All PTA Lectures

PETR 5308
Pressure Transient Analysis
GL_1
Review
Scalar
Vector
Potential
Gradient
Divergence
Laplacian
Fluid flow in porous media
Assume a potential function such that:
( x, y, z)

x Ux

y U Uy

z
Uz
k
U ()

Assume a potential function such that:
( x, y, z)
The potential function can be expressed for instance as:
( x, y, z) P( x, y, z) gz
Where:
P(x,y,z) Pressure as a function of space

x,y,z Position in space
Fluid density
g Gravity acceleration
k
Darcys Law U ()
Cartesian System
Z

()
( x, y, z )
Y
k
U ()
Darcys Law
Cartesian System

Z
U

()
Y
Fluid flow in porous media

U Fluid particles velocity
Potential distribution
k Permeability
Fluid viscosity
Similarly
Heat flow h k(T )
Cartesian System
Z
h

(T )
Y
Heat flow

h Heat flow
T Temperature distribution

(T ) Temperature gradient
k Thermal conductivity
And
V RI
Electrical flow
Cartesian System L
R
Z A
i
AR

L

(V )
X
1
i (V )

Y
Electrical flow

i Electrical intensity vector
V Potential distribution
R Resistance
Resistivity
L Length of conductor
A Cross section area

Summary
Nabla operator Gradient(P)

x x

y ( ) y

z z
Summary
Divergence of a vector
U x U y U z
.U
x y z
Divergence of a vector is the scalar product of:

x
Ux

y
by
Uy

z Uz
Summary
If:

x 2 2 2
. 2 2 2
x y z
U
y

z

.
is the Laplacian Operator 2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
That means:
2 2 2
2 2 2 Divergence of
x y z
Example
Assume the following:
( x, y, z) 2 x 4 y 5z 6
3 2
Estimate the gradient of
2
6x

8y
5
Recall
Homogeneous and non-isotropic reservoir
Darcys law (3 D)
k x
UX
x
Uy
k y
y
k z
Uz
z
Homogeneous and non-isotropic
kz
Z
kx
ky
X
k is the same along each direction

Y
Z kz
kx
ky
X
Definition of the
Y Anisotropy ratio a=(kx/kz)1/2
Recall
Homogeneous and isotropic reservoir (k the same)
Darcys law (3 D)
k
UX
x
Uy
k

y
k
Uz
z
Homogeneous reservoirs
k is the same in all directions

Y
To summarize:
Three types of reservoirs
Homogeneous and isotropic

Heterogeneous
Types of flow
Linear flow
Radial flow
Spherical flow
Three types of Fluids
water
Oil
Gas
Phase flow
Single phase
Multiphase
Assumptions
Single phase
Homogeneous and Isotropic
Radial flow
Fluids: Slightly compressible oil
Darcys Law k X
UX
x
Z
Y
Continuity equation
U X U X X
X
Y
Continuity equation
In one direction
ty.z( U ) x ( U ) xx V t t V t
dividing both sides by
V .t xy.z.t
We will obtain
( U ) x ( U ) xx t t t
x t
And, for x and t going to zero:
U

x t
Using Darcys law
and assuming no gravity forces
we will have for each direction xi :
xi
k xi P
U xi
xi
In the continuity equation, the source/sink term
should be added in such a way that:
[Source/sink]
[Mass In]-[Mass Out]+[Source/sink]=[Accumulation]
U x U y U z
[ s / sk ]
x y z t
If no source/sink term
U x U y U z

x y z t
Or
( ) 1
( U ) Where U [k ]()
t
In this case, we will have:
1 ( )
[ [k ]()]
t
Where
[k ] Matrix permeability
And

x

[]
y

z
Case of Homogeneous and Non-isotropic PM:
1 ( )
[ [k ]()]
t
Where 0 0
kx
[k ] 0 ky 0
And
0 0 kz

x

[] y

z
Therefore, the continuity equation CE can be written:

[ kx ] [ ky ] [ kz ]
x x y y z z t
Case of homogeneous and isotropic porous medium:
The CE can be written:

[ k ] [ k ] [ k ]
x x y y z z t
The continuity equation in the case of heterogeneous PM is
too complex to handle. However, it is important to notice that
the CE for the homogeneous and non-isotropic PM can be
reduced to the homogeneous and isotropic form
To do that, the following change of variables is needed:
1 / 2
x xk x x 1 / 2
x
kx
1 / 2
y yk y And y ky
1 / 2
y
z zk 1/ 2 z 1 / 2
z kz
z
In this case, the CE can be written as:
x x
[ kx ]
x x x x
y y
[ ky ]
y y y y
z z
[ kz ]
z z z z t
Or also
x
2
[ kx ]
x x x
y
2
[ ky ]
y y y
z
2
[ kz ]
z z z t
After simplification, the CE can be written as:

[ ] [ ] [ ]
x x y y z z t
In the case of homogeneous and isotropic porous medium, the
CE can be written:

[ k ] [ k ] [ k ]
x x y y z z t
Assuming a horizontal reservoir, this CE becomes:
P P P
[ k ] [ k ] [ k ]
x x y y z z t
Assuming k and constant, this CE becomes:
P P P
[ ] [ ] [ ]
x x y y z z k t
The continuity equation can be written:
Assuming the porosity is also constant, we will have:
P P P
[ ] [ ] [ ]
x x y y z z k t
is a function of P. It varies with P according to the
system: wether it is a lightly compressible oil or gas.
Assume the system is a slightly compressible oil:
1 V 1
c or c
V P P
c p p0
and
0e
Recall: k , , constant
Replacing, we will have:
c p p0 P c p p0 P
0e 0e

x
x y y
c p p0 P

0e
z z

k t
0 e
c p p0

Or also
P c p p0 P

2 2
c p p0
0e 2
c 0 e x
x

{ y} {z}
k t

0 e c p p0
This equation can be written now as:
P c p p0 P

2 2
c p p0
0e 2
c 0 e x
x

{.}y {.}z
k
0e
c p p0
c P
t
Or also:
2P 2P 2P
2 2 2
x y z
P 2 P 2 P 2 c P
c
x y z k t
Neglecting the pressure gradient to the power two:
P 2 P 2 P 2
c Negligible
x x x
2
c P is negligible
Finally, we will have:
2 P 2 P 2 P c P
2
2
2

x y z k t
( x, t ) () 0
L
x
x
t
PETR 5308
GL_2
Single phase flow Slightly compressible fluid
The three D diffusivity equation is:
2 P 2 P 2 P P P P c P
2 2 2
2
c
x y z x y z k t
2 2

Notice:
P 2 P 2 P 2
c Is negligible
x y z
The three D diffusivity equation can be written as:

2 P 2 P 2 P c P

x
2
y 2 z 2 k t
and the one D diffusivity equation is written as:

2 P c P

x 2 k t
Single phase flow
Slightly compressible fluid
After neglecting the pressure gradient square, the continuity
equation can be written in 3 D, as follows:
2 P 2 P 2 P c P
2 2 2
x y z k t
The LHS is: The divergence of the pressure gradient

or the mass balance due to the flux of fluid
The RHS is: The accumulation term
Due to the pressure change
The concise form of the continuity equation can be written as:
c P
P
k t
Where :
Laplacian
P Pr essure
Porosity
Vis cos ity
c Compressibility
k Permeabili ty
t Time
System of Units:
If: P, , , c, k , t , x,..
Are expressed in a consistent system of units,

The differential equation written previously is correct.
2 P 2 P 2 P c P
2
2
2

x y z k t
If the system of units is not consistent, a unit coefficient

needs to be introduced.
In field units, the diffusivity equation is for instance:
2 P 2 P 2 P c P
2
2
2

x y z 0.000264k t
P : Psi
: Fraction
: Cp
c : 1 / psi
k : md
t : Hours
L : ft
Practical meaning of this differential equation:
Recall the assumptions
Single phase
Homogeneous and Isotropic
Fluids: Slightly compressible oil
Fluids and reservoir properties constant
One D solution as a function of x and t
Cartesian System (Initial condition : t=0 )
t=0
t
One D solution as a function of x and t
Cartesian System (Boundary condition : x=0)
x=0
t
System of coordinates
Cartesian system (x,y,z)

Radial system (r,,z)
Spherical system (r,,)
In general:
The Cartesian system of coordinates is good for finding
numerical solutions in linear flow problems
The radial system of coordinates is good for finding
analytical solutions in flow around vertical wells
The spherical system is used in situations where there
is spherical flow. This is not very common
In pressure transient analysis, Most theoretical solutions are

derived using the radial system of coordinate.
Assuming a consistent system of units
The Laplacian operator in the radial system of coordinates is:
1 P 1 2P 2P
P [r ] 2 [ 2 ] 2
r r r r z
The diffusivity equation can be written in this case:
1 P 1 2 P 2 P c P
[r ] 2 [ 2 ] 2
r r r r z k t
Assuming symmetry along z, the above equation becomes:
1 P 1 2 P c P
[r ] 2 [ 2 ]
r r r r k t
Assuming also symmetry around , we will have:
1 P c P
[r ]
r r r k t
The above Diffusivity equation in the radial system assumes a
consistent system of units. It can be also written in this form:
2 P 1 P c P

r 2
r r k t
Assuming field units are used

The Diffusivity equation in the radial system of coordinates is:
2 P 1 P c P

r 2 r r 0.000264k t
1/0.000264 is a field units coefficient
For a different system of units, different unit coefficient will be needed

In summary, assuming fields units, we will have:
2 P 1 P c P

r 2
r r 0.000264k t
Boundary Conditions
1. No flow Boundary at top and bottom
2. P=Pi at the outer limit of the reservoir
Initial Conditions
1. P=Pi at t=0
Pressure at outer boundary is Pi No flow condition
Reservoir Pressure at t=0 is Pi,

Examine the previous equation
2 P 1 P c P

r 2
r r 0.000264k t
In this equation:
The rock/fluid parameters are:
,,c and k
The variables are

t
r
The unknowns can be either
P
or Q
Remarks
1. This equation in its present form is not practical

because of the diffusivity coefficient in the RHS
2. A change of variables is needed to supress this
coefficient in the right hand side
3. A change of variables is needed also to change
this equation into a dimensionless form
Change of variables
r
rD
rw
0.0002637 kt
tD
crw 2
0.00708khPi P
PD
qB
qB
qD
0.00708khPi Pwf
After this change of variables, the equation becomes:
1 PD 2 PD PD

rD rD rD
2
t D
Or equivalently:
1 PD PD
rD
rD rD rD t D
This PDE can be solved analytically.

The solution depends on:
Type of flow
Type of reservoir
Type of BC
After adding the following assumptions:
Constant production rate
Radial cylindrical flow
Infinite acting reservoir (transient)
The problem can be solved
The solutions documented in the literature are:
Infinite reservoir with a line source well

Bounded cylindrical reservoir with a real well
Pseudo steady state solution
Solution with well bore storage effect
PETR 5308
GL_3
Assumptions:
Single phase
Homogeneous and Isotropic PM (k and constant)
Slightly compressible fluid
Isothermal ( constant)
Horizontal flow
For a slightly compressible fluid, we will have:
1 d
c 2
dP
c ( P Ps )
se 3
In this case, since k , and are constant. And the gravity is
eliminated, the CE can be written as:
P P P
[ ] [ ] [ ] 4
x x y y z z k t
Eq. 3 after derivation with respect to x and t will give:
c ( P PS ) P c ( P PS ) P
se c And: se c
x x t t
Also since:
P P P
[ ] { }
x x x x x x
The CE can be written:
2P 2P 2P
[ 2 2 2 ]
x y z
P
2
P 2 P
2
P
c[( )( )( )] s e c ( P PS ) c
x y z k t
Or also:
2P 2P 2P
[ 2 2 2 ]
x y z
P
2
P 2 P
2
c P
c[( )( )( )]
x y z k t
After cancelling the
2P 2P 2P
[ 2 2 2]
x y z
P
2
P 2 P
2
c P
c[( )( )( )]
x y z k t
In general
P P 2 P
2 2
c[( )( )( )] Is negligible
x y z
So we will have:
2 P 2 P 2 P c P
[ 2 2 2 ] 5
x y z k t
This is the well known diffusivity equation which can be
written as:
c P
P
k t
And in radial coordinates:
1 P 1 2 P 2 P c P
[r ] 2 [ 2 ] 2 6
r r r r z k t
Assumptions:
1. Single phase
2. Homogeneous and Isotropic PM (k and constant)
3. Slightly compressible fluid
4. Isothermal
5. Horizontal flow
6. Radial symmetry
7. Negligible pressure gradient
In this case, because of assumptions 5 and 6, Eq. 6 can be
written as:
1 P c P
[r ]
r r r k t 7
What are the boundary Conditions

Infinite reservoirs
After writing the boundary conditions
1. Initial conditions P(r , t )t 0 Pi or P(r ,0) Pi
2. Lim for r of P(r,t) P(r , t ) r Pi
3. Also P q
lim rw
r
r 2kh
r
Now with all the assumptions , initial and boundary conditions

listed above, eq. 7 can be solved.
1 P c P
[r ] 7
r r r k t
Boltzman transformation
To solve E 7, the following change of variables is needed
cr 2
4kt
Eq. 7 can be written as a function of the new variable
Notice that:
cr cr 2
and
r 2kt t 4kt 2
After using the chain rule, Eq. 7 can be written as:
1 P c P
[r ]
r r r k t
Replacing, we get:
P cr 2 P
[ ]
4kt
And since:
cr 2
4kt
Eq. 7 becomes:
P P
[ ] 8

Eq. 8 can be integrated as follows:
P We will have:
Lets write: P'

dP' dP'
P' P' Or: (1 ) P'
d d
dP' (1 ) dP' d
Or also: d Or: also d
P' P'
This will give after integration: ln P' ln( ) C'
Or equivalently if the constant is written as -lnC :
ln P' ln( ) ln C
This can be written as:
ln P' ln C ln
Or:
lnCP' That is:

dP e
C' 9
d
After integration of Eq. 9, we will obtain:

e u
P
dP C ' du
Pi
u
Or:
u
e
P Pi C ' du 10

u
The constant C can be determined from the

boundary conditions as follows:
dP dP d dP cr
r r and r
dP
r
dr d dr dr d 2kt
or
dP dP 11
r 2
dr d
Since from Eq. 9, we will have:
dP
C ' e
d
This means:
dP
lim 0 c' 12
d
From Eq. 11:
1 dP dP
r
2 dr d
Taking into account Eq. 11 and Eq. 12 we will have:
dP 1 dP
lim 0 r lim 0 r Or:
d 2 dr
1 dP
C ' r lim 0 r
2 dr
We know also from the Boundary conditions that:
P q
r 13
r 2kh
In this case, will have:
q
C'
4kh
And Eq. 10 can be written as:

q e u
P Pi
4kh u
du 14
And Eq. 14 is written for convenience as:
q cr 2
P Pi Ei
4kh 4kt
cr 2
Ei
4kt
cr 2
Is the Exponential integral function of:
4kt
What is the Exponential integral function of a variable :
Ei
Exponential integral

e u
Ei du

u
1/x
1/x function for x positive

e-x
Exponential (-x) function for x positive

e x
x
1/e
1 x
1 e x
Product: e x by or
x x
u
Ei
e
du

u
Integral
Ei x
Ei x ln 1.781x
x 0.02
Ei x negligible
4
x
.01
rD 2 rD 2 rD
2
Ei
4t

