Workshop A Simple Introduction To LATEX

Outline Introduction The Basics Typesetting Text Typesetting Math Tables and Figures Bibliography References Closing Stat
Workshop: A Simple Introduction to LATEX
Michael P. Fix
Susanne Schorpp
Georgia State University
142 October 2012

Outline
1 Introduction
2 The Basics
3 Typesetting Text
4 Typesetting Math
5 Tables and Figures
6 Bibliography
7 Closing Statements
What is LATEX?
LATEX is an alternative to WYSIWYG word processors for

creating documents.
What is LATEX?

creating documents.
LATEX allows you to focus on writing your document without
spending hours formatting.
What is LATEX?

creating documents.
LATEX allows you to focus on writing your document without
spending hours formatting.
You simply provide a few logical commands to define the
structure of your document, and let LATEX design and TEX
typeset your work.
Why You Should Use LATEX
Your documents look professionally printed.


While it requires a bit of time investment upfront to learn, it
will save you many wasted hours later.

You can typeset elegant mathematical formulae with simple
commands.

You can typeset elegant mathematical formulae with simple
commands.
Everything is free!
Basic Structure of the Input File
For a file to be correctly processed by LATEX there are a

few essential components that must be in the file.
1 Defining the document class

2 Loading Packages
3 Beginning and ending the document
Document Class
Definition
The Document Class specifies the type of document you intent to
write. For example, most stuff can be done with the article
class, the book class is for longer documents, and the beamer class
is used for presentations (like this one).
Document Class
Every file must begin by specifying the document class with

the following command:
\documentclass[options]{class}
Document Class
Every file must begin by specifying the document class with the
following command:
This can be as simple as defining the class:
\documentclass{article}
Document Class
Every file must begin by specifying the document class with the
following command:
This can be as simple as defining the class:
Or can be used to specify font size, paper type, and title

page, among other options. For example:
\documentclass[11pt, letter]{article}
Would specify that you wanted to write an article in 11 point

font using letter paper. (Note: This is what I usually use.)
Packages
Definition
Basic LATEX often does not include everything you need to include
in a document. For example, if you wish to include graphics, most
mathematical symbols, colored text or various other things, you
will have to use Packages. Packages allow you to expand the
functionality of LATEX.
Packages
To activate a package, the following command is used:
\usepackage[options]{package}
Packages
To activate a package, the following command is used:
\usepackage[options]{package}
For example, in order to typeset many mathematical symbols

and formulae you need to load the follow two packages:
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsmath}
Note: options are rarely used with packages.

Identifying Information
The last items generally included in the preamble to your file are
the identifying information.
Identifying Information
The last items generally included in the preamble to your file are
the identifying information.
This is done with the following three commands:
\title{The Title}
\author{Your Name}
\date{The Date}
or
\date{\today}
The Body of the Document
With the preamble to your input file complete, you are now
ready to begin writing the body of the document. It is
important to tell LATEX when to begin the document with the
following command:
\begin{document}
With the preamble to your input file complete, you are now ready
to begin writing the body of the document. It is important to tell
LATEX when to begin the document with the following command:
\begin{document}
. . . and when to end the document with this command:
\end{document}
To put the title information at the top of your document,

you need only insert a simple command at the top of your
document.
To put the title information at the top of your document, you need
only insert a simple command at the top of your document.
Simply insert the following command at the beginning of

your document:
\maketitle
Note: You have to insert the \maketitle command after

\begin{document} or your title and name will not appear.
Cover Pages
Alternatively, you may desire to create a cover page for your

document rather than simply having the title information at
the top of the first page.
Cover Pages
Alternatively, you may desire to create a cover page for your

document rather than simply having the title information at the
top of the first page.
This is very simple and requires only that you enter the
following series of commands:
\begin{titlepage}
\maketitle
\thispagestyle{empty} %To avoid page number on cover page
\end{titlepage}
A Simple Document
Now that weve got the basics down, we can put it all together to
create a simple document. Try this:
\title{A Short Paper}
\author{Me}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
This is a very short paper! I should get an A for
being concise.
\end{document}
A Simple Document
If you were successful your document should appear like this:
A Short Paper
Me
July 14, 2009
This is a very short paper! I should get an A for being concise.

