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Genki 1 Grammar

Lesson 1 New Friends

X Y As for X it is Y.
is the topic particle and sets the topic of the sentence and subsequent
sentences.
is the question particle. Just add it to the end of the sentence to make it a
question.
e.g. X Y = As for X is it Y?
Noun Noun is the possessive particle.
Can be used for:
s e.g. Takeshis Phone number
of e.g. University of Japan

Lesson 2 Shopping

This Close to the speaker


That Close to the listener
That over there Away from the speaker and the listener
Which
e.g. This is a pen
This
That
That over there
Which
Same as above but more specific
e.g. I like that pen
Here
There
Over there
Where
e.g. - Where is the Toilet? Here it is.
Who
Whos
e.g. Who is the Teacher?
e.g. Whos car is this?
X Y X is also Y
e.g. - Honda is a
Student. Tanaka is also a student.
X Y X is not Y
e.g. Dolphins are not fish
Added to the end of a sentence. Seeks agreement. Similar to isnt it
e.g. Nice weather isnt it?
Adds emphasis to the end of a sentence. Used to assure the listener of what
is being said.
e.g. That movie was really interesting!
Lesson 3 Making a date

Verb Conjugation verbs verbs


Dictionary form
Present +ve
Present -ve
verbs is added to the verb base to form the dictionary form.
To conjugate remove the and add /.
Not all verbs ending in are verbs.
verbs To conjugate verbs change it to the corresponding sound.
Irregular Verbs
To do Conjugates to
() To come Conjugates to ()
A few rules If there is a , , sound before the final then its an verb.
If there is a , sound before the final it is most likely a verb.
Present tense of Present tense means either:
action verbs 1. That a person is engaging or habitually engages in the activity
2. That a person will or is planning to perform the activity
Indicates the thing involved or directly affected by the event, the direct
object
e.g. - Drinking coffee
Indicates where or by what means an event takes place.
e.g. Watch TV at home
e.g. - Goes by car
Can mean either:
1. The goal toward things move.
e.g. - Goes to school
2. The time and event takes place
Eat dinner at 6 oclock
Indicates direction of movement, similar to but not the end goal
Time references You need with:
1. Days of the week, months, year e.g. , ,
2. Numerical time expressions e.g.
You do not use with:
1. Time expressions relative to the present moment e.g
2. Expressions describing regular intervals e.g.
3. When
You dont need to use but can to add emphasis:
1. Parts of the day e.g.
2. Weekend
Can be used to extend an invitation to do something
e.g. Shall we go?
Frequency You can use frequency adverbs to describe how often something is done.
adverbs e.g. Everyday I study Japanese.

If you are using a frequency adverb to describe how infrequently something is


done it must be used with .
Lesson 4 The First Date

Directions

To the right of X ()
To the left of X ()
In front of X ()
Behind X ()
Inside X ()
On/above X ()
Under X ()
Rear of X ()
Next to X ()
Between X Y ()

Past tense of
Past +ve
Past -ve
Past tense of verbs
Past +ve
Past -ve
You can also use when 2 or more people perform the same
activity
When someone buys, sees, or eats 2 or more things
When things share 1 or more things in common
When you go to 2 more places or when you do something on 2 or
more occasions comes after the particle on these occasions.
~() The duration of an activity. This is not followed by a particle. You can add
approximately after ~.
e.g. Today, I studied
Japanese for approximately 3 hours
- Many An expression of quantity.
You add a word expressing quantity like before the noun or
after
1. Can be used like and to connect 2 nouns.
e.g. -I speak English and Japanese.
2. Can be used like together with.
e.g. I went to the department
store with Tanaka.
Lesson 5 A trip to Okinawa

Adjective adjectives adjectives Irregular adjectives,


conjugation and others based on
Present ()
Negative
Past +ve
Past -ve
If you want to use words like - extremely
extremely, very and a little - very
a little
() Likes
XY X Dislikes Y
()
for people If you use to describe a person it will likely indicate that you have a
romantic interest in them.
Really like / Love
Really dislike / Hate
Neither like nor dislike something
You can use these to modify nouns.
e.g. That is my favourite book.
- lets - Lets go
shall we Shall we go
Counting You use different kinds of words when counting something.
Number words come after the items counted.
~() - for flat e.g I bought 3 stamps
objects

Lesson 6 A day in Roberts life

form verbs Can be used for:


Making requests
e.g. Please say it again
Giving or asking permission
Stating something is forbidden
Forming sentences with more than one activity
conjugation Drop the add
e.g.
conjugation
// -
//
-


Irregular
Conjugation
~ Please do for me
Can be used to make a polite request for someone to do things
~ You may do
~ Can I do
~ You must not do
Describing 2 ideas You can use forms if you want to combine 2 or more verbs i.e.
describing a sequence of actions. does the work of and for verbs
can be used for present and future, for past tense the verb at
the end determines the tense.
e.g. Today at 6
oclock I ate and watched tv
The form can aso be used to connect a verb more loosely to the
rest of the sentence. It can describe the manner in which a verb is
performed.
e.g. ()() I take
a bus to work
The form can also be used to describe the situation for which an
apology is made.
e.g. () Im sorry for not
brining the notebook
~ A sentence that ends in - because, explains the cause of a situation.
e.g. Lets go by bus.
because taxis are too expensive.
Can also mean -Let me do / shall I do.
e.g. Ill do it.