D
Ei ln 1.781

4t D 4t D
2
rD
0.01
4t D
Ei x negligible
4
2
rD
.01 10 4t D
Table
Summary
For an infinite reservoir, the solution is:
q cr 2
P(r , t ) Pi Ei
4kh 4kt
Next we will take a look at the case of
Bounded reservoirs
PETR 5308
GL_4
Bounded reservoirs
Before discussing the case of bounded reservoirs,
We need to talk about variables
Dimensionless variables
r
rD
rw
0.0002637 kt
tD
crw 2
0.00708khPi P
PD
qB
qB
qD
0.00708khPi Pwf
If dimensionless variables are used, the diffusivity equation becomes:
1 PD PD
rD
rD rD rD t D
Among the solutions that exist in the literature, we can mention:
1. Infinite reservoir with a line source well (already discussed)

2. Bounded cylindrical reservoir with a real well
3. Pseudo steady state solution
4. Solution with a well bore storage effect
1. Solution for an infinite reservoir:
rD 2
PD 0.5Ei

4t D
2. Bounded cylindrical reservoir solution
Using Field units (Non-dimensionless form)
qB 2t D 3
P(rw , t ) Pi 141.2 ln reD

kh reD 2
4
Bessel term (Negligible for large t)
Using dimensionless units

2t D 3
PD 2
ln reD
reD 4
Bessel term (Negligible for large t)

The infinite acting reservoir solution coincides with the Bounded
reservoir solution if the dimensionless time tD is within a certain
range.
Time range in dimensionless form
100 < tD < 0.25 r2eD
This dimensionless time range corresponds to a non-dimensionless range
3.79105 ct rw 2 948ct re 2
< t <

k k
Consider an Infinite reservoir with a line source well

e u
The exponential integral solution: Ei du

u
has the following particularities

e u
For >10.9 Ei du is negligible

u

e u
For 0.02<<10.9 Ei du is given by Table

u

e u
For <.02 Ei du Is: ln(1.781)

u
Pressure at outer boundary Pi No flow condition

Example 1
Example 1
Data
h 120 ft
k 4 md
Pi 3200 psia
rw 0.33 ft
re 4000 ft
q 200 stb/d
0.18
1.5 cp
ct 0.000072 1/psia
B 1.26Rb/stb
Q1. Compute the pressure at t= 3hrs

For: r = rw, 1,10, 50, 100 and 1000 ft
Example 1
h 120 ft
k 4 md
Pi 3200 psia
rw 0.33 ft
re 4000 ft
q 200 stb/d
0.18
1.12 cp
ct 0.000072 1/psia
B 1.26 Rb/stb
Q2. Compute the pressure at r = rw

And t= 1,3,10,30,100,300 and 1000 hrs
Example 1
qB 948ct r 2
P(r , t ) Pi 70.6 Ei
kh kt
Q1. Compute the pressure at t= 3hrs
For: r = rw, 1,10, 20, 100 and 1000 ft
Q2. Compute the pressure at r = rw
And t=0.1, 1,3,10,30,100,300 and 1000 hrs
Remark: We need first to estimate the time range to have a valid
approximation of the bounded reservoir solution
3.79105 ct rw 2
tminimum =

k
948ct re 2
tmax =
k

To use the infinite reservoir solution, we need:
100 < tD < 0.25 r2eD
Example 1
qB 200 *1.26 *1.5

70.6 70.6 * 55.6
kh 4 *120
948ct r 2 948 * .18 *1.5 * .000072 * r 2
0.0015358 * r 2
k t 4*3
Q1
r(ft) -Ei P(psi) P(r,t)
0.33 .000171 8.7 483.5 2716.5

1 .001536 6.5 360.2 2839.8
10 .1536 table (1.445) 80.3 3119.7
20 .6146 table (0.445) 24.7 3175.3
100 15.358 0. 0 3200
1000 1535.8 0. 0 3200
Example 1
qB 200 *1.26 *1.5
70.6 70.6 * 55.6
kh 4 *120
948ct r 2 948 * .18 *1.5 * .000072 0.00051192

k t 4*9*t t
3.79105 ct rw 2
tmin = tmin = 0.2 hr

k
Q2
t(hrs) -Ei P(psi) P(r,t)
0.1 Infinite solution does not apply

1 .000512 7.0 389.2 2810.8
3 .000171 8.09 449.8 2750.2
10 .0000512 9.3 517 2683
30 .0000171 10.4 578.2 2621.8
100 .00000512 11.6 645 2555
300 .0000017 112.7 706 2494
1000 .000000512 13.9 772.8 2427.2
If dimensionless variables are used, the diffusivity equation becomes:
1 PD PD
rD
rD rD rD t D
Among the solutions that exist in the literature, we can mention:
1. Infinite reservoir with a line source well (already discussed)

2. Bounded cylindrical reservoir with a real well
3. Pseudo steady state solution
4. Solution with a well bore storage effect
1. Solution for an infinite reservoir:
rD 2
PD 0.5Ei

4t D
1 PD PD
rD
rD rD rD t D
rD 2
PD 0.5Ei

4t D
PETR 5308
GL_5
Recall: The infinite reservoir solution
Solution in Dimensionless form
rD 2 rD
r
PD 0.5Ei
rw
4t D
0.0002637 kt
tD
Solution in field units crw 2
0.00708khPi P
qB 948ct r 2
PD
P(r , t ) Pi 70.6 Ei qB
kh kt
If the reservoir is ideal (S=0) and the log approximation is valid:
70.6qB 1688ct rw
2 948ct r 2 Or also
Pi Pwf ln For 0.02
kt
kh kt
70.6qB ln(10) 1688ct rw ln X ln 10* log X
2
Pi Pwf log Because:
kh
kt
162.6qB 1688ct rw 2
That means: Pi Pwf log

kh kt
Formation damage
Infinite reservoir solution

Representation of formation
damage in a vertical well
Formation damage
Representation of formation damage in a vertical well
Formation damage and skin
Damaged zone representation
Formation damage and skin
Damaged zone representation
Skin factor
Hawkins Model
qB qB
Ps 70.6 2S Or Ps 141.2 S
kh kh
k rs For ks<k S >0 Damage
S 1 ln
k s rw For ks>k S <0 Stimulation
Example
k = 10 md ks= 4 md and: q = 200 stb/d h = 100 ft
rw= 0.33 ft rs= 10 ft B = 1.26 = 1.5 cp
10 10 or: S 5.12
In this case: S 1 ln
4 0.33
200 *1.26 *1.5
and: Ps 2 * 70.6 * 5.12
10 *100
or: Ps 136.5 psi

70.6qB 948ct rw
2
Pi Pwf Ei Ps

Or:
kh kt
70.6qB 948ct rw 70.6qB k rs
2
Pi Pwf
Ei 2 1 ln Or:

kh kt kh k s rw s
70.6qB 948ct rw k rs
2
Pi Pwf
Ei 2 1 ln
kh
kt k s rw
Drawdown equation with Skin
948ct rw
2
For <0.02
kt
70.6qB 1688ct rw
2
Pi Pwf ln 2S
kh kt

Recall: the skin S is:
k rs

S 1 ln
k s rw
And the pressure drop related to this skin S, is:

qB
Ps 70.6 2S
kh
damage and skin
qB
Ps 70.6 2S
kh
k rs
S 1 ln
k s rw
Bounded Reservoirs
Bounded Cylindrical Reservoir solution with Bessel term:
Or:
qB 2t D 3
P(rw , t ) Pi 141.2 2 ln reD
kh reD 4

with
When t is large Is negligible and we will have:

qB 2t D 3
P(rw , t ) Pi 141.2 2 ln reD
kh reD 4
Different flow regimes
r
Drawdown equation for an ideal reservoir S=0 rD
rw
Assuming t very large tD
0.0002637 kt
crw 2
qB 0.000527kt re 3 0.00708khPi P
Pwf Pi 141.2 ln PD
qB
kh ct re 2
rw 4
0.0744qB qB re 3
Or: Pwf Pi t 141.2 ln E1
ct re h
2
kh rw 4

0.0744 qB qB re 3
Pwf Pi t 141.2 ln
V p kh rw 4
ct

After deriving with respect to t
P(rw , t ) 0.0744qB P(rw , t ) 0.234qB
Or:
t ctV p t ctV p
P(rw , t ) 0.234qB

t ctVP
Where VP is the Pore volume.
This expression of the slope shows that the rate of pressure

decline is proportional to q and inversely proportional to the
pore volume Vp
After extending a drawdown test, the slope can be estimated
from the plot Pwf vs t and therefore, Vp can be estimated.
Notice:
This can be used as a reservoir limit test
Drawdown period
Different flow regimes
Also, since we have:
VP
c ~
VP ( Pi P )
~
Where P the is average pressure
~ VP 5.615qB(t / 24)
Pi P or
ctre h
2
ctVP
~ 0.0744qBt
Pi P
ct re h
2
Recalling the draw down equation derived previously E1
0.0744qB qB re 3
Pwf Pi t 141.2 ln E1
ct re h
2
kh rw 4
0.0744qBt ~
Replacing : In E1 by Pi P
ct re h
2
We obtain :
qB re 3
~

Pwf Pi Pi P 141.2 ln
kh rw 4
Or:
~ qB re 3
P Pwf 141.2 ln
kh rw 4
In the case of skin damage, this equation can be written:
~ qB re 3
P Pwf 141.2 ln S
kh rw 4

~ Is the average pressure and
P
S is the skin damage
The equation with the skin damage:
~ qB re 3
P Pwf 141.2 ln S
kh rw 4
Can be also written as:
~ qB re 3
P Pwf 141.2 ln
k j h rw 4
kj is an average permeability of the damaged reservoir
After combining, we obtain:
re 3 re 3
ln ln
r 4 r 4
w w
kj k
kj
Or:
k re 3 re 3
ln S ln S
r 4 r 4
w w
Recall
The Productivity Index PI for a bounded circular reservoir
q stb / d
PI ~ PI
P Pwf psi
From previous relation, we have:
k jh kh
PI or PI
re 3 re 3
141.2 B ln 141.2 B ln S
rw 4 rw 4
~
P Is the average pressure and
Pwf Is the flowing pressure

Bounded Reservoirs with a given shape
In a bounded Reservoir with other non-circular shape , we have:
~ 141.2 Bq 1 10.06 A 3
P Pwf ln S
kh 2 2 4
Aw
C r
The productivity index J can be written as:
q q 0.00708kh
J ~ or: J ~
P Pwf P Pwf 1 10.06 A 3

B ln S
2 2 4
C A rw
A Drainage Area sq ft
CA Shape Factor
Bounded Reservoirs
Example of Shape Factors:

For a circle with the well centered in the middle:
CA = 31.62
Notice
= (31.62/10.06)
A= re2
Bounded Reservoirs

For a square with the well centered in the middle:
CA = 30.8828
For a Triangle:
CA = 27.6
Bounded Reservoirs
For a square with a well off center - located in just one quarter of
the square:
CA = 4.5132
For a rectangle 2/1 and similar situation:
CA = 2.0769
Bounded reservoirs
Bounded reservoirs
Maximum time a reservoir is infinite acting
0.000264kt ct At DA
Since: t DA Or t
ct A 0.000264k
Upper limit of time

We can use the infinite system solution with less than 1%
error as long as t is smaller than an upper limit of time.
ct At DA
t<
0.000264k
tDA is given in the tables

Time required for the PSS solution to be accurate within 1%
ct At DA
t>
0.000264k
Meaning of this lower limit of time
The Pseudo Steady State solution (PSS) is accurate within

1% as long as t verifies the inequality above
tDA is given in the tables

Example
Bounded reservoir
h 10 ft
Pav 2000 psia
Pwf 1500 psia
re 1000 ft
rw 0.25 ft
q 100 stb/d
0.5 cp
ct 0.000072 1/psia
B 1.5 Rb/stb
Productivity Index
q 100 stb / d
PI PI 0.2
Pav Pwf 2000 1500 psi
Bounded reservoirs
qB re 3
k j 141.2 ln
hP rw 4
100 *1.5 * 0.5 1000 3
k j 141.2 ln
10(2000 1500) 0.25 4
k j 16md
If the estimation of k is k=25 md. How do you estimate S:
we have seen that:
re 3
ln

k j k rw 4

r 3
ln e S
r 4
w
or
re 3 re 3
k j ln S k ln or
rw 4 rw 4
kj re 3 k j re 3
ln S ln

k w r 4 k w r 4
Or also
kj re 3 k j re 3
S ln ln

k rw 4 k rw 4
or
kj re 3 k j
S ln 1

k rw 4 k
Or also
re 3 k
S ln 1
k
rw 4 j
1000 3 25
S ln 1
0.25 4 16
Or also S 4.24
This shows that this well is damaged.
Questions:
What is the difference between kj and ks
What is rs
Can we find rs for instance
Flow equations for generalized reservoir geometry
~ qB 1 10.06 A 3

P Pwf 141.2 ln S
kh 2 C A rw 2 4

where:
A Drainage area sq ft
CA Shape factor
0.00708kh
PI
1 10.06 A 3
B ln S
4
2 2
Aw
C r
Application: Flow equations for generalized geometry
In the previous example:

The PI equation is:
0.00708kh
PI
1 10.06 A 3
B ln S
4
2 2
Aw
C r
For instance, for a bounded circular reservoir:
A *(re)2 Drainage area in sq ft

