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X Y As for X it is Y.
is the topic particle and sets the topic of the sentence and subsequent
sentences.
is the question particle. Just add it to the end of the sentence to make it a
question.
e.g. X Y = As for X is it Y?
Noun Noun is the possessive particle.
Can be used for:
s e.g. Takeshis Phone number
of e.g. University of Japan
Lesson 2 Shopping
Directions
To the right of X ()
To the left of X ()
In front of X ()
Behind X ()
Inside X ()
On/above X ()
Under X ()
Rear of X ()
Next to X ()
Between X Y ()
Past tense of
Past +ve
Past -ve
Past tense of verbs
Past +ve
Past -ve
You can also use when 2 or more people perform the same
activity
When someone buys, sees, or eats 2 or more things
When things share 1 or more things in common
When you go to 2 more places or when you do something on 2 or
more occasions comes after the particle on these occasions.
~() The duration of an activity. This is not followed by a particle. You can add
approximately after ~.
e.g. Today, I studied
Japanese for approximately 3 hours
- Many An expression of quantity.
You add a word expressing quantity like before the noun or
after
1. Can be used like and to connect 2 nouns.
e.g. -I speak English and Japanese.
2. Can be used like together with.
e.g. I went to the department
store with Tanaka.
Lesson 5 A trip to Okinawa
A verbal form followed by the helping verb means either the following:
1. An action in progress.
2. A past event that is connected to the present
Which of these two senses a verb is given depends on the semantic
characteristics of the verb.The verbs we have learned so far can be broken in to
3 categories:
1. Verbs that describe continuous states
2. Verbs that describe activities that last for some time.
3. Verbs that describe changes that are more or less instantaneous.
Group 1 To be (inanimate)
Continuous To be (animate)
states These are never
Group 2 To eat
Action in To read
progress With the verb describes an action in progress.
e.g. - Jack is reading a Japanese
book right now.
You can also use to describe what a person does by occupation or
habit.
e.g. () I teach english
Group 3 If you get married your status changes form single to married. With
Changing from you are describing the result of that change.
one state to e.g. ()- Professor Yamashita is married.
another
Present - - Is eating
conjugation Negative - - Is not eating
Past +ve - - Was eating
Past -ve - - Was not eating
Describing Instead of person part adjective .
people It is more natural to say Person part adjective
e.g. Sue has small ears.
forms of Noun
adjectives
-
e.g. - The food at that restaurant
is cheap and delicious.
e.g. - Professor Yamashita is Japanese
and happy.
Verb stem + If someone moves to another location to do something.
Destination of movement Purpose of movement
The purpose of movement is a phrase consisting of a verb, its object and so
forth. Verbs describing the purpose of movement must be in their stem forms.
e.g. I went to the department store
to buy a bag.
Counting people The counter for people is () except for:
1 person ()
2 people ()
The rest follow this formula
3 people ()
4 people ()
How many
people
Lesson 8 Barbecue
Positive - Something
Questions - Anything
Negative + Negative Not anything
Lesson 9 Kabuki