A Technical Note File Types
Each time you create a new document, several files will be created.
The most important of these is your input file (i.e. the file you
create in your text editor).
This file will look something like:
filename.tex
filename.tex
Your output file will be saved in the same folder as something like:
filename.pdf or filename.ps
filename.tex
Your output file will be saved in the same folder as something like:
filename.pdf or filename.ps
There will also be numerous other files created with extensions like:
filename.log, filename.snm, filename.vrb, etc.

Writing Text for Your Document
For me, one of the greatest things about creating LATEX is the
simplicity of writing your document.
Since you are working with a text editor, you are overwhelmed
with the graphical interface of WYSIWYG word processors.
It is not necessary to hunt through menu bars to find
everything you need to properly typeset your document.
All that is required is for you to learn a few simple (and easy
to look up) commands to instruct the program and it does all
the work for you.
All that is required is for you to learn a few simple (and easy
to look up) commands to instruct the program and it does all
the work for you.
That is what is section of the presentation is all about . . .
Spacing
Spacing in LATEX is largely automatic. Like a

professionally printed book or journal, it ensures relatively
uniform spacing between characters, words, lines, and
paragraphs. Thus you do not need to worry about these
details. But there are a few things you must keep in
mind.
The Essentials for Proper Spacing I
First, you must note that spacing between words is treat uniformly.
This regardless of whether you type:
The dog ran fast.
or
The dog ran fast.
or
The dog ran fast.

The Essentials for Proper Spacing I
First, you must note that spacing between words is treat uniformly.
This regardless of whether you type:
The dog ran fast.
or
The dog ran fast.
or
The dog ran fast.
The output will be the same:

The dog ran fast.
The Essentials for Proper Spacing II
For paragraphs, LATEX also automatically intents the first line and
provides proper spacing. You simply need to let it know you want
to start a new paragraph by leaving a blank line in your input file.
For example:
This is a paragraph.
This is the next paragraph.
instead of:
This is a paragraph.
This is the next paragraph.
The Essentials for Proper Spacing III
Finally, note that while all of this spacing is automatic, you can tell
LATEX to do specific things when necessary.
To create a line break use:
\\
or
\\*
to start a new line without starting a new paragraph.

The Essentials for Proper Spacing III
Finally, note that while all of this spacing is automatic, you can tell
LATEX to do specific things when necessary.
To create a line break use:
\\
or
\\*
to start a new line without starting a new paragraph.
For a page break, you need to use:
\newpage
Emphasizing Text
Sometimes it is necessary to italicize or bold face text.

To do this you use the following commands:
\textit{ . . . } or {\it . . . }
for italicized text.

Emphasizing Text
Sometimes it is necessary to italicize or bold face text.

To do this you use the following commands:
\textit{ . . . } or {\it . . . }
for italicized text.

Or
\textbf{ . . . } or {\bf . . . }
for bold faced text.

Or
\texttt{ . . . } or {\tt . . . }
for typewriter style text.

Special Characters
LATEX has commands for almost any special character that

you could ever need. Here are some common examples.
Special Characters Quotation Marks
For quotation marks you cannot use the " key as you would in
a word processor, or you will get a strange output.
Instead, you should use two characters to open a quotation
and two to close a quotation.
Instead, you should use two characters to open a quotation
and two to close a quotation.
Similarly, you use a single and for single quotes.
Special Characters Hyphens and Dashes
Three types of dashes are recognized in LATEX.


A normal hyphen (-) is made simply by typing - as normal

An en-dash (), is made by typing --.

An em-dash (), is made by typing ---.

An em-dash (), is made by typing ---.
Additionally, a negative sign is made simply by typing - while
in math mode (will discuss this later), or by putting it
between two $ marks.
For example, typing $-6$ will give you 6.
Special Characters Others
\& &
\& &
\% %
\& &
\% %
\ldots . . .
\& &
\% %
\ldots . . .
The Google is very useful for locating any symbols you might
ever need
Section Headings
LATEX supports various ways to subdivide your document into

sections. The most common of these are:
\section{ . . . } or \section*{ . . . }
\subsection{ . . . } or \subsection*{ . . . }
\subsubsection{ . . . } or \subsubsection*{ . . . }
Section Headings
LATEX supports various ways to subdivide your document into

sections. The most common of these are:
\section{ . . . } or \section*{ . . . }
\subsection{ . . . } or \subsection*{ . . . }
\subsubsection{ . . . } or \subsubsection*{ . . . }
Note: the section, subsection, and subsubsection

commands will automatically number the sections. The
section*, subsection*, and subsubsection* commands
print only the name of the section.
Footnotes
Inserting footnotes is extremely simple. Simply insert the following

command where you would like the footnote to appear.
\footnote{ . . . }
Footnotes
Inserting footnotes is extremely simple. Simply insert the following

command where you would like the footnote to appear.
\footnote{ . . . }
. . . and simply type the text of the footnote inside the braces.
Environments
Definition
Environments are used in LATEX for writing special kinds of text.
Think of them as creating a special section of your document that
follows a different set of rules.
Environments
Definition
To use an environment, you use the following commands:
\begin{environment} and \end{environment}

Environments
Definition
To use an environment, you use the following commands:
\begin{environment} and \end{environment}
. . . with the text entered between the two commands.