CA 31.62
Example Bounded reservoir with a square shape
h 10 ft
Pav 2000 psia
Pwf 1500 psia
re 1000 ft
rw 0.25 ft
q 100 stb/d
0.5 cp
ct 0.000072 1/psia
B 1.5 Rb/stb
A *(1000)2
CA 30.8828
In this case, We will have:
A 3,141,500 sq ft
CA 30.88
rw 0.25ft
PI equation case of bounded reservoir with a given shape:
0.00708kh
PI
1 10.06 A 3
B ln S
4
2 2
Aw
C r
We will have:
Applying the PI equation with skin:
0.00708 * 25 *10
PI
1 10.06 * 3.14 *106 3
1.5 * .5 ln 4.24
2
2 30.8828 * (.25) 4
stb / d
We get: PI 0.2
psi
This shows that a reservoir with a square shape behaves almost like a
circular reservoir
Another example:
Bounded reservoir with a square shape and a well in the first quarter of
the square
h 10 ft
Pav 2000 psia
Pwf 1500 psia
re 1000 ft
rw 0.25 ft
q 100 stb/d
0.5 cp
ct 0.000072 1/psia
B 1.5 Rb/stb
A *(1000)2
CA 4.5132
Applying the PI equation with skin:
0.00708 * 25 *10
PI
1 10.06 * 3.14 *106 3
1.5 * .5 ln 2
4.24
2 4.5132 * (.25) 4
stb / d
We get: PI 0.185
psi
This shows that a reservoir with a square shape and a well in the first
quarter behaves slightly differently from a centered circular reservoir
PETR 5308
GL_5p
r
rD
Drawdown equation for an ideal reservoir S=0 rw
Assuming t very large tD
0.0002637 kt
crw 2
qB 0.000527kt re 3 0.00708khPi P
Pwf Pi 141.2 ln PD
qB
kh ct re 2
rw 4
0.0744qB qB re 3
Or: Pwf Pi t 141.2 ln E1
ct re h
2
kh rw 4

and
0.0744qB qB re 3
Pwf Pi t 141.2 ln
V p kh rw 4
ct

After deriving with respect to t
P(rw , t ) 0.0744qB P(rw , t ) 0.234qB

Or:
t ctV p t ctV p
Production Decline Curves
Pressure vs. cumulative production
Cartesian system
P ( rw , t )
Pwf Slope t

t
P(rw , t ) 0.234qB

t ctV p
Reservoir Limit Test
P(rw , t ) 0.234qB

t ctV p
We can extract Vp from the approximated value of the slope
Next
Extract re from the value of Vp
Vp
re
h
PETR 5308
GL_6
Formation damage

Solution for a damaged vertical well
Effective well bore radius
The solution in the case of transient flow regime is:
70.6qB 1688ct rw
2
Pi Pwf ln 2S
kh kt

Effective wellbore radius of a well
Definition
rwa = rw exp(-S)
Or also: S=ln(rw/rwa)
Effective well bore radius
In this case, the previous equation becomes:
70.6qB 1688ct rw rw
2 2
Pi Pwf ln ln( 2

kh kt rwa
which can be also written as
70.6qB 1688ct rwa

2
Pi Pwf ln

kh kt
Meaning of effective well bore radius
Range of S for a damaged well

Range of S for a stimulated well
Recall: In the case of vertical well
The Productivity Index PI for a cylindrical reservoir
q stb / d
PI ~ PI
P Pwf psi
From previous relations, we saw:
Recall: PSS solution

0.007078kh 1
PI r 3
B
ln e S
rw 4

~
P Is he average pressure and
Pwf Is the flowing pressure
Recall: Vertical well and PSS solution

0.007078kh 1
PI r 3
B
ln e S
rw 4

Recall: Vertical well and Transient solution

0.007078kh 1
PI
B 2

ln 1688 c r
t w
2 S
kt

Bounded Reservoirs with various shapes
In a bounded Reservoir with other non-circular shape , we have:
~ 141.2 Bq 1 10.06 A 3
P Pwf ln S
kh 2 2 4
Aw
C r
The productivity index J for a VW can be written as:
q
J ~ or:
P Pwf

q 0.00708kh 1
J ~
P Pwf B
ln
1 10.06 A
S
3
2 C A rw 4
2

A Drainage Area sq ft
CA Shape Factor
Extension to horizontal wells
Extension to horizontal wells
Assume a homogeneous and non-isotropic reservoir
The Productivity Index J for a bounded cylindrical reservoir
and a horizontal well has been derived by many authors:
Joshi
Giger
Borisov
Renard and Dupuy
Example
Renard and Dupuy solution
Renard and Dupuy derived the equation giving the

productivity index J for a horizontal well in a homogeneous
and isotropic reservoir where there is no formation damage.
Renard and Dupuy solution for an ideal reservoir (S=0)

0.007078kh 1
PI
B h h
cosh ( X )
1
ln

L 2rw '
Where
2a
X
L
1
rw ' rw
2
0.5
L
0.5 4
kh 2r
and a 0.5 0.25 eh
kv 2 L

In
0.5
L
4
2r
a 0.5 0.25 eh
2 L

reh Is the horizontal well drainage area

Renard and Dupuy solution for a damaged well

0.007078kh 1
PI
B h h
cosh ( X )
1
ln S h
L 2rw '

Where in addition to the same notation listed earlier
0.5
2a kh
X
L kh
0.5
L
4
2reh
1 and a 0.5 0.25
rw ' rw 2 L
2
and reh Is the horizontal well drainage area

In the PI equation above, the horizontal skin is:
h k rs
Sh 1 ln
L k s rw
The horizontal skin is also written as follows:
h
Sh Sv
L
Sv is the vertical skin
k rs
S v 1 ln
k s rw
PETR 5308
GL_7
Example of Application
Consider the following three reservoirs:
1. Circle with a well in the center
2. Square with a well in the center
3. Square with a well in first quadrant
Calculate the time for which each of these reservoirs is
a. acting
b. the PSS solution is accurate
c. the PSS solution is accurate with 1% error
Data
A 17.42 106 SQFT
0.2
1 cp
ct 10-5 1/psi
k 100 md
Assume
h 10 ft
s 3
rw 0.3 ft
B 1.2 RB/stb
Bounded reservoirs
Bounded reservoirs
Bounded reservoirs
0.000264kt ct A
t DA t t DA
ct A 0.000264k
Bounded reservoirs
Bounded reservoirs
0.000264kt ct A
t DA t t DA
ct A 0.000264 k
Bounded reservoirs
Recall
0.000264kt ct A
t DA Or t t DA
ct A 0.000264k
Or t = 1,320tDA
Use the table to find the coefficient CA and the times tDA
We will have:
PSS Exact PSS Approx actg

Res tDA= t> tDA= t> tDA= t<
Circle 0.1 132 .06 79 0.1 132

Square_C 0.1 132 .05 66 0.09 119
Square_1 0.6 792 .3 396 .025 33
Questions
Estimate PI and q in each case
Apply the PI equation
Using the table
0.00708kh
PI
1 10.06 A 3

B ln S
2 2 4
C A rw
0.00708 *100 *10
PI
1 10.06 *17.42 *106
1.2 *1 ln 2

2.25
1
ln C
A

2 (.3) 2
5.9
PI

12.94
1
ln C
A
2
Applying the PI equation
5.9
PI

12.94 ln C A
1
2
Assuming P = Pav-Pwf=500 psi
res. CA PI (stb/d)psi q(stb/d)
Circ 31.62 0.526 263

Sq_C 30.883 0.526 263
Sq_1 4.5132 0.484 242
0.000264kt ct A
t DA t t DA
ct A 0.000264 k
Another question:
For the well in the first quadrant write the flow equations at the following times:
30, 200 and 800 hrs.
PSS Exact PSS Approx actg

Res tDA= t> tDA= t> tDA= t<
Circle 0.1 132 .06 79 0.1 132

Square_C 0.1 132 .05 66 0.09 119
Square_1 0.6 792 .3 396 .025 33
1. t=30 hrs
Since 30<33 the Ei. solution applies. Since 30 hrs is a large
time, the ln approximation is valid. Therefore, we use:
70.7qB 1,688ct rw
2
Pi Pwf ln 2S
kh kt

2. t=200 hrs
Since 30<200<396 neither the Ei solution nor the
approximate PSS solution is valid. Therefore there is no
solution.
3. t=800 hrs
Since 800>792 we can use the PSS solution. It will be
exact
Superposition principle
Analytical solution for a production well
Sketch for production starting at t=0
70.6 948crw 2
Prw , t Pi (q) Ei

kh kt
q
t
-q
t
Rate <0 for a production well: rate =-q with q>0
Rate >0 for an injection well : rate =+q with q>0
If the starting time is ts instead of zero, the analytical solution can be
written as follows:

70.6 B 948crw
2
Prw , t Pi (q) Ei
q kh k t t s

t
-q
ts t
Superposition Principle in Time
Assume the following production sketch:
q2
q1
t
ts t
Production starting at t=0, change of rate at ts
The analytical solution for this problem can be obtained by superposing the
following three solutions:
crw 2
Prw , t Pi q1 Ei

4kh 4kt
crw 2
Prw , t Pi q1 Ei

4kh 4k (t t s
and
crw 2
Prw , t Pi q2 Ei
4k t t s
4kh
The result will be:
crw 2 crw 2 crw 2

Prw , t Pi q1 Ei (q1 ) Ei q2 Ei
4k t t s 4k t t s

4kh 4kt

After rearrangement, the superposition of the above three
solutions will give in Consistent System of Units
2
2

Prw , t Pi q2 q1 Ei
cr cr
q1 Ei w w
4kh 4 kt 4k t t
s
Rate <0 for a production well: rate =-q1 with q1>0

Rate >0 for an injection well : rate =+q1 with q1>0
Example
Application of the Superposition Principle in Time to handle a build up.
Consider a well that has been producing for a certain time and shut in.
Question
What will be the effect on the bottom hole pressure?
The bottom hole pressure which is equal initially to the flowing pressure
will start obviously to increase and approaches the initial pressure
asymptotically for a very large shut in time.
The previous solution can also be written:
In Field Units
70.6 948cr 2 948cr 2

Pr , t Pi q E q2 q1 Ei
k t t s
(1)
kh
1 i
kt
EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION
Consider the case of a well shut down
We can superpose the following two states:
q q
+q
t ts t
-q
t
The result is
Production -q Injection +q Build up
+ =
+q
ts
t ts ts+t
ts+t t
-q -q
Using the previous equation (1) in field units:
70.6 B 948crw 2 948crw 2

Prw , t Pi q1Ei q2 q1 Ei

k t t
kh kt s
Where q1 = -q
and q2 = 0
So that: q2-q1 = q
We will get:
q1 = -q q2-q1 = +q
70.6b 948crw 2 948crw 2

Prw , t Pi (q) Ei ( q) Ei

k t t
kh kt s
Where q is positive
Analytical solution for superposition of a production and an injection well:
Use equation (1) with q1 = -q

and q2 = 0
So that: q2-q1 = q q2-q1 = q
70.6 B 948crw 2 948crw 2

Prw , t Pi qEi qEi

k t t
kh kt s
q positive
In the resulting analytical solution with superposition in time:
948crw 948crw
2 2
If 0.02
k t s t kt
The log approximation can be used, and we can obtain:
70.6 Bq 948crw 948crw 2

2
Prw , t Pi ln ln
kh k t s t
kt

Where, is Euler constant =1.781

The above equation can be simplified to:
70.6 Bq t
Prw , t Pi ln
kh t s t
Which gives the well known Horner method
Recall:
Horner equation can be also written in the log form:
Since:
ln(X) =ln(10).log(X) we will have:
162.6 Bq t
Prw , t Pi log
kh t s t
P(rw,t)) Horner Plot Using Field units:
Log plot
Pi
162.6Bq t t
Pws Pi log s
kh t
t s t

t
162.6Bq
Using the natural log plot, the slope is:
kh
PETR 5308
GL_8
Pressure Drawdown Tests
Negligible wellbore storage
Recall: Flowing pressure versus time
A drawdown pressure test concerns usually the transient region

Drawdown pressure tests (Transient region)
The drawdown pressure equation is:
70.6qB 1,688ct rw
2
Pi Pwf ln 2S Or
kh kt

162.6qB 1,688ct rw
2

Pwf Pi log 0.869S
kh kt

Or

162.6qB ct rw
2

Pwf Pi log 3.23 0.869S
kh kt

As in the case of buildup tests, drawdown tests are characterized by three

time regions: The early, the middle and the late time regions: ETR, MTR
and LTR
Drawdown test
Drawdown pressure
In the case of a drawdown test, after plotting the semilog pressure versus
time, from the MTR we obtain a linear plot where the slope is given by:
162.6qB
m
kh
And , therefore:
162.6qB
k
mh
Skin in a drawdown test
From the pressure equation
162.6qB ct rw
2
Pwf Pi log 3.23 0.869S
kh kt

We can extract the Skin equation
Pi P1hr k
S 1.151 log 3.23
2
m ct rw
Where:
Pi initial pressure
P1hr Pwf for t= 1hr
m Slope
k,,,rw and ct :the characteristics of the reservoir
Drawdown test
Drawdown test Wellbore storage effect
Boundary effect
Constant rate draw down Tests
For a typical constant rate draw down Tests:
1. Plot the flowing BHP Pwf on semilog paper

2. Estimate twbs from qualitative curve matching
3. Estimate the beginning of the LTR tlt
4. Determine the slope using the MTR and estimate k
5. Estimate the skin factor s
Use of a log-log plot in a drawdown test
Superposition Principle
Superposition in time
Pressure Buildup Tests

+q
ts
t tP tP+t
tP+t t
-q -q
Pi
Pws
+q
ts
t tP tP+t
tP+t t
-q -q
( q) B 1,688crw
2
Pws P70.6 ln 2S
kh kt
qB 1,688crw
2

Pws P70.6 ln 2S
kh k tP t

Pi
Pws
( q) B 1,688crw
2
qB 1,688crw 2S
2
Pws P70.6 ln 2S Pws P70.6 ln
kt
kh k tP t

kh
The analytical solution for this shut in problem is:
Pi Initial pressure
Pws Pressure after shut in
tp Production time
qB 1,688crw 1,688crw 2
2
( q ) B
Pws Pi 70.6
ln 2S 70.6
ln 2S
kh k t P t
kh kt

qB t P t
Or Pws Pi 70.6 ln For large t
kh t
Recalling: log( X )
ln( X ) and ln(10) 2.302
ln(10)
qB t t
We can write: Pws Pi 2.302 * 70.6 log P
kh t
qB t t
Or also Pws Pi 162.6 log P
kh t
The pressure solution written at time tp gives:
qB 1,688ct rw
2
Pwf0 Pi 70.6 ln 2S or
kh ktP

qB 1,688ct rw
2
2
Pwf0 Pi 162.6 log S
2.302 or
kh ktP
qB 1,688ct rw
2
Pwf0 Pi 162.6 log 0.869S
kh ktP

