There seems to be a commonplace

understanding that is an option

for writing the -s. It is difficult to
say, whether this commonplace understanding
is correct or not from the standpoint of
grammar.

Here are some simple, commonplace examples

/
/
/
/
/
These examples endorse the commonplace
understanding. But in the above examples, the
does not connote any one
specific . Rather it connotes all
the -s ! And there is a
grammatical pattern or relationship between the
 and the being
connoted. The is of the same
as of the after the
. As can be seen

in / , and are of -
in / , are of -
in / , are of -

in / , are of -
in / , are of -
explains this by the rules

(//) and (//)
= of
 = in the presence of (i.e. when followed
by) -s of (=
-s in 8 -s from 5 to 12).
Note, this excludes -s in -
s 13 and 14.

= should be of
the same as of the , which is
to the , i.e. which is after the

= applies also to
= at the end
of a .

This means that a stand-alone word or a

sentence or line of a verse should not end with
. These should end only with the
.
In the previous lesson one example given for
becoming was

(18-17
)
It was also mentioned that, here of
becomes , which has a
slightly different accent than of of

It was also mentioned there that when to write

and how to pronounce it are
points, which merit specific discussion.

In all the examples / , /

, / , /
, / whether to write
or seems to be
more the WRITING option, not necessarily a
rule for pronunciation. We can assume that
these words will be pronounced only
appropriately, even if written either way.
Nevertheless, the pronunciation of
in would
have a slightly different accent than of of
. So, there is a contention that
is not just a writing option for
writing the -s, but connotes a
different accent also.

The following is the rule for

to be . Of
course, conditions apply.

(//)

Meaning
=
= (Make) (=of ) the

The applicable condition is when

- is followed by a consonant.

Examples

, ,
, ,
, ,

The logic or application of the rule can be

extended to derive a corollary, that - at
the end of a sentence or at the end of a line of
poetry should not be written as .
At the end of a sentence or at the end of a line
of poetry, there is nothing after the -,
so, no at all. So, - should
remain - !
In the context of this discussion about
, comes to mind the word
itself. In the word
we have (- ).
May it be written as or as
? Would these have different
pronunciation ? Does it then appeal that the
be better written as
?
That suggests that one should understand the
rule about when an is better
written as .
In some texts one may find the
written as .

S
o

Here is another interesting example from






(11-28)
or

One can deliberate on some interesting

nuances.

It may again be noted that, whether it is written

as
or
the
difference would be primarily in writing. It
makes no difference in pronunciation.
For a finer observation, the of
cannot be written as
even if it would get
pronounced as such only.
 It cannot be written as ,
because, it will then miss the -
symbol , which is essential here !

Note, this option of applies for

at the end of a word, when followed by

of the next word
not when the word is stand-alone
also not of at the end of a
sentence or
of at the end of a line in a poem.

For example in


and are with

 of needs to be only.
of could as well be
written as !

Change to happens not only for

-, but also for - by the

=

= also of
= when not at the end of a
word
= when followed by of

For example, ( 2-22),
(15-1)

Rules about are part of rules of

treatment of -s or of -s with
-s in -position.

One special rules in this respect is

(
) (//)

= of
= when followed by -s of
(= , , , ,
, )
 = Not when followed by or not
for the word (This detail is beyond
the scope of Simple Sanskrit)

When a word ending with is followed by

( =) , , , ,
, , is written by .
Also, gets added before . A
coming in or getting added is called as
.

+ = ( + + + +
= + + + + / + + +
+ + ) = /

Examples from (1-26

+ = + + =
),
(1-33),
 (2-5), also (
+ = + + )

The here may be found in some

texts written as . So, ,
,
.

Having mentioned ( + =
+ + ), I should also bring to notice
two words and . Both have
their derivation from + . But in
there is no of . In there is
of , same as in . Also
could as well be written as .
Rather, it should better be written so.
The of from
suffers modification by
(//)
That is, when the following letter is
either or , the of is converted
to

Example from
(2-11)
Other examples +
= ( + + + + =
+ + + + /
+ + + + + ) =
/
=
/

Note: When the following letter is either or

, the of is converted to
according to All the above
discussion is about being
. However, it is interesting to
see when is , The
is

(//)
=

= (-s in
-s 5 to 13) That includes all
, except
= when followed by

= becomes .
= optionally

So, when a , except ,

( does not include )
is followed by an , then the
becomes of its own
. The letter makes it clear, that
application of this rule is optional.