Environments Lists
Making lists in LATEX is very quick and easy.

Environments Lists

Additionally, you control the nesting of lists, so you never
have to deal with the auto-formatting errors in MS Word.
Environments Lists

Additionally, you control the nesting of lists, so you never
have to deal with the auto-formatting errors in MS Word.
The two most common types of lists use the enumerate
environment (for a numbered list) or the itemize
environment (for items where item are identified by a symbol).
Environments Lists
To make a list simply begin the environment:
\begin{itemize}
Environments Lists
\begin{itemize}
Then, note each item with the \item command. For example:
\item Item 1
\item Item 2
\item Item 3
Environments Lists
\begin{itemize}
Then, note each item with the \item command. For example:
\item Item 1
\item Item 2
\item Item 3
Finally, end the environment:
\end{itemize}
Environments Lists
enumerate works the same as itemize except the list will be

numbered.
Environments Lists

numbered.
Additionally, lists can be easily nested. Simply add another
\begin{itemize} command where you would like to begin
the nested list.
Environments Lists

numbered.
Additionally, lists can be easily nested. Simply add another
\begin{itemize} command where you would like to begin
the nested list.
Further, enumerate lists can be nested within itemize lists
and vise versa.
Environments Lists
Try the following example:
\title{A Simple List}
\author{Me}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{enumerate}
\item This is the first item.
\item This is the second item.
\begin{itemize}
\item I like the second item.
\item {\it It is good}.
\end{itemize}
\item This is the third --- and last --- item.
\end{enumerate}
\end{document}
Environments Lists
You document should look like this:
A Simple List
Me
October 11, 2011
1. This is the first item.

2. This is the second item.
I like the second item.
It is good.
3. This is the third and last item.

Environments Quote
The quote environment is useful for long quotes that need to be

set off from the rest of the text.
Environments Quote

\begin{quote}
Environments Quote

\begin{quote}
Enter the text you are quoting.

Environments Quote

\begin{quote}
Enter the text you are quoting.
Then, end the quote environment:
\end{quote}
Environments Abstract
The abstract environment is used for making abstracts for

scholarly papers.

scholarly papers.
It works just like the other environments.

scholarly papers.
It works just like the other environments.
Simply write the text of your abstract between the commands
to begin and end the environment.
\begin{abstract}
This is an abstract
\end{abstract}
Environments Others
There are many additional environments available

Environments Others

Excluding ones for mathematics (to be discussed in the next
section) some of the more common are:
Environments Others

flushleft, flushright, and center change the alignment
of the text inside the environment.
Environments Others

flushleft, flushright, and center change the alignment
of the text inside the environment.
tabular is used to create tables. We will discuss this later.
Introduction to Typesetting Math in LATEX
As Im sure you are well aware, the ability to typeset

mathematical formulae with an elegance unmatched by any
other program is the greatest strength of LATEX.

It would be impossible to show you everything you can
possibly do, without spending days waking through example
after example.

after example.
Thus, I am simply going to provide a brief overview to show
you how its done.

after example.
Thus, I am simply going to provide a brief overview to show
you how its done.
Fortunately, there are countless reference sources available for
anything you could ever need to do.
A Note on Packages
Just about any mathematical symbol or formulae you could

ever need to created is contained in AMS-LATEX.
A Note on Packages

This was created by the American Mathematical Society and
is as comprehensive as possible it is also how they create all
of their documents.
A Note on Packages

of their documents.
As it is included in any basic installation of LATEX, you do not
need to install anything extra.
A Note on Packages

of their documents.
As it is included in any basic installation of LATEX, you do not
need to install anything extra.
Just remember to load two package every time you start:
A Note on Environments
All mathematical formulae and equations must be written

inside special environments to appear correctly in your
output file.
All mathematical formulae and equations must be written inside

special environments to appear correctly in your output file.
The two most common are: equation for numbered

equations and equation* for unnumbered ones.
All mathematical formulae and equations must be written inside

special environments to appear correctly in your output file.
The two most common are: equation for numbered equations

and equation* for unnumbered ones.
Alternatively, if you wish to include mathematical symbols or

formulas in the body of your text, you should use:
$ . . . $
These are only a few of the many environments for

typesetting mathematical formulae.