Or also
1,688ct rw 2
Pwf0 Pi m log 0.869mS

ktP
t P t qB
Pws (t ) Pi m log m = 162.6
t kh
After subtracting the two equations above, we get:
t P t 1,688ct rw 2
Pws (t ) Pwf0 m log m log 0.869mS

t ktP
or
Pws (t ) Pwf0 t P t 1,688ct rw 2

0.869S log log

m t ktP
Which will give the equation for the skin S
Pws (T ) Pwf0 t P t 1,688ct rw 2

S 1.151 log log

m t ktP
This can be rearranged as follows:
Pws (t ) Pwf0 t P t ct rw 2
S 1.151 log log log 1,688

m t P t k
Notice:
1. For t = 1 (tp+t)/ tpt#1
2. Log(1,688) = 3.23
In this case we can write the above equation, as follows:
Pws(1hr) Pwf0 ct rw 2
S 1.151 log 3.23

m k
Pws
Summary Horner plot
Pi
1
t P t

t
162.6Bq t P t
Pws Pi log
kh t
Pws Horner Plot summary
Pi
1
t P t

t
162.6Bq
m
kh
Example of an ideal Build up test
Reservoir Data Test Data
q 500 stb/d t Pws (psi)

tP 72 hrs 0 1,150
h 22 ft 2 1,794
0.2 4 1,823
o 1 cp 8 1,850
ct 0.210-5 1/psi 16 1,876
rw 0.3 ft 24 1,890
Bo 1.3 RB/stb 48 1,910
First step, calculate
Test Data
t P t
t
t
0
2 37
4 19
8 10
16 5,5
24 4
48 2,5
Pws t P t
Next, plot Pws vs To find the slope
t
1950
1950 1850
m 100 psi / cycle
1
or
1850
1950 1750
m 100 psi / cycle
2
1750
10 1 t P t

t
Pws Also need to find Pws(1hr)
t P t 72 1
For t 1hr 73
t 1
1950
Pws(1hr) =1764 psi
1764
73 1 t t
t P t log P
t t
1HR
Pws
Pws(1hr) Pwf ct rw 2
S 1.151
log
3.23
m k
1950
Pws(1hr) =1764 psi
1764
73 1 t P t

t
1,764 1,150 0.2 *1* .000002 * 0.32
S 1.151 log 3.23
m 48
S 1.43
Pws 1,764 1,150 0.2 *1* .000002 * 0.32
S 1.151 log 3.23
m 48
1950
S 1.43
Also
m =100 psi/cycle
qB
Ps 141.2 S
kh
162.6Bq
m
kh
1764
PS 0.869mS
73 1 t P t

t
PS 0.869 *100 *1.43 PS 124.3 psi

Finally
We define the Flow Efficiency as:
FE
P P P
i wf S
P P
i wf
For the above example, we will have:
FE
1950 1150 124.3
= 0.844
1950 1150
Which shows that this is a damaged well
Initial pressure estimation from build up tests
The permeability is estimated from the slope m
Real build up tests
Real build up tests
Pws(1hr)
t P t
t
1HR
Well Bore Storage Effect
Pi
Pws
Well Bore Storage Effect
PETR 5308
GL_9
Superposition Principle in Space
Application
Single producing well
With a production rate = - q (q>0)
Analytical solution for a single producing well

70.6 B 948cr 2
Pr , t Pi (q) Ei

kh kt
Or
70.6 B 948cr 2
Pr , t Pi qEi

kh kt
Or
70.6 B 948cr 2
Pi Pr , t qEi

kh kt
Superposition in space
Assume an observation well at M
Assume also two producing wells at A and B distant dA and dB from the
observation well
dA
dB
Well A
Well B
Single well
Pressure P(M,t) at point M is:
70.6 B 948cd 2
PM , t Pi qA Ei

kh kt
At point M, P due to well A is equal to:
70.6 B 948cd 2
qA Ei

kh kt
Well A
d
M
Wells A is the producing well and M is d distance from this well

In the case of two producing wells M
The solution can be written in the
form of P(M,t) at point M
dA
dB
Well A
70.6 B 948cd A 2 948cd B 2 Well B

PM , t Pi q A Ei qB Ei
k t t A
kh k t t
B
Assuming tA and tB are equal to zero.
Meaning, The two wells started production the same time.
We will have:
70.6 B 948cd A 2 948cd B 2

PM , t Pi q A Ei qB Ei

kh kt kt
WRITE
( P at M) = ( P due to well A) + ( P due to well B)
70.6 B 948cd A2
Pi P M , t q A Ei

kh kt
70.6 B 948cd B 2
qB Ei M

kh kt
P due to well A dA dB
70.6 B 948cd A 2
q A Ei

kh kt
Well A
P due to well B
Well B
70.6 B 948cd B 2
qB Ei

kh kt
This can be generalized to the case of n wells
For instance. Assume three wells:
In the case of three producing wells
Well A
dAB
dAC
Well B
Well C
Assume three wells
Assume also Well A has skin damage SA:
70.6 B 1688crw 2
Pi Prw , t
q A ln
2S A
kh kt

70.6 B 948cd AB 2 70.6 B 948cd AC 2
qB Ei
qC Ei

kh kt kh kt
Or equivalently
162.6 B 1688crw 2
Pi Prw , t q A log 2S A

kh kt

70.6 B 948cd AB 2 70.6 B 948cd AC 2
qB Ei
qC Ei

kh kt kh kt
Pressure P(rW,t) or Pwf at well A is:
70.6 B 948crW 2 948cd 2

PrW , t Pi q A Ei qB Ei

kh kt kt
Well A
d
Well B
Wells A and B are two producing wells

Physical barriers are simulated by image wells which are similar to the
real wells but located at a point symmetrical to the real wells by reference
to the barrier
Physical
Well A boundary
d
Image Well
A
Application to the case of a barrier:
70.6 B 948crW 2 948c2d 2

PrW , t Pi q A Ei q A Ei

kh kt kt
Physical
Well A boundary
d
Image Well
A
Assume
A production well located a distance d from a barrier.

This well is shut in after a time tS
We can apply both the principle of superposition in time and the

principle of superposition in space to find the analytical solution
for this problem.
Assume a production well located a distance d from a barrier.
Assume this well is shut in after a time tS
We can apply both the principle of superposition in time and the
principle of superposition in space to find the analytical solution
for this problem.
Well A
Image Well
A
The solution after applying the principle of superposition in time
and in space is:
948crW 2 948c2d 2
q A Ei q A Ei

70.6 B kt kt
PrW , t Pi
kh 948crW 2
948c2d 2

q A Ei q A Ei
k t t s
k t t s

The log approximation can be used when possible

In the above solution, the first terms to become smaller than 0.02
when time evolves are:
948crw 948crw
2 2
0.02
kt k t t s
In this case, the log approximation can then be used

In this case, the equation simplifies to:
70.6 Bq t 948c2d 2 948c2d 2

PrW , t Pi ln Ei Ei
kh t s t k t t
s

kt

If we wait further, the next two terms also become smaller than 0.02
948c2d 948c2d
2 2
0.02
kt k t t s
And the solution can be written as follows :
70.6 Bq t 1688c2d 2 1688c2d 2
PrW , t Pi ln ln ln
kh t s t

k t s t

kt

70.6 Bq ts t
Or also PrW , t Pi 2 ln
kh t
Using the log base 10 instead of the natural log , we obtain:
162.6 Bq ts t
PrW , t Pi 2 log
kh t
This shows that for large t at the end of the build up, the slope is
twice the slope when t is small
P(r,t)
Pi
1 ts t

t
70.6 Bq t 948c2d 2 948c2d 2
PrW , t Pi ln Ei Ei
kh t s t k t s t

kt

And after a long time
162.6 Bq ts t
PrW , t Pi 2 log
kh t
Question
Is the period of time a test last important ?
The concept of radius of investigation comes from the following observation:

Radius of investigation
Consider a perturbation with constant rate that propagates
ri 2
C1
4t
P Pi e Ri is maximum for:
t
ri 2 ri 2 2
dP C1
2
C1ri ri
2 e 4t
e 4t
0 Or: 1 0
dt t 4tt 2
4t
1
kt kt
ri
2 2
Or also: Or: ri
948 ct 948 ct
Distance to a fault
Empirical method
PETR 5308
GL_10
The radius of investigation relation between ri and t is:
kt
ri
2
948 ct
In reservoirs with possibility of barrier or boundary, it is safer to use a

testing period of time equivalent to a radius of investigation twice the
target radius of investigation
948 ct 2ri
2
t
k
Wellbore storage
Because of fluids compressibility, the sand face rate qsf and
the surface rate q are different.
Writing the material balance of the fluids that enter and leave the well
bore, we get:
Fluids in: qsfB
Fluids out: qB
d 24Vwb 24 Awb dz
Accumulation 1
dt 5.615 5.615 dt
24 Awb dz
MBE (qsf q) B 2
5.615 dt
dz (qsf q) B
Or 3
dt A 24
wb
5.615
Wellbore storage
z g
Also Pw Pt
144 g c
d ( Pw Pt ) g dz
Or 4
dt 144 g c dt
dz 144 g c d ( Pw Pt )
That is 5
dt g dt
Wellbore storage
dz (qsf q) B
Also
dt A 24
wb
5.615
After equating, we obtain:
144 g c d ( Pw Pt ) (qsf q) B 6

g dt Awb
24
5.615
Or
144 g c d ( Pw Pt ) 24
(qsf q) B Awb 7
g dt 5.615
Wellbore storage
144 Awb g c
Lets call: Cs
5.615g
0.00708kh( Pi Pw )
Since PD
qi B
0.000264kt
And tD
ct rw 2
We can write:
0.894Cs
CsD
ct hrw 2
Equation 7 can be written:
24 d ( Pw Pt )
qsf q Cs
B dt
24 dPw
qsf q Cs
B dt
q dPD
qsf qi CsD
qi dt D
For q constant
qsf dPD
1 CsD
q dt D
Remark 1
qsf qsf
For small CsD 1 Or 1
q q
Remark 2
Assuming a single phase slightly compressible fluid in the

well bore, a material balance in the well bore will give a
similar equation to what we saw earlier:
24Cs dPw
qsf q
B dt
Wellbore storage effect
Before the well production starts, the wellbore is at
equilibrium at high pressure. When the production starts, the
formation does not have the time to react and will not
produce, the production will come from compressibility of the
fluid filling the wellbore volume.
This means that: qsf = 0

From the equation derived earlier:
qsf dPD
1 CsD
We will have:
q dt D
dPD dPD
1 CsD 0 Or CsD 1
dt D dt D
dPD
CsD 1 Integrating this equation gives:
dt D
CsD PD t D
This equation is equivalent to:
log CsD log PD log t D
This shows that in the beginning when the well starts flowing,
a log log plot of PD vs tD will have a unit slope.
This theoretical development characterizes the wellbore
storage effect and has been confirmed by field observation
Application
The radial diffusivity equation with wellbore storage has been

solved analytically and numerically for the assumptions
presented earlier and for different values of skin S and
different values of CSD
This is well documented in the literature
Solution of the PDE with skin and WB storage
Application Type Curve Matching Techniques
PD
tD
Log log Analysis
PD
PETR 5308
GL_11
Flow equations with skin

70.6qB 1688ct rw
2

Pi Pwf ln 2S
kh kt

S
Lets write rweff rwe
2
rweff S rweff
And e Or e 2 S
rw rw
rweff
2

Or ln 2S
rw

In this case, we will have:

70.6qB 1688ct rw
2 rweff
2

Pi Pwf ln ln
kh r
w
kt

Or

70.6qB 1688ct rw rweff
2

2

Pi Pwf ln
kh r

kt w
After simplification:

70.6qB 1688ct rw rweff
2 2
Pi Pwf ln
kh ktr
2

w
We will obtain

70.6qB 1688ct rweff
2
Pi Pwf ln
kh kt

Example: Stimulated well S=-4
Assume rw= 0.25 ft
rweff = rw*e+4 Or rweff = 0.25*54.6 Or
rweff = 13.65 ft
Example: Damaged S=+5
Assume rw= 0.25 ft and S = +5
rweff = rw*e-5 Or rweff =.25*0,0067 ft
rweff = 0.0017 ft
Original well Damaged well
Original well
Stimulated well
Remark
S
Since rweff rwe
1. For a damaged well, the value of S can go as high as one can imagine
2. For a stimulated well, s is limited in value.
Example:
Assume rw =0.3 ft and S=-8
rweff =0.3e+8 or rweff =0.3*8103 =2431 ft
This effective radius of the well is limited in size and cannot be larger
than re.
Therefore:
For a stimulated well, we always have approximately:
-8 < S < 0
Skin Consideration
What we have seen is that a Skin due to formation damage

can be treated by replacing the real rw by an effective rweff
S
rweff rwe
1. For a damaged well, S is positive and can vary from 0 to
2. For a stimulated well, S is negative and vary from 0 to about -8

Remarks
The skin is not always due to formation damage only
Various types of Skin exist:
1. Formation damage
2. Turbulence due to Perforations
3. Turbulence due to Gas Flow
4. Representation of Vertical and Horizontal fractures
5. Representation of Horizontal Wells
Each one of this type of skin can be written in the form:

S
rweff rwe
Skin due to perforations
Flow restrictions due to perforations can also induce a skin Sp
Example: Saidikowski relation to derive Sp
ht: Total reservoir height

1
hp: Perforated height
ht ht kH 2 Sd: Skin due to damage
Sp 1 ln 2
Sp: Skin due to perforations
h
p rw kV
kH: Horizontal permeability
kV: Vertical permeability
The total skin is in this case:
ht
S Sd S p
h
p
Horizontal Well Handling
Horizontal Wells can be represented by an equivalent
effective well bore radius rweff and a skin can be derived to
represent Horizontal Wells.

