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Thefirststepinanalyzingatrussistodetermineifthetrussisstableorunstable.Thetrussin
Figure1abelowisnotstable,andisthereforenotastructure.Thejointsofanunstable
structurecanbedisplacedwithoutcausinganyofthememberstodeform(lengthenorshorten
inthiscase),asshowninFigure1b.
Figure1a.UnstableTruss Figure1b.
InFigure2a,adiagonalmemberhasbeenaddedtothetrussofFigure1.Thistrussisstable:a
thehorizontalloadshowninFigure2bcausesthediagonaltostretchandthemembersshown
inbluetoshorten.Thejointscannotbedisplacedwithoutcausingmemberstodeformand
thereforetoresisttheattempteddisplacement.ThebarforcesinthetrussofFigure2bcan
easilybecalculatedusingtheequationsofstaticequilibriumandthetrussissaidtobe
staticallydeterminate.
compression
compression
tension
Figure2a.Stable&DeterminateTruss Figure2b.
InFigure3belowwehaveaddedanothermembertothetrussofFigure2.Thebarforcesof
thistrusscannotbecalculatedusingtheequilibriumequationsaloneandthetrussissaidtobe
staticallyindeterminate.TheforcescanbecalculatedbyhandforthetrussinFigure3,butitis
aninvolvedprocedure.Mostpracticingstructuralengineerswouldcalculatethebarforces
usingastructuralanalysiscomputerprogram.
diagonalsare
notconnected
Figure3.IndeterminateTruss
CE331,Spring2011 Stability&DeterminacyofTrusses 2/5
Staticallyindeterminatetrussesdifferfromstaticallydeterminatetrussesinseveralways
besidescomplexityofanalysisbyhandcalculations.
Indeterminatetrussesareredundant.AsillustratedbythetrussesinFigures1through
3,theindeterminatetrussofFigure3hasoneadditionalmemberthanisrequiredfor
stability.IfoneofthediagonalsinFigure3fails,forexample,theloadwillbeshiftedto
theotherdiagonalandthetrusswillnotcollapse.IfthesinglediagonalofFigure2fails,
however,thetrusswillcollapse.
Indeterminatetrussescanbemorestructurallyefficient (wherestructuralefficiency=
loadatfailure/weightofstructure).ThetwotrussesshowninFigure4belowhave
identicalmembersandloads(atotalof80kipseach),yettheforcesinthechords(the
horizontalmembers)areverydifferent.Asseeninthefigure,themaximumchordforce
intheindeterminatecontinuousspantrussis21.4kips andthemaximumforceinthe
twosimplespantrussesare26.7k.
Figure4a.Chordforces(inkips)inatrusswithtwocontinuousspans(indeterminate)
Figure4b.Chordforces(inkips)intwosimplespantrusses(determinate)
CE331,Spring2011 Stability&DeterminacyofTrusses 3/5
Indeterminatetrussesaremuchmoreeffectedbysettlement.Supportsettlementcan
causelargeforcesinindeterminatetrusses,asillustratedinFigure5below.
Indeterminatetrussesarenotaffectedbysettlement,asseeninFigure6.
(a)
(b)
Figure5.Deflectedshape(a)andchordforces(b)inkipsoftwospancontinuoustrussdueto1
settlementofcentersupport.
(a)
(b)
Figure6.Deflectedshape(a)andchordforces(b)inkipsoftwosimplespantrussesdueto1
settlementofcentersupport.
Proceduresarepresentedbelowfordeterminingifastructureisstableorunstable,and
determinateorindeterminate.Thefirstprocedureinvolvescountingthenumberofunknown
forces,countingthenumberofequilibriumequations,andcomparingthetwonumbers.This
procedureisfairlystraightforwardtofollowbutisnotfoolproof,sinceitdoesnotaccountfor
thearrangementofmembersandsupports.Thesecondprocedureishardertoimplement,but
servesasagoodcheckontheresultsfromthefirstprocedure.
CountingProcedure.Theprocedureisderivedusingthesimpletrussbelowleft.Thetrussis
explodedintonineseparatefreebodydiagrams,oneforeachmemberandoneforeach
joint.
NumberofUnknowns=13forces
2forcespermemberx5members=10
(theforcesarethejointsareequalandoppositetothe
adjacentmemberendforceandarenotcounted)
3reactions
NumberofEquations=13
1equationpermemberx5members=5(FII)
2equationsperjointx4joints=8(FH, FV)
Shortcut:(Usedbysomebooks)
NumberofUnknowns=138
21forcespermemberx5members=105
3reactions
NumberofEquations=138
1equationpermemberx5members=5
2equationsperjointx4joints=8
Sincethenumberofunknownforces=thenumberof
equations,thestructureisstaticallydeterminate(the
memberforcescanbecalculatedusingequilibrium
equations).
CE331,Spring2011 Stability&DeterminacyofTrusses 5/5
Ingeneral:
If Thestructureis
numberofunknowns < numberofequations Unstable
numberofunknowns = numberofequations Stable&Determinate
numberofunknowns > numberofequations Indeterminate
Theprocedureoutlinedabovedoesnotalwaysworkwithregardtostability.Forexample,the
trussbelowhasthesamenumberofunknownsasequations,yetitisunstableasillustratedin
thesecondfigurebelow.
NumberofUnknowns
=9memberforces+3reactions=12
NumberofEquations
=6jointsx2eqns/joint=12
Thestructuredisplaceswithoutanymembers
deforming.
Nomemberdeformationmeansnoresistance
tostructuredisplacement.
Thestructureisthereforeunstable.
Thefigureabovesuggestsanalternateprocedure(thedisplacedshapeprocedure)of
determiningwhetherastructureisstableorunstable.
Ifthedisplacedshapeofthestructurecanbedrawnsothatnomembersdeform,the
structureisunstable.
Ifthedisplacedshapecannotbedrawnwithoutcausingamembertodeform,the
structureisstable.
Themethodcanbeextendedtoalsodetermineifastructureisstaticallyindeterminate.
Ifremovalofoneconstraint(asupportoramemberforce)causesthestructuretobe
unstable(i.e.thestructurecanbedisplacedwithoutdeformingamember),thenthe
originalstructureisstableanddeterminate(seeFigure2foranexample).
Iftwoormoreconstraintsneedtoberemovedtocausethestructuretobeunstable,
theoriginalstructureisstableandindeterminate(seeFigure3foranexample).