Many others are available for special purposes, such as:
Aligning a series of equations (align)

Allowing a long equation to be split over multiple lines
(multiline)

(multiline)
. . . and many others

(multiline)
. . . and many others
The document A Short Math Guide to LATEX (Downs 2002),
provides details on these environments, and an extensive list
of commonly used mathematical symbols.
Math is Easy as
We now know everything we need to know to typeset simple

equations in LATEX.
Math is Easy as

equations in LATEX.
Lets try some examples.

Math is Easy as

equations in LATEX.
Lets try some examples.
First, open a new document in your text editor and create the
preamble:
\title{Some Simple Math}
\author{Me}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
Math is Easy as
Example 1: Lets say we want to include some math in the body

of a paragraph:
Einsteins most famous equation is $e = mc ^ 2$.\\

Math is Easy as
Example 2: Lets say we want to set off an important equation,

but we do not want it to be numbered:
Another important contribution to scientific knowledge

is the Pythagorean Theorem.\\
\begin{equation*}
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
\end{equation*}
Math is Easy as
Example 3: Finally, lets say we need to use multiple equations

and we want to number them.
Since we know that:

\begin{equation}
3+3=6
\end{equation}
and we know that:
\begin{equation}
2*3 =6
\end{equation}
Then, from (1) and (2), we know that:
\begin{equation}
2*3 =3+3
\end{equation}
Math is Easy as
Now just remember to end your document:
\end{document}
Math is Easy as
Now just remember to end your document:
\end{document}
Now, typeset your document and compare it to the one on

the following slide.
Math is Easy as
Simple Math
Me
October 11, 2011
Einsteins most famous equation is e = mc2 .
Another important contribution to scientific knowledge is the Pythagorean The-

orem.
a2 + b2 = c2
Since we know that:
3+3=6 (1)
and we know that:
23=6 (2)
Then, from (1) and (2), we know that:
23=3+3 (3)
Some Common Commands
There is an almost endless list of mathematical commands

that I could show you.

However, the reality is that you will never need to use many of
them were not mathematicians after all!

So, in the next few slides, I will cover some of the ones that I
use the most frequently.

So, in the next few slides, I will cover some of the ones that I
use the most frequently.
And remember, there are a ton of resources for this
information, so most people will never find the need to
memorize any except those they use with great regularity.
Some Common Commands A Note
For all the examples that follow, I will use the $. . . $

format (i.e. for including math within the body of a
paragraph). Remember that when using the equation,
equation*, or any other math environment, it is
unnecessary to include the $ symbols.
Some Common Commands Greek Letters
Greek letters are commonly used and one of the simplest things to
remember.
remember.
Lower case letters are simply their name in all lower case letter
preceded by a \
remember.
preceded by a \
. . . for upper cases Greek letters you simply capitalize the first
letter of the name. For example:
$\alpha \beta \gamma \Pi \Sigma \Delta$

remember.
preceded by a \
. . . for upper cases Greek letters you simply capitalize the first
letter of the name. For example:
$\alpha \beta \gamma \Pi \Sigma \Delta$
Gives you:

Some Common Commands Fractions
There are a few ways to make fractions in LATEX.

For simple usually numeric fractions, we may want them
typeset as 1/2. We can do this by using:
$1/2$
Some Common Commands Fractions
There are a few ways to make fractions in LATEX.

For simple usually numeric fractions, we may want them
typeset as 1/2. We can do this by using:
$1/2$
Sometimes we want a more traditional appearance for our

a+b
fractions, especially when they are more complex like c+d .
For this we would use:
$\frac{a+b}{c+d}$
Some Common Commands Exponents and Subscripts
As we saw in the example equations earlier, to typeset exponents

we simply enter a ^ prior to the exponent. Thus, to get nk , we
simply need to enter:
$n^k$
Some Common Commands Exponents and Subscripts
As we saw in the example equations earlier, to typeset exponents

we simply enter a ^ prior to the exponent. Thus, to get nk , we
simply need to enter:
$n^k$
For subscripts, we simply insert the _ character before the

subscript. Thus, to get nk , we simply enter:
$n_k$
Some Common Commands Grouping Symbols
Often in typesetting mathematical expressions we need to use

grouping symbols such as parentheses (. . . ), brackets [. . . ], braces
{ . . . }, and absolute value symbols | . . . |.