L
reh reh: Drainage radius
2
rweff 1/ 2
L : Horizontal Well length

L h
2

a 1 1 2a 2r

w

1/ 2
1 4

1/ 2

L 2 r
a 0.25 eh

2 2 L

Other Remarks concerning the Art of analyzing Build-Up tests
Use of Log Log plot to find the end the ETR region
PETR 5308
GL_12
Type Curves Analysis Methods
Use of pressure derivative technique

Curves Analysis Methods
Pressure Curves Analysis
Example of pressure type curve

Assume a homogeneous reservoir
Wellbore storage
Skin
The procedure is described below

Example of Pressure type-curve

Well with wellbore storage and skin
Homogeneous reservoirs
Analytical solution
Log log scale
Test results
P vs t (Log log scale)
.
.
Pressure Match
.
Pressure Match
PD
Pressure Match
Recall
PD kh
PM kh 141.2qB( PM )
P 141.2qB
Similarly for the time match
Recall
Time Match
tD/CD
Time Match
.
Similarly for the time match
.
The Pressure Derivative
The Pressure Derivative
Definition
Derivative type curve
Well with wellbore storage and skin
Homogeneous reservoir
The equation above can be written using the natural log:
qB qB k
P 70.6 ln( t ) 162.6 log( ) 3.23 0.869S
kh kh ct rw 2

We can show also that:
kh dP kh
t P'
141.2qB dt 141.2qB
And
kh kh 70.6qB
P'
141.2qB 141.2qB kh
Or:
dPD kh 70.6qB

d ln(t D / CD ) 141.2qB kh
Therefore for large t, after the wellbore storage effect passes

(Unit slope), we will have:
dPD
0.5
d ln(t D / CD )
.
Derivative method
Derivative method
.
Derivative match
.
PETR 5308
GL_13
Multiple rate history
.
In the case of two rates, the solution is:
crw 2 crw 2
Prw , t Pi q1 Ei q2 q1 Ei

4k t t
4kh 4 kt s
2
2

Prw , t Pi q2 q1 ln
cr cr
q1 ln w w
4kh 4 k t t1

4k t t
2
q1 starting at time t1
2
2

Prw , t Pi q2 q1 ln
cr cr
q1 ln w w
4kh 4 k t t1

4k t t
2
crw 2 crw 2 crw 2

Prw , t Pi q1 ln q2 ln q1 ln
4k t t1
4kh 4k t t 4k t t
2 2
In the case of three rates, the solution is:
crw 2 crw 2 crw 2

q1 ln q2 ln q1 ln
4k t t 4k t t 4k t t
1 2 2
Prw , t Pi
4kh crw 2
crw 2

q3 ln q2 ln
4 k t t
3

4 k t t
3

In the case of the rate changing 4 times, the solution is:
crw 2 crw 2 crw 2

q1 ln q2 ln q1 ln
1 2 2

crw 2
crw 2

Prw , t Pi
q3 ln
q2 ln
4kh 4 k t t
3

4 k t t
3

crw 2 crw 2
q4 ln q3 ln
4k t t 4k t t
4 4
In the case of n+1 rates, the solution is:
crw 2 crw 2 crw 2

q1 ln q2 ln q1 ln
1 2 2

crw 2
crw 2

P rw , t Pi ... q ln q ln
4kh 4k t t n 1 4k t t
n
n n

crw 2 crw 2
qn 1 ln qn ln

..

4 k t t n 1 4 k t t n 1

In the case of n rates, the solution is:
For Draw down (consistent system of units)
t t2 t t3 t t4
q1 ln q2 ln q3 ln
t t1 t t2 t t3
Prw , t Pi
4kh t tn crw 2

... q ln q ln
t t n 4k t t
n 1
n 1 n
In the case of n rates and field units, the solution is:
t t2 t t3 t t4
q1 ln q2 ln q3 ln
70.6 B t t1 t t2 t t3
P rw , t Pi
kh t tn 1688ct rw 2

... qn 1 ln t t qn ln k t t
n 1 n
Using log instead of natural ln, the solution can be written:
t t2 t t3 t t4
q1 log q2 log q3 log
162.6 B t t1 t t2 t t3
P rw , t Pi
kh t tn 1688ct rw
2

... qn 1 log t t qn log k t t
n 1 n
Notice in the equation above if we can assume:
t tn 1
t tn1
Therefore:
t tn
ln 0
t tn 1
And the previous equation can be simplified to take

into account only the last term as follows:
162.6 B 1688ct rw 2
Prw , t Pi qn log

kh k t tn
. Multi-rate tests Superposition in time
Multi-rate tests
Another approach
In the case of one rate starting at t=0, the solution is:
qB 1688crw
2
Pi Prw , t 162.6 log 0.869s
Or
kh kt

qB k
Pi Prw , t 162.6 log t log 3.23 0.869s

kh cr
2
w

Or Pi Prw , t m' qlog t s' Where

B k
m' 162.6 and s' log 3.23 0.869s
2
kh crw
Multi-rate tests
Another approach
In the case of one rate, the solution is:
Pi Prw , t m' q1 log t s'
Where
B k
m' 162.6 and s' log 3.23 0.869s
2
kh ct rw
In the case of n rates, the first rate starts at t=0, the solution is:
Pi Prw , t m' q1 log t s '

m' q2 q1 log t t1 s '
m' q3 q2 log t t 2 s '
...
m' qn qn 1 log t t n 1 s'
Where
B and
k
s' log 3.23 0.869S
m' 162.6 2
kh ct rw
In the case of n rates, the solution is:
Pi Prw , t
m' log t s '
q1
qn qn
m'
q2 q1
log t t s'
1
qn
m'
q3 q2
log t t2 s'
qn
...
m'
qn qn 1
log t tn1 s'
qn
Or also
Pi Prw , t q1
m' log t
qn qn
m'
q2 q1
log t t 1
qn
m'
q3 q2
log t t 2
qn
...
m'
qn qn 1
log t t n 1 m' s '
qn
The previous equation can be written in a general form
Draw down case
Pi Pwf n
m'
q j q j 1
log t t j 1
qn j 1 qn
k
m' log 3.23 0.869s
2
ct rw
The previous equation can be written in the case of a build up
Build up case
qn = 0
Pi Pws m' q1 log t s '

m' q2 q1 log t t1 s '
m' q3 q2 log t t 2 s '
...
m' qn qn 1 log t t n 1 s'
The previous equation can be written in a general form
Build up case
qn = 0
B n
Pi Pws 162.6 q j q j 1 logt t j 1
kh j 1
Application
Case of n=3
q1
q2
q3=0
Pi Pws m' q1 log t q2 q1 logt t1 q2 logt t2
Or also:
q2 B q1 t t t1
Pi Pws 162.6 log log
kh q2 t t1 t t2
Notation in the case of n=3
t1 =tp1
t2 =tp1 +tp2
t=t2 +t
t- t1 = tp2 +t
Then
q2 B q1 t p1 t p 2 t t p 2 t
Pi Pws 162.6 log log
t p 2 t

kh q2 t
The procedure is to plot Pws vs:
q t p1 t p 2 t t p 2 t
log log
t p 2 t
1

q2 t
Pws vs: log log
t p 2 t
1

q2 t
Gives a slope related to k by the relation:
q2 B
m 162.6
kh
The extrapolation of t to infinity gives Pi
Question:
How to estimate the Skin

Estimation of the Skin
Just before shut-in, we have:
q2 B q1 t p1 t p 2
log t p 2 s'
Pi Pws 162.6 log
kh q2 t p 2
and
Pi Pws m log
1 log

t t
q2 p2 t
Subtracting the two previous equations
q t p1 t p 2 t p 2 t t p 2 t
Pws Pwf m log log s'
t p1 t p 2 t t p 2 t p 2 t
1
q2
k
And s' log 3.23 0.869s
2
For small t ct rw
tp1 +tp2 +t tp1 +tp2
And
tp2 +t tp2
Then Pws Pwf mlog t s'
Pwf Flowing Pressure before shutting
P1hr Pwf k
with s 1.151 log 3.23
2
m ct rw
PETR 5308
GL_13a
Average pressure around a producing well
In the case of a depleted reservoir, the extrapolated pressure obtained

in a build up test does not reflect the existing average pressure within
the drainage area around the well
P*
Methods to estimate the average pressure
To estimate the average pressure in the drainage area of a depleted well,

two methods can be used:
1. The Mathews-Brons-Hazebrock MBH Method

2. The Modified Muskat method
The MBH Method or the P* method
In order to apply this method, the following

steps are needed:
1. Estimate the shape of the drainage area

2. Choose the proper curve
3. Estimate the value of the parameter
0.000264kt p
ct A
4. Estimate the value of the following parameter

2.3034 p * p
m

5. Finally calculate the average pressure: p
Example of application
Reservoir Data
q 250 stb/d
tP 13630 hrs
h 69 ft
0.039
o 0.8 cp
ct 1.710-5 1/psi
rw 0.198 ft
A (2x1,320)2 ftxft
Bo 1.136 RB/stb
Assume that it is a square (2x1,320) by (2x1,320)

Application of the MBH Method or P* method
First step
The drainage area is a square
Second step: The curve
The right curve: Look at Fig. 2 17A in the John Lee

SPE textbook
Third step: Estimate
0.000264kt p 0.000264 * 7.65 *13,630

2 =7.44
ct A 0.038 * 0.8 * 0.000017 * (2 *1,320)
Fourth step
Use the curve Fig. 2 17A to find the value of:

2.3034 p * p
m
This value is 5.45 Which means:

2.3034 p * p
= 5.45
m
Fifth step
Calculate the average pressure from:

2.3034 p * p
= 5.45
m
m * 5.45
This gives: p p*
2.3034
Modified Muskat Method
Muskat showed the pressure recorded during build up in another form as

presented in his textbook:
0.00388kt
118.6qB
ct re 2
p pws e
kh
This equation can be written, after taking the log of both sides as:
118.6qB 0.00168kt
log p pws log
kh ct re 2
This equation is in the form of:

log p pws A Bt

Modified Muskat Method
In the previous equation, t should be in the range of:
250ct re 750ct re
2 2
t
k k
A trial and error procedure is used in order to implement the modified

Muskat method until the relation:

log p pws A Bt
Becomes linear

log p pws A Bt

Reservoir limit test
In the case of the presence of a boundary near the well, the equation
giving the pressure is, after a certain time:
70.6qB 1,688ct rw
2
Pi Pwf ln 2S
kh kt p

70.6qB 948ct 2d
2
Ei
kh kt
p
Assuming S=0 for simplification.

In the case of a buildup, this equation can be written as:
948ct rW 2 948ct 2d 2
Ei Ei

70.6qB kt kt
Pws Pi
kh 948ct rW 2
948ct 2d
2
Ei Ei
k t t p

k t t p

In the case of a buildup, if the time is large enough so that the relation
below applies:
948ct rw 948ct rw
2 2
0.02
kt k t t p
The pressure equation shown earlier can be written as:
70.6q t 948ct 2d 2 948ct 2d 2

Pws Pi Ei Ei
kh t p t k t p t
ln
kt

This equation has been rearranged in the John Lee SPE textbook and
presented in the form:
162.6qB t p t 3,792ct L2

Pws Pi log 0.434 Ei
kh t kt p

70.6qB 3,792ct L2
Ei
kh kt
Where the distance to the fault is called L instead of d

It can be shown that in the equation above, the expression:
70.6qB 3,792ct L2
Ei
kh kt
Can be interpreted as the deviation between the extrapolation of the early

Horner plot and the extrapolation of the late Horner plot as illustrated in
the diagram below:
70.6qB 3,792ct L2
P *ws Ei
kh kt
Estimation of the distance to a fault
1
0.000148kt x 2
L
ct
PETR 5308
Pressure Transinet Analysis
GL_13b
If the PSS regime is reached, P is:
qB re 3
Pav Pwf 141.2 ln S
kh rw 4

the decline of both the average pressure and the flowing

pressure depends on the characteristics of the reservoir.
The production rate is given by:
q
P av Pwf
B re 3
141.2 ln S
kh rw 4

In the rate equation:
q
P av Pwf
B re 3
141.2 ln S
kh rw 4

The production rate is directly related to the pressure

decline
For each reservoir, the production rate decline depends on

the characteristics of the reservoir
Various decline curve models
Arps flow rates relations
q(t ) qi 1 bDi t
1

b
Di Constant that characterizes the rate of decline

b Constant that characterizes the type of decline
q(t) Rate as a function of time
qi rate at initial time or q(ti)
Arps generalized flow rates relations
Constant percentage decline
Di t
q(t ) qi e b=0
Hyperbolic decline
q(t ) qi 1 bDi t
1

b 0<b<1
Harmonic decline
q(t ) qi 1 Di t
1
b=1
Arps decline curve analysis approach
After the following change of variables is made:
We obtain the following decline curve models

q(t ) qi 1 bDi t
1

b
Arps decline models
Generalization: Arps decline models
Depending on the type of reservoirs,
various types of decline curves exist
Decline curves can be expressed as:

1. q as a function of time
2. Or q as a function of cumulative production
The result can be reported

1. In Cartesian system
2. Semi log
3. Or log-log
Depending on the type of decline
Three types of decline exist:
1. Constant percentage decline
2. Hyperbolic decline
3. Harmonic decline
The three types of decline as function of time
Cartesian system
q
The three types of decline as function of cum. production
Cartesian system
Semi-log
Semi-log
Log-log
Log-log
Constant percentage Decline Curve
Daily rate
(qt qt 1 ) (1/d)
Dd
t.qt
Monthly rate
DM 30.4Dd (1/m)
Yearly rate
DY 12DM (1/y)
Constant Percentage Decline Curve
Daily decline rate
(qt qt 1 )
D = Constant
t.qt
When t goes to zero, this can be written:
1 dq dq
D 3.4 Or Ddt
q dt q
After integration
dq
q D dt We obtain ln q ln qi Dt
q
Or ln Dt Or also q qi e Dt 3.13
qi
Rate vs. cumulative production
Cartesian system
q Slope
100
10
10 20 30 t
ln q ln qi Dt
Production rate as a function of cum. Production Gp
Cartesian system
Rate plotted as a function of time
Cartesian system
q
q qi e Dt
Rate vs. cumulative production
Cartesian system
q Slope
qi
Gp
q qi GP 3.5
(qi q)
GP

(qi q)
Or
GP
dq dGP
Also
dt dt
dGP
And since q We will have: dq
q
dt dt
1 dq dq
Therefore D and Ddt
q dt q
Example 1
q GP
(MMscf/d) (MMMscf)
200 10
210 20
190 30
193 60
170 100
155 150
130 190
123 220
115 230
110 240
115 250
Question: What type of decline curve is this
Other Questions: Estimate
1. The remaining cum prod until the rate reaches 50 MMscf/d

2. The decline rate
3. The effective monthly decline rate
4. The yearly decline rate
5. How long it will take the rate to reach 50 MMscf/d
Example 1
q
250
200
150
Series1
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Gp
Example 1
Production Decline Curve
250
200
Prod Rate (MMscf/d)
150
Series1
100
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Cumulative prod (MMMscf)
Questions: Estimate
1. The remaining prod down to a rate of 50 MMscf/d
From the graph

Gp = 396 MMMscf
The remaining cum prod is
396-250= 146 MMMscf
2. The decline rate
The daily decline rate can be written

qi q
D
GPD
The daily decline rate (smoothed data)
215 100
Dd Or Dd 0.000417 (1/d)
276,000
The Monthly
DM 0.000417 * 30.4 0.0127 (1/M)
The yearly
DY 0.0127 *12 0.152 (1/Y)

