Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
e d lwfkQlq/k
h
izLrqr ikB pk.kD; }kjk jfpr pk.kD;uhfr rFkk ukjk;.k if.Mr iz.khr
T is
fgrksins'k ls ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA eg"k pk.kD; }kjk dgs x,
R l
eqkQd i| thou dks ewY;oku cukus osQ fy, ije mi;ksxh gSaA i|
b
la[;k ,d ls rhu esa & fdl LFkku ij fuokl djuk pkfg,] dkSu
E
euq"; dk lPpk fe=k gS rFkk xq.kksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu gSA i|
u
la[;k pkj ls vkB fgrdkjh mins'kksa dks lwfpr djrs gSa ;Fkk ew[kZ
C p
O;fDr dk izoh.k gksuk] euLoh O;fkQ dk O;ogkj] iq#"k osQ Ng nks"kksa
N re
dk o.kZu rFkk lkalkfjd thoulq[kksa osQ o.kZuA thou dks e/qj rFkk
ms';iw.kZ cukus osQ fy, dfri; ewY;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj
;s uhfrijd i| rFkk fgrdkjh mins'k thou dks lqlaLr ,oa lkFkZd
e
cukus esa mi;ksxh rFkk lgk;d fl gksaxsA
b
;fLeu~ ns'ks u lEekuks u o`fkuZ p ckU/ok%A
u p fo|kxe% df'pn~ okla r=k u dkj;sr~AA1AA
o
vkrqjs O;lus izkIrs nqHk{ks 'k=kqladVsA
t
jkt}kjs 'e'kkus p ;fLr"Bfr l ckU/o%AA2AA
t
dksfrHkkj% leFkkZuka d nwja O;olkf;uke~A
o
dks fons'k% lfo|kuka dksfiz;% fiz;okfnuke~AA3AA
n
dkp% dkpulalxkZn~ /ks ekjdrha |qfre~A
rFkk lRlf/kusu ew[kksZ ;kfr izoh.krke~AA4AA
oqQlqeLrcdL;so };h o`fkeZufLou%A
losZ"kka ewu ok fr"Bsn~ fo'kh;sZr ousFkokAA5AA
16 HkkLorh
d
funzk rUnzk Hk;a ks/ vkyL;a nh?kZlw=krkAA7AA
e
vFkkZxeks fuR;ejksfxrk p fiz;k p Hkk;kZ fiz;okfnuh pA
h
o';'p iq=kksFkZdjh p fo|k "kM~ thoyksdL; lq[kkfu jktu~!AA8AA
b
fo|kxe% & fo|k;k% vkxe%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k lekl] fo|k dh izkfIrA
E
o`fk% & o`r~ $ fkQu~] vkthfodkA
u
'k=kqladVs & 'k=kks% ladV% rfLeu~] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] 'k=kq dk ladV gksus ijA
C p
O;olkf;uke~ & O;olk; $ f.kfu] "k c o] m|e'khyksa osQ fy,A
/ks & /kj.k djrk gSA
N re
lRlf/kusu & lrka lf/kue~] rsu] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] lTtuksa dh laxfr lsA
oqQlqeLrcd% & oqQlqekuka Lrcd%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] iwQyksa dk xqPNkA
e
fo'kh;Zrs & fo $ k` $ deZokP; fo fy~ iz iq , o] u"V gksoAs
mRl`tsr~ & R;kx nsA
lffeka & Js"B y{; osQ fy,A
b
nh?kZlw=krk & nh?kZlw=k $ ry~] L=kh iz , o] dk;Z osQ fo"k; esa
vf/d le; rd lksprs jguk] le; ij dk;Z u djukA
o
vFkkZxe% & vFkZL; vkxe%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] /u dh izkfIrA
t
vFkZdjh & /u mRi djus okyhA
fiz;okfnuh & fiz; cksyus okyhA
t
vjksfxrk & fdlh izdkj osQ jksx dk u gksuk (uhjksx gksuk)A
o
vH;kl%
d