Making each these symbols is quite simple:
( . . . ) for parentheses
[ . . . ] for brackets
\{ . . . \} for braces
$\vert$ for absolute values

Making each these symbols is quite simple:
( . . . ) for parentheses
[ . . . ] for brackets
\{ . . . \} for braces
$\vert$ for absolute values
Note: Only the absolute value symbols require the $, when not in
math mode.
There are commands that allow you to manually control the size of
your grouping symbols:
$\big($ $\Big($ $\bigg($ $\Bigg($

or
$\big\{$ $\Big\{$ $\bigg\{$ $\Bigg\{$
or
$\big\vert$ $\Big\vert$ $\bigg\vert$ $\Bigg\vert$
There are commands that allow you to manually control the size of
your grouping symbols:
$\big($ $\Big($ $\bigg($ $\Bigg($

or
$\big\{$ $\Big\{$ $\bigg\{$ $\Bigg\{$
or
$\big\vert$ $\Big\vert$ $\bigg\vert$ $\Bigg\vert$
(
n
. . . gives you

Typesetting Math Concluding Comments
I couldnt possibly go through everything you may ever need

to do with respect to typesetting mathematical symbols and
formulae.

formulae.
However, this introduction should provide you with all the
tools you need.

formulae.
tools you need.
Regardless of how simple your application:
y = X +

formulae.
tools you need.
Regardless of how simple your application:
y = X +
. . . or how complex:

+ yi 2 1
2 1
fnb (yi |, 2 ) = 2
yi ( 2 ) 2 1
yi ! 21
Making Tables in LATEX
Making tables in LATEX requires a relatively simple series of

commands, however it is important that you follow a few simple
rules.
Making tables in LATEX requires a relatively simple series of

commands, however it is important that you follow a few simple
rules.
Lets start with how to make a very simple 2 x 2 table like the one
below:
x1 x2
y1 .4 .6
y2 .6 .4
The first thing that we need to keep in mind when making table is
that they are made inside the tabular environment.
\begin{tabular}{specifications}
The first thing that we need to keep in mind when making table is
that they are made inside the tabular environment.
\begin{tabular}{specifications}
Unlike many other environments, we must make an additional

declaration in in \begin{environment} command. Specifically,
we must define the specifications for our table.
Making Tables in LATEX Specifications
In defining the specifications for our table, we must define three

things:

things:
1 The number of columns.

things:
2 The alignment of each column.

things:
2 The alignment of each column.
3 Whether we want vertical lines on the left margin, right
margin, and/or between any of the columns.
We use the following format to declare our table

specification:
\begin{tabular}{ l c c }
We use the following format to declare our table specification:
Each entry represents a column. Thus the above example

would be for a table with three columns.
Each entry represents a column. Thus the above example would be

for a table with three columns.
The letters tell us how we want each column aligned, and we

use:
l left-aligned column
c centered column
r right-aligned column
Each entry represents a column. Thus the above example would be

for a table with three columns.
The letters tell us how we want each column aligned, and we use:
l left-aligned column
c centered column
r right-aligned column
Thus in the example, the first column is left-aligned, the

second is centered, and the last is also centered.
Finally, we must also declare any vertical lines we would like

to have appear in our table.
Finally, we must also declare any vertical lines we would like to

have appear in our table.
To do this, we use the following symbols:

| vertical line
|| double vertical line
Finally, we must also declare any vertical lines we would like to

have appear in our table.
To do this, we use the following symbols:

| vertical line
|| double vertical line
Since our example has a line on each side for the edge of the
table and a line between the first and second column, we
must declare this in our specifications:
\begin{tabular}{ | l | c c |}
Making Tables in LATEX Additional Commands

Before we can fill in our table, we need to familiarize
ourselves with three more commands.

Before we can fill in our table, we need to familiarize ourselves with
three more commands.
First, we need to know how to make the horizontal lines at

the top and bottom of our table and after the first row. To
do this we use:
\hline

First, we need to know how to make the horizontal lines at the top
and bottom of our table and after the first row. To do this we use:
\hline
Second, we need a symbol to separate the data for each

column within a single row. For this we use:
&

First, we need to know how to make the horizontal lines at the top
and bottom of our table and after the first row. To do this we use:
\hline
Second, we need a symbol to separate the data for each column

within a single row. For this we use:
&
Finally, we need a symbol to separate the rows of our table.