The nominal decline rates
D'd 1 e Dd And also D'M 1 e DM
And for the yearly decline rate D'Y 1 e DY
5. How long it will take for the rate to reach 50 MMscf/d
How long it takes the rate to decrease to 50 MMsc/d

q1
Use the relation ln tY DY
qn
Or q1 qn e tY DY
5. How long it will take for the rate to reach 50 MMscf/d
We obtain from the previous relation:
q1
ln
qn
tY
DY
50
ln
Or tY 115
0.152
tY = 5.5 years
Harmonic Decline
How to recognize the different types of decline curves

Harmonic decline curve.
1. Quite few reservoirs follow this type of decline

2. This is the case of limited extension over pressured hydrocarbon
accumulations
3. Harmonic decline curve can be recognized by plotting the rate q
versus the cumulative production on semi log paper which should
give a straight line plot.
PETR 5308
GL_14
Fractured wells
Infinite conductivity fractures
Linear flow regime
Lf
Fractured wells
Pressure solution
Lf
qB
P 4.06 t
hx f kct
.
Result analysis in the case of a fractured reservoir
Case of a half fracture length reservoir
1
qB 2
mLf 4.064
hx f kct
Half fracture length Lf designated here xf

Example
Gringarten Type curves
Fractured Wells
Dimensionless Parameters
PD
kh
Pi Pwf
141.2qB
2
t r
t DLf D w2
Lf
Gringarten Type curves
Fractured Wells
Dimensionless Parameters written in the form

Can be used for Type Curves Procedure
PD
kh
Pi Pwf
141.2qB
0.000264t
t DLf
ct L f 2
Pi Pwf
kh 0.000264kt
PD t DLf
141.2qB ct L f 2
Remark 1
Notice
1. the Slope
1. 0.5 for small t

2. Slope 0.5 up to tDLF = 0.16
2. The asymptote
1. xe/Lf can be obtained for large t
xe/Lf
Remark 2
Example
Build Up in a vertically fractured wells
Remark 2
Build Up in a vertically fractured wells
Reservoir Data Test Data

Log-Log Plot of the Test Data
Solution
Type curve matching procedure can be used
The dimensionless parameters needed are:
PD
kh
Pi Pwf and
141.2qB
0.000264t
t DLf
ct L f 2
k can be obtained from the dimensionless PD
141.2qB PD

k
h P P
i wf
Solution
The Pressure Matching Point PMP and the corresponding P,

Can be written in the form:
141.2qB PD

k
h P P Match
i wf
Where
PD

P P Match
i wf
Is obtained from the match

Solution
The ratio
PD

P P Match
i wf
Is obtained from:
PD 0.1
P P
i wf
15.2
Next replace in the k relation

141.2qB PD

k
h P P
i wf Match
Solution
Similarly
Fractured well
Finite conductivity fracture
Bi-linear flow regime
Method of Analysis
qB
mBLf 44.11 1 1
h(k f w f ) (kct )
2 4
Knowing the slope:
qB
mBLf 44.11 1 1
h(k f w f ) (kct )
2 4
The fracture conductivity kfwf

Infinite conductivity fracture
Linear flow
Log log pressure
Linear flow
Pressure derivative
Pressure and pressure derivative Log log plot
Infinite conductivity fracture
Bi-Linear flow
Log log pressure
Bi-Linear flow
Pressure derivative log log plot
Pressure and pressure derivative Log log plot
Application
Fractured reservoirs
Drawdown pressure
1
qB t 2
Pi Pwf 4.064
hL f kct
Build-up pressure
1
qB t 2
Pws Pwf 4.064
hL f kct
Plot :
( Pi Pwf ) Vs (t )
Or:
( Pws Pwf ) Vs (t )
( Pi Pwf ) mL t
1
Obtain a linear plot 2
The slope is equal to:

1
qB 2
mL 4.064
hL f kct
The fracture length can be obtained from:
1. An independent estimation of the permeability k
2. A determination of the slope from a pre-facture BU test
For an infinite conductivity fracture, when linear flow can not be

recognized, use:
Lf=2rwa
Note that:
Pws(1hr) Pwf k
S 1.151 log 3.23
2
m ct rw
We can also write:
Lf
rwa
2
rwa rwe s
Lf
s ln
2rw
Lf
s 2.303 log
2rw
And
Lf Pws(1hr) Pwf k
2.303 log 1.151 log 3.23
2
2rw m ct rw
Or:
Lf 1 Pwf Pws(1hr) k
log log 3.23
2
2rw 2 m ct rw
Or also
Pwf Pws(1hr) k 1
log log 2
ct r
log( L f )
1 m w
2 1 1
3.23 2 log 2 log
2 rw
Or also
1 Pwf Pws(1hr) k
log( L f ) log 2.63
2 m ct
PETR 5308
GL_15
Naturally fractured reservoirs
Reference
Warren, T. E and Root, P. J.:The Behavior of Naturally

Fractured Reservoirs,
Society of Petroleum Engineering Journal. (Sept. 1963) 245-
255
Double porosity systems
Storativity ratio
Interporosity flow parameter

Dimensionless parameters
The storativity correlates to the well bore storage

Double porosity systems Analytical solution
Warren and Root Approach
Lets call the matrix : Environment 1

and the fracture : Environment 2
Recall the diffusivity Equation in the system

No source/sink term
1 P2 2 c2 P2
r r r r k t
2
With a source/sink term, we will have:
1 P2 2 c2 P2
r r r r source/sink term
k2 t
In the case of double porosity systems:
The source/sink term is in fact the flow contribution of the
matrix to the fracture system and
We will have therefore:
k2 1 P2 Sk1 P2

r r r
r P P c
t
1 2 2 2
Taking into account the accumulation tern in the matrix, we will have:
P1 Sk1
1c1 P1 P2 0
t
Remark:
P1 and P2 are in both flow equations.
This means the two equations are linked and should be put
in the form of a system of two equations
S is a characteristic coefficient
System of two equations of flow in a double porosity systems
P1 Sk1
1c1 P1 P2 0
t
P2 k2 1 P2 Sk1
2c2 r P1 P2 0
t r r r
System of two equations of flow in a double porosity systems
P1 P2
P1 and P2
This system of equation has been solved analytically in term

of the pressure P2 in the fracture and the pressure P1 in the
matrix
Additional Reference
Fundamentals of Fractured Reservoir Engineering
By TD Van Golf-Racht
Elsevier 1982
Discussion of the Analytical Solution

Recall the definitions
Storativity ratio

Dimensionless parameters
The storativity correlates to the well bore storage

Analytical solution
Log log scale
Influence of the storativity
Influence of the storativity
Influence of the inter-porosity flow parameter
Influence of the interporosity flow parameter
Horner and Superposition Theorem
.
Horner and Superposition Theorem
.
.
PETR 5308
GL_16
Well Testing in Gas Reservoirs
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Amanat U. Chaudhry Gas Well Testing

Handbook
T. S. Daltaban and C. G. Wall

Fundamantal and Applied Pressure Analysis
Darcys Law Mass Rate
Gas application
k X P
VX =
x
Z
VX VX +X
Y
For any type of fluids, a CE was developed earlier

[ k ]+ [ k ]+ [ k ] = ( )
x x y y z z t
This can be simplified considering the fact that:

1. The porosity can be considered constant
2. And also the permeability
In the case of homogeneous and isotropic porous medium, the
CE can be written:

[ k ]+ [ k ]+ [ k ] = ( )
x x y y z z t
Assuming a horizontal reservoir, this CE becomes:
P P P
[ k ]+ [ k ]+ [ k ] = ( )
x x y y z z t
Assuming k and constant, this CE becomes:
P P P
[ ]+ [ ]+ [ ]= ( )
x x y y z z k t
A continuity equation has been developed earlier

[ k ]+ [ k ]+ [ k ] = ( )
x x y y z z t
This can be simplified considering the fact that:

1. The porosity can be considered constant
2. And also the permeabiliy
Gas Diffusivity Equation Flow in one direction
k X P
= ( )
x x t
Radial Gas Diffusivity Equation
1 rk r P
= ( )
r r r t
Assuming:
Laminar flow
Negligible gravity
Constant porosity
Constant permeability k
Assuming also:
MP
=
RTZ
The 3D Gas Diffusivity Equation in Cartesian system can be written
kMP P kMP P kMP P MP

+ + =
x RTZ x y RTZ y z RTZ z t RTZ
P P P P P P P
+ + =
x Z x y Z y z Z z k t Z
Or After simplification
Notice in the gas diffusivity equation above
Both Z and are functions of the pressure
Moreover, the diffusivity equation in its present form is not easy

to solve. It needs to be linearized.
The following change of variable from P to the pseudo pressure
function is necessary.
P
(P ) = 2
P
dP
0
Z
Also from
P
(P ) = 2
P
dP
0
Z
We have
2 P
= And also
P Z
P 1
=
Z 2 P
The diffusivity equation can be written in this case:
1 P 1 P 1 P P
+ + =
x 2 P x y 2 P y z 2 P z k t Z
Notice since
P
=
P x x
We will have:
1 1 1 P
+ + =
2 x x 2 y y 2 z z k t Z
Also, since:
1
cg =
P
and
Z P
cg =
P P Z
We will have
Z P t P P P
cg = Or also = cg
P t Z P t Z Z t
And P Pc g P
=
k t Z kZ t
After combining
1 1 1 P
+ + =
2 x x 2 y y 2 z z k t Z
P Pc g P
And using =
k t Z kZ t
We obtain
1 1 1 Pcg P
+ + =
2 x x 2 y y 2 z z kZ t
And after replacing
P 2 P P
= Or also =
t P t t Z t
And finally
cg
+ + =
x x y y z z k t
The diffusivity equation can be finally written as:
2 2 2 c g
+ 2 + 2 =
x 2
y z k t
(P ) is the pseudo pressure function. It is also called m(P)
The pseudo pressure function is given as an integral:
P
(P ) = 2
P
dP
0
Z
A close look at the pseudo pressure function shows that this function is
inversely proportional to the product Z
Question:
How does Z vary with P
Particularity of Z
z
2000 4000 P
For p < 2000 Psia Z is constant

For p > 4000 Psia Z is proportional to P
For 2000 < p < 4000 Psia Z is non-linear
Depending on P, the diffusivity equation can be written as:
CASE 1 P<2000 psia Z Constant
(P ) = P 2
2 ( P 2 ) 2 ( P 2 ) 2 ( P 2 ) c g ( P 2 )
+ + =
x 2
y 2
z 2
k t
CASE 2 2000<P<4000 psia Z is non-linear
(P )
2 2 2 c g
+ 2 + 2 =
x 2
y z k t
CASE 3 P>4000 psia Z Proportional to P
(P ) = P
2 P 2 P 2 P c g P
+ 2 + 2 =
x 2
y z k t
Pressure solution in Gas Reservoirs
All the previously derived solutions can now apply
Draw down solution
57.92 x106 qscTPsc
( Pi ) ( Pwf ) = log kt 3.23 + 0.869 s '
khTsc gi cti rw
2

s ' = s + Dqsc
S is the composite skin
S is the skin due to formation damage
D is the non-Darcy flow constant
S can be written as follows:

i wf 1hr
s ' = 1.151 log
k + 3.23
m c r 2
gi ti w
where m is the usual slope in the semi log plot of (P)

In Summary
Draw down solution
57.92 x106 qscTPsc

( Pi ) ( Pwf ) = log kt 3.23 + 0.869 s '
khTsc gi cti rw 2

Estimate the slope m from the plot of (P) and get kh
57.92 x106 qscTPsc

m=
khTsc
57.92 x106 qscTPsc
kh =
mTsc
i wf 1hr
s ' = 1.151 + 3.23
k
S is calculated from: log
m c r
2

gi ti w
S is the composite skin S=S+Dqsc
D is the non-Darcy flow coefficient
Pressure solution in Gas Reservoirs
The solution to the PDE for oil reservoirs is used in the case of gas
reservoirs. The superposition principle is used In particular to study:
1. Build up tests
2. Multiple wells interaction
3. other tests
Also depending on the reservoir conditions, we can use in the pressure

solution:
a. P P treatment
b. P2 P2 treatment
c. (P ) Psie treatment
PETR 5308
GL_17
Continuity Equation in Gas Reservoirs
Flow equations in gas systems
c g
+ + =
x x y y z z 0.0002637 k t
BC
1.No flow boundary at top and bottom
2.P=Pi at the outer limit of the reservoir
IC
1.P=Pi at t=0
Pressure at outer boundary Pi No flow condition

Flow equations Cartesian system
c g
+ + =
x x y y z z 0.0002637 k t
Or
c g

=2
0.0002637 k t
In radial coordinates
1 c g
r =
r r r 0.0002637 k t
Recall
(P ) = P 2
CASE 1
P<2000 psia
CASE 2
2000 < P<4000 psia (P ) =
CASE 3
P>4000 psia (P ) = P
Examine the gas equation
1 c g
r =
r r r 0.0002637 k t
Variables
t
r
Unknowns
P
q
Remark 1
1. The gas equation in its present form is not

practical because of the coefficient in the RHS
2. A change of variables is needed to get a rid of this

coefficient
3. It can also change this equation to a

dimensionless equation
Remark 2
This new set of dimensionless variables
rD = f(r, rw,..)
tD = f(r, rw,t,..)
PD = ..
qD = ..
depends on the type of treatment

P treatment
Change of variables
r
rD =
rw
0.0002637 kt
tD =
c g rw 2
Pi P
PD =
Piq D
7.085105 qsc g T z
qD =
PkhPi
After this change of variables,
The new PD equation can be written:
1 PD PD
rD =
rD rD rD t D
Boundary and initial conditions
PD
When rD 1 lim rD = 1
rD
When rD lim(PD ) = 0
When tD 0 lim(PD ) = 0
Similar results are obtained for other treatments
P2 treatment
Change of variables
r
rD =
rw
0.0002637 kt
tD =
g c g rw 2
P 2i P 2
PD =
P 2 i qD
1.41710 6 qsc g T z
qD =
khP 2 i
Pseudo pressure treatment
Change of variables
r
rD =
rw
0.0002637 kt
tD =
av cav rw 2
i
PD =
i qD
1.41710 6 qscT
qD =
kh i
In the case of the dimensionless PDE derived earlier:
1 PD PD
rD
=
rD rD rD t D
The analytical solution depends on the type of reservoir

and on the Boundary Conditions
See John Lee textbook
The Exponential solution derived for oil reservoirs can

still be used for gas reservoirs and is discussed below:
Exonential integral solution
Analytical Solution
rD 2
PD = 0.5 Ei

4t D
Exponential integral
u
Ei ( ) =
e
du

u
Ei ( x )
Ei ( x ) = ln (1.781x )
x 0.02
negligible For x >10
4
x
.01
rD 2
Ei
rD 2 rD
2
4t D
Ei = ln1.781

