure distribution is due to hydrostatic before and after the
jump.
2) Losses due to the friction on the surface of the bed of the channel are small and neglected.
3) Slope of the bed of the channel is small, so that the component of the weight of the fluid in
the direction of the fluid is negligible.

1 2

1 2

The CV cuts through sections 1 and 2 and surrounds the jump, as shown. Wall shear is
neglected. Since there are no obstacles. The only forces are due to hydrostatic pressure,
considering unit width channel, forces acting on the mass of water between sections 1-1 and
2-2

From conservation of mass:

=> q = (h1*V1 ) = (h2*V2 )

=> *(h1*1)*V1 = *(h2*1)*V2

=> V2 = V1 (h1/ h2)

1) Pressure forces Pf1 on channel section 1-1 and Pf2 on channel section 2-2.

Pf1 = *g*h1*(1* h1/2) and Pf2 = *g*h2*(1* h2/2)

so the net forces acting on the mass of the water is = Pf2-Pf1

= *g (h2^2- h1^2)/2

But from momentum principle,

net force acting on the mass of fluid must be equal to rate of change of momentum in the
same section, assuming 'q' as discharge per unit width then,

=>*g (h2^2- h1^2)/2 = *g * (q*1) *(V1- V2) = *g * (q*1)*((q/ h1)-(q/ h2))

=>(h2+ h1) = 2*q2 /( h1 h2) ,
=> h2^2+ h1 h2-(2q^2/(g* h1)) = 0
=> h2 = (-h1sqrt(h1^2-(4*1*(-2*q^2/(g* h1)))))/2

h2/ h1 = -0.50.5*sqrt (1+(8* V1^2/(g* h1)))

Solution of problem 2:

Given: D1 = 27cm & D2 = 13 cm. and 1 gal = 3600 cm^3

Q = AV =4000*3600/10^6 (m^3/min) = (14.4/60) (m^3/sec)
Q = 4000 gal/min = 0.24 m^3/sec.

Required to Find: Torque at point 'B''

Solution: Q = A1*V1 = A2*V2

=> 0.25*pi* (0.27)^2*V1 = 0.24

=> V1 = 4.2 m/sec and similarly V2 = 18.1 m/sec

Rate of change of momentum = Force = m_dot*Velocity + v_dot*m

=> m_dot = rho * A2* V2 = 1000*0.25*pi*0.13^2*18.1

=> m_dot = 240.23 kg/sec.
 Ans. = TB = m_dot*r2*V2 =240.23*0.5*18.1 = 2.2 kN-m

Solution of problem 3:

CV

Co-ordinates considered as
x
V0 = (Q/2A), is the exit velocity relative to the pipe walls

V1 =V0cos() V2 = V0 sin() & V3 = R0

Vupper = V1.i + V2.j + V3 .k

Vlower = V1.i - V2.j - V3 .k

Then the moments about the x-axis are related to angular momentum is given
by,
Mx = T.i = (Q/2)Vupper R0 .j + (Q/2). Vlower (-R0 .j) - (Q . Vin . Rin )
T.i = (Q/2)( V1 R0.k + V3. R0.(-i) ) + (Q/2).( -V1 R0.k + V3. R0.(-i) )
= (Q) (V3. R0.(-i))
= (Q) ( R0. R0.(-i))
= -Q(R0^2)(i)

T = -Q(R0^2)
Solution of problem 4:

From Continuity equation;

Vin hin = Vout hout

Vout = (hin/ hout) Vin

Momentum force in x-direction FX = Body Force + Surface force - Restoring

force (F) ............................ (1)

Surface force = (pressure + viscous) force

Assumption: neglecting viscous force and body force

Pressure force = g h1 (b*h1/2) - g h2 (b*h2/2) ................ (2)

Momentum equation in x-direction FX = Vin (-Vin) h1 b + Vout (Vout) h2 b .... (3)

F = g h1 (b*h1/2) - g h2 (b*h2/2) ( Vin (-Vin) h1 b + Vout (Vout) h2 b)

F/b = 0.5 g (h1^2- h2^2) + (h1Vin^2 h2Vout^2)

Where,
(F/b) is the reaction force on the gate in the x-direction per unit width of the
gate. To eliminate the velocities from this relation we use Bernoullis equation

PA + 0.5 Vin^2 + g h1 = PA + 0.5 Vout^2 + g h2

And Vout = (hin / hout) Vin

Vin^2 = (2 g h2^2/(h2+ h1))

F/b = 0.5 g (h1- h2)^3 / (h2+ h1) ......Ans.