Lesson 7 Family Picture

A verbal form followed by the helping verb means either the following:
1. An action in progress.
2. A past event that is connected to the present
Which of these two senses a verb is given depends on the semantic
characteristics of the verb.The verbs we have learned so far can be broken in to
3 categories:
1. Verbs that describe continuous states
2. Verbs that describe activities that last for some time.
3. Verbs that describe changes that are more or less instantaneous.
Group 1 To be (inanimate)
Continuous To be (animate)
states These are never
Group 2 To eat
Action in To read
progress With the verb describes an action in progress.
e.g. - Jack is reading a Japanese
book right now.
You can also use to describe what a person does by occupation or
habit.
e.g. () I teach english
Group 3 If you get married your status changes form single to married. With
Changing from you are describing the result of that change.
one state to e.g. ()- Professor Yamashita is married.
another
Present - - Is eating
conjugation Negative - - Is not eating
Past +ve - - Was eating
Past -ve - - Was not eating
Describing Instead of person part adjective .
people It is more natural to say Person part adjective
e.g. Sue has small ears.
forms of Noun
adjectives
-
e.g. - The food at that restaurant
is cheap and delicious.
e.g. - Professor Yamashita is Japanese
and happy.
Verb stem + If someone moves to another location to do something.
Destination of movement Purpose of movement
The purpose of movement is a phrase consisting of a verb, its object and so
forth. Verbs describing the purpose of movement must be in their stem forms.
e.g. I went to the department store
to buy a bag.
Counting people The counter for people is () except for:
1 person ()
2 people ()
The rest follow this formula
3 people ()
4 people ()
How many
people

Lesson 8 Barbecue

Verb Conjugation Short form Long form


Verb


Noun +
Verb Conjugation Short form -ve Long form -ve
Verb


Noun +
Rules
+ve Verbs and adjectives Same as their dictionary forms
adjectives and noun + Replace with
-ve Drop after
Negative short form of verbs
verbs Drop the add

verbs Move the sound up to the sound
()-


()

()

() -

Irregular Verbs
() ()
-
A few points verbs ending in end in not
worth noting The vowel changes in and
The negative of is so is there is no umbrella
How to use short Short forms occur in the following 4 contexts:
forms 1. In casual conversations, as a sign of intimacy
2. In represented or quoted speech
3. In making negative requests
4. In expressing ideas like I like doing or I am good at doing
Informal Speech Two people who are close friends or family speak with the short forms at the
end of sentences.
Long forms imply you intend to keep a proper distance from the person you
are speaking to.
Short forms are like talking to someone on a first name basis. Whereas long
forms are like talking with Mr/Mrs.
Observations on 1. In casual conversation question sentences do not end in but with
the grammar of rising intonation alone.
short forms 2. The ending of adjectives and noun + is usually dropped at
the very end of a sentence or is followed by or .
3. In casual conversation and is usually replaced with
and
( To quote what somebody has said or what they think you can use these at
) the end of a sentence. is a quotation particle doing what does in
English.
e.g.()- Sue said that
there would be an exam tomorrow.
e.g. () I thing Takeshi
likes Mary.
~ To request that someone refrain from doing something.
e.g. ()() Please
done take pictures here
Negative short from + Please dont
Verb + Short forms are used where verbs and adjectives are to be used as nouns.
// This means that (verb) can become a sentencethat
/ describes activities or elements of things you like.
e.g. I like studying Japanese
e.g.()()() I dont like
cleaning my room.
You can also use this to say you are good/bad at doing something.
e.g. ()()()
Robert is good at cooking meals
e.g. () Takeshi is not a good
speaker of English
Use when the topic is unknown like () or
The word for something and anything
The word for anything in negative sentences

Positive - Something
Questions - Anything
Negative + Negative Not anything

These particles are used in place of , and

e.g. () The cat has brought something


e.g. Did the cat eat anything
e.g. No the cat did not eat anything

Lesson 9 Kabuki

Past Tense Short Past +ve Short Form Long Form


Forms Verbs
adjectives
adjectives ()
Noun +
Past ve Short Form Long Form
Verbs
adjectives
adjectives
Noun +
Forming Past Tense Verbs in the affirmative Replace / in forms with /
Short Forms Verbs in the negative Replace in the present tense negative
with

adjectives (both affirmative and negative) and adjectives and
noun + in the negative drop the final in the long forms
adjectives and noun + in the affirmative Replace
in the long forms with .

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