Cohesive Devices Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language, C.

Nuttall
1. Reference (pronouns, the article the, such a)
2. Ellipsis (nominal, within the verbal group or clausal)
3. Substitution (at nominal, verbal or clausal level: one(s), do, so/not, same)
4. Lexical cohesion (synonymy, antonymy, repetition, superordinate/hypernym-hyponyms,
anaphoric nouns)
5. Discourse markers (conjunctions):

1 Markers that signal de sequence of events: first, then, afterwards, after that

2 Markers that signal discourse organization

Sequencing first of all, next, at this point, in conclusion
Re-expressing that is to say, or rather, to put it another way
Specifying namely, that is to say, viz, to wit
Referring in this respect, in that connection, as we said, apart from this
Resuming to resume, to return to the previous point, getting back to the argument
Exemplifying to illustrate this, thus, for example
Summarizing to sum up, in short, to recapitulate
Focusing let us consider, we must now turn to, I shall begin by

3 Markers that signal the writers point of view

Additive moreover, furthermore; incidentally, in passing; likewise, similarly
Adversative yet, though, however, nevertheless (denying expectation); actually, as a matter of fact
(admitting the unexpected); instead, on the contrary (correcting from expected to
unexpected); on the other hand, at the same time (contrasting); in any case, anyhow, at all
events, either way (dismissing)
Causal so, hence, therefore, for, thus, consequently (general); for this reason, on account of this, it
follows, because (reason); as a result, arising from this, so that (result); with this in mind,
to this end, in order to, so that (purpose); if, unless, otherwise, in that case, that being so
(condition)
Disjuncts content disjuncts: convey the writers attitude
Degree of truth: certainly, obviously, doubtless, presumably, admittedly
Judgement: rightly, surprisingly, fortunately, more importantly
Style disjunts: strictly speaking, briefly, generally, put simply, to be precise

Discourse
Functional value
Independent functions: defining, classifying, generalizing, naming, describing, reporting, speculating,
predicting
Text-dependent functions: asserting, exemplifying, explaining, reinforcing, explicating,
hypothesizing, commenting, concluding
Interaction-dependent functions: conceding, evaluating, inviting, instructing, apologizing, suggesting,
complaining, complimenting, warning