/ , /

In both these examples in

-position is .
in -position has
characteristics. So by + ,
the becomes
by .
+ = Hence
. OR
+ = =

Similarly + =
Hence OR
 + = =

If a has an at its
beginning and since beginning of
is in -position, it follows the
in -position,
then the rule is NOT optional. It is mandatory to
change the to .

Examples ( + ,
), ( +
, ). Here ,
are -s with
at the beginning.

This should be a good enough detailing of, shall

we say, --s among
-s, including the
significance of .
 Simple Sanskrit Lesson 29
Composing more than one component words
and making a single word, which procedure is
known as , is a specialty of Sanskrit.
This is not to say that such composition of a
single word from more than one words together
is not found in other languages. Examples in
English outbreak, sunrise, sunset, in-laws,
etc.
Yet it becomes specialty of Sanskrit because of
number of component words, that can be put
together. I was most impressed when I first
came across a line in by
.

. The complete line

is a single word of 17 letters. The total word and
the letters therein even fully conform to the
meter of the verse.
There are eight component words ,
, , , ,
, and ! And
all together the word is an adjective of
 !! English transcription of the
word would be
bAhyodyAnasthitaharashirashchandrikAdhauta
harmyA, as many as 48 letters, even when
using A instead of aa. Is it not very challenging
to read Sanskrit in the transcripted mode ? This
is one example, why it is good to learn the
script of the language, right when beginning to
learn a new language.
Again the eight component words, which are
put together have an interrelationship between
them, which needs to be detailed, so that one
can then understand, how the word becomes
an adjective of . Detailing the
interrelationship between component words is
called as of the . It is better to
start of one pair of component
words.
For example
1. is + .
= external = garden. So,
= external garden. This is
an adjective-noun relationship. Sanskrit phrase
 would be This is
of
2. In , =
put up. So = put
up (in) the external garden. I have shown the
preposition in in parentheses. The preposition
is really the explanation of the interrelationship
between and .
Sanskrit way of the preposition in is
. Hence
becomes
of .
3. Next we shall take
and . This
again is an adjective-noun relationship. Sanskrit
phrase would be

4. Now and
. = Shiva and = head.
Obvious relationship between and
is head (of) Shiva. Here also the preposition of
is really the explanation of the interrelationship
between and . Sanskrit way of the
 preposition of is .
Hence becomes
of . Rather we have
=


5. We can proceed to connect up
and
. means
crescent. The well-known relationship between
and is crescent
(on) the head of Shiva. Sanskrit way of the
preposition on is .
Hence of

should be

. Overall meaning of

is crescent on the head of Shiva
put up in the external garden
6. Next

and . Here means
 washed, covered, lit. Obvious meaning of

is lit (by) crescent on the
head of Shiva put up in the external garden.
Sanskrit way of the preposition by is
. Hence of

becomes


7. Now lastly we have to connect

and . In the
component the root word is

1. The word is explained in Aptes dictionary
(See http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-
bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.6.apte.16914
31) is [-
] 1 A palace, mansion, any large or palatial
building;
$ -
Subh.;

Me.7;
2. As can be seen exactly this reference

Me.7 is
quoted in the dictionary.
3. The obvious meaning of

is
mansion lit by the cresent on the head of
Shiva put up in the external garden.
4. And the relationship between

and is
again adjective-noun relationship. So
of

becomes

which
fits the meaning mansion lit by the crescent
on the head of Shiva put up in the external
garden
5. But the compound word is not ending as
... The ending is ,
which is a feminine ending. So the total
meaning of

is pointing
to a feminine noun. There is such feminine
noun in the verse. The related portion of the
verse is
|

|| The
feminine noun is meaning place,
residential complex, township, city.
Obviously

is
adjectival to the feminine noun .
Then the interpretation of

should be
(place, which has) mansion lit by the crescent
on the head of Shiva put up in the external
garden. Sanskrit way of explaining .. (place,
which has) .. would be .
 Using this the would be


meaning place which has
mansion lit by the crescent on the head of
Shiva put up in the external garden. English
meaning of the single word

becomes a
phrase having 19 words !
6. By a finer consideration, we can grant that
there may not be only one mansion there. And
all of them would be lit by the crescent. So we
can modify the to use plural as
mansions and then say


= place which has mansions
lit by the crescent on the head of Shiva put up
in the external garden
As can be seen, interrelationships between
component words are of different types. Here
we have seen adjective-noun relationship,
-relationship, relationship explained
by a phrase such as .
Sanskrit names of these relationships are
1. adjective-noun relationship =
2. -relationship =
3. relationship explained by a phrase such as
=
There are some more types also and also their
sub-types. We shall study them one by one.