4t D 4t D
2
rD
0.02
4t D
negligible For x >10
2
rD
.02 4t D
Exponential integral solution
rD 2 rD
2
PD = 0.5 Ei And for
0.02
4t D 4t D
rD
2
We will have: PD = 0.5 ln1.781
4t D
Or also
tD
PD = 0.5 ln 2 + 0.809
rD
This is accurate for tD>25 at the well
Example 1
Assuming

Example 1
Data
t 24hrs 0.16
h 40 ft Zi 0.84
k 20 md Zav 0.85
Pi 2000 psia i 0.0156 cp
rw 0.399 ft av 0.0152 cp
T 580 R ci 0.00058 1/psia
qsc 7.0 MMscfd cav 0.00061 1/psia
Example 1
P treatment
r
rD =
rw
0.0002637 kt
tD =
g c g rw 2
Pi P
PD =
Pi q D
7.085105 qsc g T z
qD =
PkhPi
rD = 1 Compute tD
tD = 535,935.0 Notice tD > 25
PD = 0.5[ln(535,935) + 0.809] = 7.0
qD =(7.085 105zavT qsc av )/PavkhPi
Initially for Pav = Pi, we will have:
qD =0.01161
Trial and error procedure
Assume Pag at the start is Pi = 2000 psia

Pi P
PD =
Pi qD i
PD = [Pi-Pwf]/[Pi qD]= 7.0
[Pi-Pwf]= PD [Pi qD]
Pwf= Pi -PD [Pi qD]
Pwf= 2000 - 7.0 x 2000 x 0.01161
Pwf = 1837 psia

Now Pag = 0.5[1837 + 2000] = 1919 psia
qD = 0.1210
Pwf= 2000 - 7.0 x 2000 x 0.0121
Pwf = 1831 psia

Now Pag = 0.5[1831 + 2000] = 1916 psia
qD = 0.1212
Pwf= 2000 - 7.0 x 2000 x 0.01212
Pwf = 1830.3 psia

P2 treatment
Change of variables
r
rD =
rw
0.0002637 kt
tD =
av cav rw 2
P 2i P 2
PD =
P 2 i qD i
1.41710 6 qsc g T z
qD =
khP 2 i
P2 treatment
Example 1
1.41710 6 qsc g T z
qD = 2 qD = 0.02323
khP i
P2 treatment
Example 1
P 2 i Pwf
2
PD =
P 2 i qD i
Pwf = [20002-7x.02323x20002]0.5
Pwf = 1830.1 psia

Change of variables
r
rD =
rw
0.0002637 kt
tD =
g c g rw 2
i wf
PD =
i qD i
1.42210 6 qscT
qD =
kh i
0.0002637 kt
tD =
g c g rw 2
tD = 549,203
PD = 0.5[ln(549,203) + 0.809] = 7.013

i wf
PD =
i qD i
i (2000) = 329.6 MMpsia 2 / cp
wf = i- fw x0.2182x7.013
wf = 279.16 MMpsia2/cp
And from the given data curve
Pwf = 1818 psia

Summary of the calculations
P Method Pwf = 1830.3 psia
P2 Method Pwf = 1830.1 psia
PSIE Method Pwf = 1818 psia

In summary
All the previously derived solutions for oil reservoirs can apply
Draw down solution
57.92 x106 qscTPsc
( Pi ) ( Pwf ) = log kt 3.23 + 0.869 s '
khTsc gi cti rw 2

s ' = s + Dqsc
S is the composite skin
D is the non-Darcy flow constant
S can be written as follows:
i wf 1hr
s ' = 1.151 log
k + 3.23
m c r 2

gi ti w
where m is the usual slope in the semi log plot of (P)
In summary Draw down solution
57.92 x106 qscTPsc

( Pi ) ( Pwf ) = log kt 3.23 + 0.869 s '
khTsc gi cti rw
2

Estimate the slope m from the plot of (P) and get kh
57.92 x106 qscTPsc

m=
khTsc
57.92 x106 qscTPsc
kh =
mTsc
i wf 1hr
s ' = 1.151 + 3.23
k
S is calculated from: log
m c r
2

gi ti w
S is the composite skin S=S+Dqsc
D is the non-Darcy flow coefficient
Buildup tests in Gas Reservoirs Horner Plot
57.92 x106 qscTPsc t P + t Where
( Pi ) ( Pws ) = log
khTsc t
57.92 x106 qscTPsc 57.92 x106 qscTPsc

m= And kh =
khTsc mTsc
1hr wf 0
s ' = 1.151 + 3.23
k
Also log
m c r 2
gi ti w
And skin = 0.868ms '
( P * ) ( Pwf 0 ) skin
And finally: FE =
( P * ) ( Pwf 0 )
PETR 5308
GL_18
Application to transient well testing
Analytical solution: Drawdown solution:
Sketch for production starting at t=0
t
-q
t
4
Analytical solution for a producing gas well
P Approach
cr
2
P(r , t ) = Pi qEi
4kh 4 kt

Production rate is: -q

This is true for a consistent system of units
Analytical solution for a producing gas well
P Approach
70.6 qB 948crw
2
P(rw , t ) = Pi + Ei

kh kt
q is the absolute value of the production rate

This is true for field units
Equations for a drawdown test
Case of the P approach

After using the Ei approximation:
70.6 gi qsc gi 1688 gi cti rw

2
Pi Pwf = ln 2s'
kh kt

s ' = s + Dqsc
Case of the P approach

After using the log instead of ln:

162.6 gi qsc gi 1688 gi cti rw
2

Pi Pwf = log s '
kh kt 1.151

s ' = s + Dqsc
Other useful equations
162.6qsc gi gi
m=
kh
162.6qsc gi gi
kh =
m
Finally the equation giving the skin will be:
Pi Pwf 1hr
s ' = 1.151 + 3.23
k
log
m c r 2
gi ti w
Transient well testing
P2 Approach
Equations for a drawdown test Transient Flow
Case of the P2 approach
57.92 x106 qsc g zTPsc

Pi Pwf
2 2
= log
kt 3.23 + 0.869 s '
khTsc g c g rw 2

s ' = s + Dqsc
Using the approximation of the Exponential integral solution
57.92 x106 qscTPsc g Z g

m=
khTsc
57.92 x106 qscTPsc g Z g
kh =
mTsc
Pi 2 Pwf 1hr 2
s ' = 1.151 + 3.23
k
log
m cr 2
g w
Pseudo pressure Approach

Case of the approach

57.92 x106 qscTPsc
( Pi ) ( Pwf ) = log kt 3.23 + 0.869 s '
khTsc gi cti rw
2

s ' = s + Dqsc
57.92 x106 qscTPsc

m=
khTsc
57.92 x106 qscTPsc
kh =
mTsc
( Pi ) ( Pwf )1hr
s ' = 1.151 + 3.23
k
log
m c r 2
gi ti w
Where
s ' = s + Dqsc
Application
Assuming a gas reservoir with the characteristics

presented in Table 1 , the pseudo pressure function as
presented in the attached figure and a drawdown test as
presented in Table 2.
Table 1
SG 0.68
Pi 3732 psia
qsc 5.65 MMscd
TR 673 R
0.10
h 20
rW 0.29
re 2640
PC 693 psia
TC 376 R
PC 693 psia
i 0.0208 cp
ci 0.00022 1/psia
Table 2
t Pwf t Pwf
1.6 3729 15.2 3388

2.13 3628 20 3366
2.67 3546 30.13 3354
3.2 3509 40 3342
4.0 3496 60.27 3323
5.07 3491 80 3315
6.13 3481 100.27 3306
8 3433 120.53 3295
10.13 3413
Assuming an infinite reservoir and a production rate
of 5.65 MMscf/d
1. Use the pseudo pressure method to calculate the

permeability
2. Estimate the composite skin
3. Estimate the flow efficiency FE
PETR 5308
GL_19
Application to transient well testing
Consider the two following states
q q
+q
t ts t
-q
t
Adding the above two states, we get:
Production Injection Build up

-q +q
q
+q
ts
t ts ts+t
ts+t t
-q -q
A well shut in can be represented by the resulting diagram:
ts
ts+t t
-q
Analytical solution for a gas well
subject to build up
P Approach
General analytical solution for superposition of a
production and an injection well
2
2

P(rw , t ) = Pi
cr cr
qEi w + qEi w
4kh 4 kt 4k (t t )
s
q is the absolute value of the rate

In the general analytical solution for superposition in time.
If we have:
crw 2
crw 2
0.02
4k (t s + t ) 4kt
The log approximation can be used and we get:
q crw 2 crw 2
P(rw , t ) = Pi + ln ln
4kh 4k (t s + t ) 4kt

Where: is Euler constant =1.78
The above equation can be simplified to:
q t
P(rw , t ) = Pi + ln
4kh t s + t
For any consistent system of units.
In field units, this equation simplifies to:

162.6 qsc g t p + t
Pi Pws = log

kh t
162.6 qsc g
m=
kh
This is the well known Horner method
P(r,t)
Pi
1
t
ln
t s + t
Horner plot for the P approach

Application using the P2 approach
The above equation is written for field units:
57.29 x106 qsc PscT g z t p + t

P i Pws = log
2 2
khTsc t
Which gives a linear relation when a semi log plot of

the pressure is used.
P2(r,t)
P2i
1
t
ln
t s + t
Horner plot for the P2 method

Equations for a Build up test
Case of the P2 approach
57.92 x106 qscTPsc g z

m=
khTsc
57.92 x106 qscTPsc g z
kh =
mTsc
Application using the P2 approach
The flow equation just before shut-in can be written as:
57.29 x106 qsc PscT g z

P 2 i Pwf 0
2
= log t p + log
k 3.23 + 0.869 s'
khTsc cgr 2

g w
The previous equation was written as:
57.29 x106 qsc PscT g z t p + t

P i Pws = log
2 2
khTsc t
Subtracting the second eq. from the first, we obtain:
57.29 x106 qsc PscT g z t p t

3.23 + 0.869 s '
k
Pwf 0 = + log
2 2
P log
cgr
ws1hr
khTsc t p + t
2
w
g
At t equal to 1, because tP is quite large compared to
1, we can assume:
t p t
t p t p + t And
t p + t
=1
Therefore:
57.29 x106 qsc PscT g z

3.23 + 0.869 s '
k
P 2 ws1hr Pwf 0 =
2
log
khTsc g c g rw
2

Which gives:
P 2 ws1hr P 2 wf 0
s ' = 1.151 + 3.23
k
log
m c ti r 2
gi w
And
s ' = s + Dqsc
Pseudo pressure Approach

Equations for a Build up test
Similarly, in the case of the approach, we obtain:
57.92 x106 qscTPsc t P + t

( Pi ) ( Pws ) = log
khTsc t
(rW,t)
1
t + t
ln P
t
Horner plot: Pseudo pressure approach

After finding the slope m, we can obtain:
57.92 x106 qscTPsc

m=
khTsc
57.92 x106 qscTPsc
kh =
mTsc
And using the same procedure as for the P2 approach,

we will have:
( Pws )1hr ( Pwf 0 )

s ' = 1.151 + 3.23
k
log
m c r 2
gi ti w
Application
Assuming a gas reservoir with the characteristics

presented in Table 1 , the pseudo pressure function as
presented in the attached figure and a Build up test as
presented in Table 2.
Table 1
SG 0.68
Pi 3732 psia
qsc 5.65 MMscd
TR 673 R
0.10
h 20
rw 0.29
re 2640
PC 693 psia
TC 376 R
PC 693 psia
i 0.0208 cp
ci 0.00022 1/psia
Table 2
t Pws t Pws
0.53 3296 9.07 3630

1.33 3296 9.87 3634
2.13 3521 10.93 3640
2.67 3547 12.0 3644
3.20 3562 13.60 3650
3.73 3573 14.67 3654
4.27 3582 16.53 3660
4.80 3591 18.67 3664
5.33 3599 21.33 3668
5.87 3605 24.53 3672
6.40 3609 29.33 3676
6.93 3614 35.73 3684
7.47 3619 45.87 3688
8.0 3623 49.87 3691
Assuming an infinite reservoir and a production rate
of 5.65 MMscf/d before BU
1. Use the pseudo pressure method to calculate the

permeability
2. Estimate the composite skin
3. Estimate the flow efficiency FE
PETR 5308
GL_20
Empirical testing methods
Assume: Steady state flow and the P2 approach applies.
We will have:
0.007027 kh (P Pwf )
2 2
R
qsc =
g ZT r
log e
rw
Or: qsc =
0.007027 kh
r
(
P R Pwf
2 2
)
1
g Z T log e
rw
This can be written in this form:
(
qsc = C PR Pwf
2 2 n
)
0.007027 kh
Where C=
r
g Z T log e
rw
and n =1
Empirical testing methods
If we dont have a steady state flow and the P2 approach
does not apply, we can write the flow equation as follows:
(
qsc = C PR Pwf
2
)
2 n
Where C and n are constants

If the flow is steady state and the reservoir is shallow (Low PR)
0.007027 kh
C=
r
g Z T log e
rw
Otherwise C is a different constant
And in general n<1
Consider the relation above:
(
qsc = C PR Pwf
2
)
2 n
This relation is interesting because when plotted in a log-log plot, it is linear
log(q ) = log(C ) + n log P 2 1000000
P1
2
To find n and C, One needs to 100000
solve a system of two equations

into two unknowns
10000
1000
1 10 q 100
log(q1 ) = log(C ) + n log P1
2

2
Flow after Flow Tests
Assume a conventional reservoir

with a normal permeability:
A flow test will result in a stable flow.
This means, the flowing pressure will stabilize
very quickly
Conventional tests
Or Flow after flow tests
Flow after flow tests
Empirical Well testing methods
Pressure squared equation
Conventional tests
Conventional tests
(
qsc = C PR Pwf
2 2 n
)
qsc
C=
(P R
2
Pwf )
2 n
Conventional tests
Conventional tests
Conventional tests
Example
PR=408.2 (psia) MMscf/d
Pwf Q PR2-Pwf2
403.1 4.288 4137.39

394 9.265 11391.24
378.5 15.552 23364.99
362.6 20.177 35148.48
Conventional or flow after flow tests
1000000
100000
10000
1000
1 10 100

2

2
Subtracting, we get:
[
log(q1 ) log(q2 ) = n log(P1 ) log(P2 )
2 2
]
After rearranging, we obtain:
q1
log
n= q2
C=
qsc
(P )
and:
P12 2
Pwf 1
2 n
log
2
R
P2
Empirical Well testing methods q1
Conventional or flow after flow tests log
n= q2
P1
2
P12
log
1000000
2
P2
100000
10000
1000 Q
1 10 100
8.4
log
n= 1.6
=
0.72 and: n = 0.72
10,000 1
log
1,000
Also
15.552 MMscf / d
C= = 0.01113
(23,365)0.72
psia 2
(
AOF = 0.011128 408.2 14.7
2
)
n
AOF=64 MMscf/d
Problems with Flow after Flow Tests
They work only if stabilization is reached quickly