For this we use:
\\
Making Tables in LATEX Putting It Together I
Now we know how to make a table in LATEX.

Making Tables in LATEX Putting It Together I
Now we know how to make a table in LATEX.
Lets look at the example again and then we will go through how
to put it all together.
x1 x2
y1 .4 .6
y2 .6 .4
Making Tables in LATEX Putting It Together II
The first step is to enter the tabular environment and declare the
specifications:
\begin{tabular}{ | l | c c |}
Making Tables in LATEX Putting It Together III
Next, we declare that we want a horizontal line at the top of our

table:
\hline
Making Tables in LATEX Putting It Together IV
Now we can enter our first line of information. Since the

first column is empty we simply leave a blank space, prior to
our first column separator ( &).
Making Tables in LATEX Putting It Together IV
Now we can enter our first line of information. Since the first
column is empty we simply leave a blank space, prior to our first
column separator ( &).
Then, we enter the information for our second column,

another &, the information for the third column, and a row
separator (\\).
& $x_1$ & $x_2$ \\

Making Tables in LATEX Putting It Together V
Now, since we want a horizontal line after this row, we can

enter another:
\hline
Making Tables in LATEX Putting It Together V
Now, since we want a horizontal line after this row, we can enter
another:
\hline
Next we enter the information we want to appear in the final

two rows:
$y_1$ & .4 & .6 \\

$y_2$ & .6 & .4 \\
Making Tables in LATEX Putting It Together VI
Since we want another horizontal line at the bottom of our

table we need one final:
\hline
Making Tables in LATEX Putting It Together VI
Since we want another horizontal line at the bottom of our table

we need one final:
\hline
Finally, we need to exit the tabular environment:
\end{tabular}
Making Tables in LATEX A Note on Spacing
While spacing makes little technical difference in the tabular

environment, you should carefully align your column separators
when making a table with many rows.
While spacing makes little technical difference in the tabular

environment, you should carefully align your column separators
when making a table with many rows.
Consider the following example. Each of the lines below will result
in the same output:
$y_1$ & .4 & .6 \\

$y_1$ & .4 & .6 \\
$y_1$ & .4 & .6 \\
However, when you have multiple rows of unaligned data:
$x_1$ & .24 & .36 & .81 \\

$x_2$ & .44 & .63 & .32 \\
$x_3$ & .23 & .4 & .6 \\
$x_4$ &.64 & .32 & 12 \\
However, when you have multiple rows of unaligned data:
$x_1$ & .24 & .36 & .81 \\

$x_2$ & .44 & .63 & .32 \\
$x_3$ & .23 & .4 & .6 \\
$x_4$ &.64 & .32 & 12 \\
It is incredibly difficult to find errors in your input file should one

occur, or should you need to go back later and edit your table.
Making Tables in LATEX The table environment
You can place your table into the table environment. That will
allow you to assign each table a caption. Latex will also create a
running counter for your tables to generate a List of Tables
Making Tables in LATEX The table environment
You can place your table into the table environment. That will
allow you to assign each table a caption. Latex will also create a
running counter for your tables to generate a List of Tables
\begin{table}
\caption{Predicted Probabilities}
\begin{tabular}
. . .
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
Making Tables in LATEX A Few Other Things
This should provide a good grasp on the basics of the tabular

environment. There are several resources out there that can
provide you with any details you may need.

. . . A good place to start is:

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables.

. . . A good place to start is:

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables.
Remember that you may have to load additional packages in the

front end of your document for some features.
While it may seem a bit complicated to produce tables in LATEX,

they

they
1 . . . look professional

they
1 . . . look professional
2 . . . can save time in the long run
Both for STATA and R, commands for automated LATEX output

exist.

exist.
In other words: You can . . .


exist.
In other words: You can . . .