(p) ew[kZ% dFke~ izoh.krke~ ;kfr\
(N) i#"ks.k osQ "kM~ nks"kk% gkrO;k%\
e
(t) thoyksdL; "kV~ lq[kkfu dkfu lfUr\
h
2- fjkQLFkkuiwr% f;rke~
T s
(d) ;% ------------------------ fr"Bfr l% ckU/o%A
i
([k) thoyksdL; ------------------------ "kV~ lq[kkfu HkofUrA
R l
(x) eufLou% ------------------------ bo };h o`fk% HkofrA
(?k) "kM~nks"kk% ------------------------ gkrO;k%A
E b
() lfUufeka oja R;kxks ------------------------ lfrA
C u
3- v/ksfyf[kr;ks% i|ka'k;ks% ekr`Hkk"k;k HkkokFkZe~ fy[kr
p
(d) dksfiz;% fiz;okfnuke~A
N re
([k) lffeka oja R;kxks fouk'ks fu;rs lfrA
(x) losZ"kka ewu ok fr"Bsn~ fo'kh;sZr ousFkokA
e
4- d&HkkxLFkinS% lg [k&HkkxL;kFkkZuka esyua fozQ;rke~
d [k
b
fo|kxe% fonq"kke~
O;lus 'kksHkke~
lfo|kuke~ fo|kizkfIr%
o
|qfre~ iq"ixqPNL;
t
oqQlqeLrcdL; foikkS
t
ewu dY;k.ke~
Hkwfre~ f'kjfl
o
5- mnkgj.kkuqlkja foxzginkfu vk/`R; leLrinkfu jp;r
n
foxzginkfu leLrinkfu
;Fkk& fo|k;k% vkxe% fo|kxe%
jkK% }kjs ------------------------
lrka lfUu/kusu ------------------------
18 HkkLorh
d
u jksfxrk
vFkZe~ djksfr ;k lk ------------------------
e
6- v/kssfyf[krs"kq 'kCns"kq izfrizR;;ks% foPNsna oqQ#r
h
izkIrs] izoh.krke~] o`fk%] fu;rs] gkrO;kA
T is
;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
R l
lekukUrj'yksdk%
E b
(1) ikikfUuokj;fr ;kst;rs fgrk;
u
xqg~;a fuxwg;fr xq.kkUizdVhdjksfrA
C
vkin~xra p u tgkfr nnkfr dkys
p
lfUe=ky{k.kfena izonfUr lUr%AA
N re
(uhfr'krde~&73)
(2) eufl opfl dk;s iq.;ih;w"kiw.kkZ%
f=kHkqoueqidkjJsf.kfHk% izh.k;Ur%A
e
ijxq.kijek.kwu~ ioZrhR; fuR;a
futfn fodlUr% lfUr lUr% fd;Ur%AA
b
(uhfr'krde~&79)
(3) egktuL; lalxZ% dL; uksUufrdkjd%A
o
ii=kfLFkra okfj /ks eqkQkiQyfJ;e~AA
t
(lqHkkf"krjRuHkk.Mkxkje~&90@2)
(4) lalkjdVqo`{kL; }s iQys e`rksiesA
t
lqHkkf"kra p lqLoknq laxfr% lqtus tusAA
o
(pk.kD;uhfrniZ.k%)
(5) larIrk;fl lafLFkrL; i;lks ukekfi u Jw;rs
n
eqDrkdkjr;k rnso ufyuhi=kfLFkra jktrsA
LokR;ka lkxj'kqfDre;ifrra rTtk;rs ekSfDrde~
izk;s.kk/ee;ekskexq.k% lalXkZrks tk;rsAA
(HkrZ`gfjuhfr'krde~)
lwfkQlq/k 19
d
(7) Dofpn~HkwekS 'k;k Dofpnfi p i;Z'k;ue~A
DofpPNkdkgkjh Dofpnfi p 'kkY;ksnu#fp%A
e
DofpRdUFkk/kjh Dofpnfi p fnO;kEcj/jks
euLoh dk;kZFkhZ x.k;fr u nq%[ka u p lq[ke~AA
T s h
(8) vkRekFk thoyksosQfLeu~ dks u thofr ekuo%A
i
ija ijksidkjkFk ;ks thofr l thofrA
R l
(lqHkkf"krjRuHkk.Mkxkje~)
b
(9) jfo'pUnzks ?kuk% o`{kk% u|ks xko'p lTtuk%A
E
,rs ijksidkjk; ;qxs nSosu fufeZrk%AA
C u
(10) vkyL;a fg euq";k.kka 'kjhjLFkks egku~ fjiq%A
p
ukLR;q|eleks cU/q% Rok ;a ukolhnfrAA
N re
(uhfr'krde~)
e
b
t o
ot
n