Assume stabilization cannot be reached quickly
Isochronal tests
Isochronal tests
Example
t PR Pwf Q
(hrs) (psia) (psia) (MMscf/d)
Shut-in 408.2
Flow 4 403 4.288
Shut-in 5 408.2
Flow 4 394 9.265
Shut-in 6 408.2
Flow 4 378.5 15.552
Shut-in 8 408.2
Flow 36 369.6 10
Empirical Well testing methods Q PR2-Pwf2
Isochronal tests MMscf/d psia2
4.288 4137
9.265 11391
10 30000
15.552 23365
P1 20.177 33148
2
100000
q
log 1
n= q2
P12
10000 log
2
P2
1000
1 10 100
Q
Isochronal tests
Isochronal tests
q
log 1
n= q2
P12
log
2
P2
Isochronal tests
q
log 1
n= q2
P12
log
2
P2
Isochronal tests
Remark 1
For Isochronal tests:
n : computed the same way as for conventional tests

C : computed using the stabilized rate curve
AOF : computed using the stabilized rate curve
Remark 2
AOF estimation:
1. If the pressures are in psia, the AOF should be estimated on the basis
of Patm = 14.7 psia
2. If the pressures are in psi, the AOF should be estimated on the basis of
Patm = 0 psi
Modified Isochronal tests
q
log 1
n= q2
P12
log
2
P2
q
log 1
n= q2
P12
log
2
P2
Example
t P PR2-Pwf2 Q
hrs psia 106 psia2 MMscf/d
147.2 3700
6 3144 3.805 2.397
6 3700
6 2566 7.106 5.214
6 3700
6 2158 9.033 6.144
6 3698
6 1836 10.352 7.186
6 3690
24 1727 10.73 6.148
Isochronal tests
Example
100
q
log 1
PR2-Pwf2 (106psia2) 10
n= q2
P12
log
2
P2
1
1 10 100
Q MMscf/d
Isochronal tests Q PR2-Pwf2
Example MMscf/d psia2
4.288 4137
9.265 11391
1000 10 30000
15.552 23365
20.177 33148
100
q
log 1
n= q2
P12
log
2

2
P
10
1
1 10 100 1000
Quiz # 12
q
Conventional Test log 1
n= q2
P12
log
2
1000
P2
Q Pwh
MMscf/d psia
6.64 6758
10.5 6570
16.62 6156
25.2 5344
100
Pi = 7000
10
1
1 10 100 1000
.
PETR 5308
GL_21
Transient pressure squared equation
57.92 *106 qg g zTPsc kt

Pi Pwf log
2 2
3.23 0.869 S '
khTsc g c g rw 2

qg MMscf/d
Transient pseudo pressure equation
S ' s Dqg
50,300 *106 qgTPsc
s Dqg
kt
i wf 1.151log
khTsc 2
1,688 i cti rw
qg MMscf/d
Stabilized Flow
S ' s Dqg
50.300 *106 qgTPsc re
av wf ln 0.75 s Dqg
r
khTsc w
Or also
1.422 *106 qgT re
av wf ln 0.75 s Dqg
r
kh w
qg MMscf/d
Transient pressure squared equation
57.92 *106 q g g zTPsc

Pi Pwf
2 2
log
kt 3.23 0.869s Dqg
khTsc g c g rw 2

qg MMscf/d
Stabilized pressure squared equation
1.422106 Pav Z PavTqg re

P 2 av P 2 wf ln 0.75 s Dqg
r
kh w
qg MMscf/d
Pseudo pressure equation transient flow
R wf
A' B' qsc
qsc
50.300 *106 TPsc kt
A' 1.151log s
khTsc 2
1,688 i ti w
c r
50.300 *106 TPsc

B' D
khTsc
Pseudo pressure equation transient flow
The relations presented above can be also written as follows:
R wf
A' B' qsc
qsc
1.422 *106 T kt
A' 1.151log s
kh 2
1,688 i ti w
c r
1.422 *106 T
B' D
kh
The previous coefficients can be also written as follows:
R wf
A' B' qsc
qsc
1.422 *106 T 1 kt
A' ln s
kh 2 1,688 c r
2
i ti w
1.422 *106 T
B' D
kh
Pseudo pressure equation stabilized flow
R wf
A' B' qsc
qsc
1.422 x106 T re
A' ln 0.75 s
r
kh w
1.422 x106 T
B' D
kh
Stabilized pressure squared equation
1.422 *106 ZTqg re

Pav Pwf
2 2
ln 0.75 s Dqg
r Or
kh w
Pav Pwf Aq g Bqg

2 2 2
Where
1.422 *106 ZT re
A ln 0.75 s
r
kh w
Or
1.422 *106 ZT
B D
kh
Pressure squared equation Stabilized flow
PR Pwf
2 2
A Bq g
qg
1.422 *106 ZT re
A ln 0.75 s
r
kh w
1.422 *106 ZTD

B
kh
Flow after flow tests
Pressure squared equation
Solution of the quadratic equation
ax bx c 0
2
b 2 4ac
b
x1
2a
b
x2
2a
Notice: Only one solution is acceptable
b b 2 4ac
x1
2a
Estimation of the Absolute Open Flow (AOF)
Pav Pwf Aq g Bqg

2 2 2
2

Aq g Bqg Pav Pwf 0
2 2

Aq g Bqg P 0
2 2
With P Pav Pwf

2
2 2

To estimate the AOF, we need:
2

P Pav Patm
2 2

In this case, the AOF is one of the solutions of the quadratic:
Aq g Bqg P 2 0
2
The AOF is:
A A2 4 BP 2
AOF
2B
The other solution of the quadratic above is not acceptable

Application
Record the pressure vs rate
PR Pwf
2 2
A Bq g
qg
Plot the results in the form of:
PR Pwf
2 2
vs q
qg
Application
Use cartesian system
PR Pwf
2 2
o
qg
o Slope B
o
o
o
o
PR Pwf
2 2
Intercept A
Plot A Bq g
qg
Caution
Stick to the same units
PR Pwf
2 2
A Bq g
qg
.
PETR 5308
GL_22
Application of the superposition Principle
Consider the following change of rate
+q2
q1
t1 t
We can simulate this change of rate by superposing to the
original rate q1, a (q1) rate and adding +q2 rate starting from t1
This can be shown in the following sketch:
q q
q2
= +
q1
q1
t t1 t -q1 t1 t
q2
+
-q1 t1 t
Superposition in time - Solution
In the case of the approach and q in MM scf/d :

We will have:
1.422 x106 qT 1.422 x106 qS '

( Pi ) ( Pwf ) = PD (t D ) +
kh kh
In the case of variable rate, the solution is:
1.422 x106 T q1 PD (t D ) q1 PD (t D t D1 ) + q2 PD (t D t D1 )
( Pi ) ( Pwf ) = q P (t t ) + q P (t t )...
kh 2 D D D2 3 D D D2
1.422 x106 Tqn
+ S'
kh
or
1.422 x106 T q1 PD (t D ) q1 PD (t D t D1 ) + q2 PD (t D t D1 )
( Pi ) ( Pwf ) = q P (t t ) + q P (t t )...
kh 2 D D D2 3 D D D2
1.422 x106 Tqn
+ [s + Dqn ]
kh
After dividing by qn ,and rearranging, the solution is written as:
[ ]
( Pi ) ( Pwf )
1.422 x106 TD 2
kh
qn
=
qn
q1
6
P (t )
q1
P (t
q D D q D D D1 q D D D1 t ) +
q2
P (t t )
1.422 x10 T n n n

q2
q PD (t D t D 2 ) + q PD (t D t D 2 )...
kh q3

n n
1.422 x106 T
+ S
kh
The previous solution can be also written as:
[ ]
( Pi ) ( Pwf )
1.422 x106 TD 2
kh
qn
=
qn
q1
P (t ) +
(q2 q1 )
P ( t t )
6 q D D q
D D D1
1.422 x10 T n n

(q3 q2 )
PD (t D t D 2 )...
kh
+ q
n
1.422 x106 T
+ S
kh
Or also
[
( Pi ) ( Pwf ) ]
1.422 x106 TD 2
kh
qn
=
qn
q j
PD (t D t Dj 1 ) +
1.422 x106 T n
1.422 x106 T
kh

j =1 qn kh
S
Where is the pseudo pressure function

and q is in MM scf/d
The dimensionless pressure can be written
kt
PD (tD ) = 1.1515[log( )]
1688ct rw
2
The previous equation can also be written as:
[ ( Pi ) ( Pwf )] 1.422 x106 TD 2

kh
qn
=
qn
q j
log(tn t j 1 ) +
1.637 x106 T n
kh

j =1 qn
1.637 x106 T k 1.422 x106 T
log( )+ S
1688ct rw
2
kh kh
Where is the pseudo pressure function

The previous equation can also be written as:
[ ( Pi ) ( Pwf )] 1.422 x106 TD 2

kh
qn
=
qn
q j
log(tn t j 1 )
1.637 x106 T n
kh

j =1 qn
1.637 x106 T k 1.422 x106 T
+ log( )+ S
1688ct rw
2
kh kh
Finally plotting the following two terms
[ ]
( Pi ) ( Pwf )
1.422 x106 TD 2
qn
q j
log(t n t j 1 )
n
kh
qn
vs

j =1 qn
We will obtain the value of the term:
[ ( Pi ) ( Pwf )] 1.422 x106 TD 2

kh
qn
=
qn
q j
log(tn t j 1 )
1.637 x106 T n
kh

j =1 qn
1.637 x106 T k 1.422 x106 T
+ log( )+ S
1688ct rw
2
kh kh
Which will give the permeability

Application
Data
Application
Data
Flow period duration BHP Mscf/d

hrs psia
0 Pi=4000
1 6 3655 5000
2 6 0
3 6 3291 10000
4 6 0
5 6 2910 15000
6 6 0
7 6 1829 28000
8 2 See table 3 12000
Notice: Here q is in M scf/d

Consider the data given above:
Application
1.422 x103 TDq 2 n

( Pi ) ( Pwf )
LHS =
kh
qn
Application :
q1
q log (42 + t )
q1
log ( 36 + t ) +
q2
log (30 + t )
n q n q n
1637T q2
RHS = ( + ) +
q3
( + )
q3
( + ) +
q4
( + )
kh qn
log 24 t log 18 t log 12 t log 6 t
qn qn qn
q4

q log (t ) +
qn
log ( t )
n q n
1637T k 1422TS
+ log( ) +
1688ct rw
2
kh kh
Notice: q is in M scf/d
Application :
q1 42 + t q2 30 + t
q log + log
n 36 + t qn 24 + t
1637T q3 18 + t q4
RHS = + log + log (6 + t )
kh qn 12 + t qn
( qn q4 )
+ (
log t )
qn
1637T k 1422TS
+ log( ) +
kh 1688ctr 2 w kh
Application :
1.422 x103 TDq 2 n

( Pi ) ( Pwf )
kh =
qn
q1 42 + t q2 30 + t
q log 36 + t + q log 24 + t
n n
1637T q3 18 + t q4
RHS = + log + log (6 + t )
kh qn 12 + t qn
( qn q4 )
+ log ( t )
qn
1637T k 1422TS
+ log( ) +
kh 1688ctr 2 w kh
Application :
1.422 x103 TDq 2 n

( Pi ) ( Pwf )
kh =
qn
5 42 + t 10 30 + t
12 log 36 + t + 12 log 24 + t

1637T 15 18 + t 28
+ log + log(6 + t )
kh 12 12 + t 12
(12 28)
+ log(t )
12
+ Cons tan t
Application :
5 42 + t 10 30 + t
12 log 36 + t + 12 log 24 + t

1637T 15 18 + t 28
RHS = + log + log(6 + t )
kh 12 12 + t 12
(12 28)
+ log(t )
12
+ cons tan t
Application :
1637T
Y= F (t ) + Constant
kh
Application :

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PETR 5308

Pressure Transient Analysis

P(x,y,z) Pressure as a function of space

A Cross section area

Estimate the gradient of

k is the same along each direction

k is the same in all directions

Homogeneous and isotropic

dividing both sides by

[Mass In]-[Mass Out]+[Source/sink]=[Accumulation]

Case of homogeneous and isotropic porous medium:

The CE can be written:

To do that, the following change of variables is needed:

After simplification, the CE can be written as:

Assuming the porosity is also constant, we will have:

Finally, we will have:

The three D diffusivity equation can be written as:

and the one D diffusivity equation is written as:

The LHS is: The divergence of the pressure gradient

Are expressed in a consistent system of units,

If the system of units is not consistent, a unit coefficient

Recall the assumptions

Cartesian system (x,y,z)

In pressure transient analysis, Most theoretical solutions are

Assuming field units are used

1/0.000264 is a field units coefficient

For a different system of units, different unit coefficient will be needed

Reservoir Pressure at t=0 is Pi,

The variables are

1. This equation in its present form is not practical

This PDE can be solved analytically.

The problem can be solved

The solutions documented in the literature are:

Infinite reservoir with a line source well

After cancelling the

What are the boundary Conditions

1. Initial conditions P(r , t )t 0 Pi or P(r ,0) Pi

2. Lim for r of P(r,t) P(r , t ) r Pi

Now with all the assumptions , initial and boundary conditions

Or equivalently if the constant is written as -lnC :

lnCP' That is:

After integration of Eq. 9, we will obtain:

The constant C can be determined from the

We know also from the Boundary conditions that:

And Eq. 14 is written for convenience as:

What is the Exponential integral function of a variable :

1/x function for x positive

Exponential (-x) function for x positive

1. Infinite reservoir with a line source well (already discussed)

1. Solution for an infinite reservoir:

Using dimensionless units

Bessel term (Negligible for large t)

Time range in dimensionless form

100 < tD < 0.25 r2eD

This dimensionless time range corresponds to a non-dimensionless range

has the following particularities

Reservoir Pressure at t=0 is Pi,

Q1. Compute the pressure at t= 3hrs

Q2. Compute the pressure at r = rw

qB 200 *1.26 *1.5

r(ft) -Ei P(psi) P(r,t)

0.33 .000171 8.7 483.5 2716.5

t(hrs) -Ei P(psi) P(r,t)

0.1 Infinite solution does not apply

qB 200 1.26 1.5

PS 0.869 100 1.43 PS 124.3 psi