Run your model(s)
Have the program generate the table for you
Copy/paste it into your file
Making Tables in LATEX STATA
Using the estout package in STATA:

run model1
estimates store model1
run model1
run model2
run model1
run model2
estout model1 model2, cells("b(star fmt(3))

se(fmt(3))") stats(N chi2, star(chi2)) style(tex)
label
. . . would produce the following output in STATA:
& model1 & & model2 &

& b & se& b &
Government Win & & & &
Afghanistan/Iraq War& 1.052* & 0.483& 0.940* &
Casualties & -35.934* & 15.574& -25.546* &
PM Approval & 0.001 & 0.012& 0.002 &
Rally & -1.571 & 0.874& &
Human Rights Act & -0.125 & 0.525& -0.439 &
Casualties*Approval & 0.989* & 0.472& 0.663* &
Ideology & -0.565 & 0.372& &
_cons & 0.598 & 0.704& 0.451 &
N & 299.000 & & 300.000 &
chi2 & 17.549* & & 11.458* &
. . . copy/pasting it into your LATEX file produces:
model1 model2
b se b se
Government Win
Afghanistan/Iraq War 1.052* 0.483 0.940* 0.475
Casualties -35.934* 15.574 -25.546* 11.526
PM Approval 0.001 0.012 0.002 0.012
Rally -1.571 0.874
Human Rights Act -0.125 0.525 -0.439 0.481
Casualties*Approval 0.989* 0.472 0.663* 0.335
Ideology -0.565 0.372
Constant 0.598 0.704 0.451 0.683
N 299 300
chi2 17.549* 11.458*
Making Tables in LATEX Concluding Notes
The key is to be careful in declaring the specifications for your

table, and ensuring that all data gets entered properly and in
the correct location.
Making Tables in LATEX Concluding Notes
The key is to be careful in declaring the specifications for your

table, and ensuring that all data gets entered properly and in
the correct location.
You can automate much of the tedious process by letting your
statistical software do the work for you
Many pages on the web are dedicated to helping you draft
your table in LATEX if you ever get stuck
A Note on Importing Figures
Importing figures into your LATEX is very simple.

Figures are made within the figure environment:
\begin{figure}[placement]
Where the placement option takes the following values:

h here (the exact location)
t at the top of the page
b at the bottom of the page
p on a special page for floating bodies
Where the placement option takes the following values:

h here (the exact location)
t at the top of the page
b at the bottom of the page
p on a special page for floating bodies
Note: the placement option is often left blank with the default
[tbp].
An example should clarify:

An example should clarify:
Say we to import a picture into our document. We could use the

following commands:
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=.5]{baby.jpg}
\caption{Cute Kid!}
\end{figure}
. . . to get:
Figure: Cute Kid!

Remember to keep in mind that for this to work the file you want
to import must be located in the proper folder.
This generally requires that it be stored in the same folder as the

.tex file
This generally requires that it be stored in the same folder as the

.tex file Finally, note that his only works with certain file types.
While not an exhaustive list, some of the most common include

pdf, jpg, png, and eps.
Introduction to Bibliographies
Bibliographies are tedious work. LATEX will do much of the work for
you.
you.
For that you will need a BibTEXfile that contains the bibliographic
information on the works you may cite
you.
The entries in the BibTEXfile will look something like this
@BOOK{Cox1993,
title = {Legislative Leviathan},
publisher = {University of California Press},
year = {1993},
author = {Cox, Gary W. and Matthew D. McCubbins},
address = {Berkeley}
}
you.
The entries in the BibTEXfile will look something like this
@BOOK{Cox1993,
year = {1993},
}
Where Cox1993 is what we call a Marker

Citing with BibTEX
You will need to tell LATEX which citation style to use

Citing with BibTEX
Specifically, we recommend using the natbib package which

provides style files consistent with most of the major citation
formats (including APSA). To do this you need to add the
following lines to your preamble:
\usepackage{natbib}
\bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{}{;}
\bibliographystyle{name of style file}
Citing with BibTEX
Specifically, we recommend using the natbib package which

provides style files consistent with most of the major citation
formats (including APSA). To do this you need to add the
following lines to your preamble:
\usepackage{natbib}
\bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{}{;}
\bibliographystyle{name of style file}
Note that the apsr style file included in the harvard and natbib
packages is NOT fully consistent with the APSA style manual.
Michael Fix and Susanne Schorpp provide a corrected version
available from the Society of Political Methodology.
Citing in LATEX
Back to our example

Citing in LATEX
Back to our example
@BOOK{Cox1993,
year = {1993},
}
Citing in LATEX
Back to our example
@BOOK{Cox1993,
year = {1993},
}
Where Cox1993 is what we call a Marker

Citing in LATEX
The marker can be used to cite the item within the document as
follows:
Citing in LATEX
follows:
\cite{Cox1993}
Citing in LATEX
follows:
\cite{Cox1993}
. . . which will lead to the following output:

(Cox and McCubbins 1993)
Citing in LATEX
Example: Typing this:
According to \citet{Cox1993}, as well as other work

on the subject \citep{Carmines1987,Kiewiet1988},
political science is a really important subject.
Will give you the following output:
According to Cox and McCubbins (1993), as well as other work on

the subject (Carmines, McIver, and Stimson 1987; Kiewiet and
McCubbins 1988), political science is a really important subject.
Citing in LATEX
When using BibTEX you generate a separate file with all your
references with the extension .bib
Citing in LATEX
When using BibTEX you generate a separate file with all your
references with the extension .bib
Using a reference manager such as JabRef (or Zotero)

simplifies and automates this process
Bibliographies with BibTEX
Finally, at the end of the document, where you would like

your reference pages to appear, you add the following line:
\newpage
\bibliography{filename.bib}
Finally, at the end of the document, where you would like your
reference pages to appear, you add the following line:
\newpage
\bibliography{filename.bib}
It is important to note that you will need to compile your

document again after running BibTEX, sometimes 2-3
additional times.
Carmines, Edward G., John McIver, and James A. Stimson. 1987.

Unrealized Partisanship: A Theory of Dealignment. Journal of
Politics 49: 376400.
Cox, Gary W., and Matthew D. McCubbins. 1993. Legislative
Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley: University
of California Press.
Kiewiet, D. Roderick, and Mathew D. McCubbins. 1988.
Presidential Influence on Congressional Appropriations
Decisions. American Journal of Political Science 32: 713736.
Conclusions
We have covered a lot of material today.

Conclusions

We have walked through the basic structure of a proper input
file, the basic of typesetting text and math, and to make
tables and input graphics, and a bit on how to do
bibliographies.
Conclusions

bibliographies.
Nearly everything you will ever need to do builds off of the
simply tools we have introduced.
Conclusions

bibliographies.
google is your friend. If you want to do something specific
with LATEX, chances are you can and someone has already
done so and posted the answer on the web (templates)
Conclusions

bibliographies.
google is your friend. If you want to do something specific
with LATEX, chances are you can and someone has already
done so and posted the answer on the web (templates)
Some initial costs, but high reward!

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Outline Introduction The Basics Typesetting Text Typesetting Math Tables and Figures Bibliography References Closing Stat

Workshop: A Simple Introduction to LATEX

142 October 2012

5 Tables and Figures

LATEX is an alternative to WYSIWYG word processors for

LATEX is an alternative to WYSIWYG word processors for

LATEX is an alternative to WYSIWYG word processors for

Why You Should Use LATEX

Your documents look professionally printed.

Why You Should Use LATEX

Your documents look professionally printed.

Why You Should Use LATEX

Your documents look professionally printed.

Why You Should Use LATEX

Your documents look professionally printed.

Basic Structure of the Input File

For a file to be correctly processed by LATEX there are a

1 Defining the document class

Every file must begin by specifying the document class with

This can be as simple as defining the class:

This can be as simple as defining the class:

Or can be used to specify font size, paper type, and title

Would specify that you wanted to write an article in 11 point

To activate a package, the following command is used:

To activate a package, the following command is used:

For example, in order to typeset many mathematical symbols

Note: options are rarely used with packages.

The Body of the Document

The Body of the Document

. . . and when to end the document with this command:

The Body of the Document

To put the title information at the top of your document,

The Body of the Document

Simply insert the following command at the beginning of

Note: You have to insert the \maketitle command after

Alternatively, you may desire to create a cover page for your

Alternatively, you may desire to create a cover page for your

This is a very short paper! I should get an A for being concise.

A Technical Note File Types

A Technical Note File Types

This file will look something like:

A Technical Note File Types

This file will look something like:

A Technical Note File Types

This file will look something like:

filename.log, filename.snm, filename.vrb, etc.

Writing Text for Your Document

Writing Text for Your Document

Writing Text for Your Document

Writing Text for Your Document

Writing Text for Your Document

Spacing in LATEX is largely automatic. Like a

The Essentials for Proper Spacing I

The dog ran fast.

The dog ran fast.

The dog ran fast.

The Essentials for Proper Spacing I

The dog ran fast.

The dog ran fast.

The dog ran fast.

The output will be the same:

The Essentials for Proper Spacing II

This is the next paragraph.