METALLIC BRIDGES

STR403
Sherif A. Mourad
Professor of Steel Structures and Bridges
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University

Lecture 11 7 May 2012

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Composite Plate Girder Bridges
Previous Lecture
Components.
Design Considerations:
Effective width
Section properties
Stress calculations.
Effect of construction method.

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Composite Plate Girder Bridges

This Lecture
Continuous composite bridges.
Effect of creep and shrinkage.
Shear Connectors:
Types.
Calculations.

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Remember from last week

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Effective Width of Concrete Slab
bEL or bER = the smallest of:
L/8
Half the center-to-center spacing.
6 t (slab).
Distance to slab edge.

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 Stress Computations
Without Shoring (unshored):
fus = MD / Zus + ML / Zus.
fls = MD / Zls + ML / Zls.
fuc = ML / (n * Zuc).
Shored:
fus = (MD + ML) / Zus.
fls = (MD + ML) / Zls.
fuc = (MD + ML) / (n * Zuc).
MD is due to own weight only
ML is due to other dead loads (superimposed dead loads)
and live loads

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Stress Distribution Along Section

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 Continuous Beams
Composite action is only possible when the RC
slab is in the compression zone.
For the negative moment, the concrete will
crack and thus does not enhance the
performance.
The analysis of the beam should consider the
variation in inertia between the composite and
non-composite beam sections.

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 Continuous Beams
Zones of negative moment (intermediate
supports for continuous beams) may be
enhanced by:
Designing a steel section to support the entire loads
(D & LL).
Provide supplementary steel reinforcement to act
with the steel tension flange (shear dowels must be
extended over the support area.
A composite section may be designed to support all
the loads, provided that the tensile stresses in the
concrete does not exceed the allowable values.

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 Calculation of Neutral Axis
If the composite section is in the positive
moment zone, and where the neutral axis
falls inside the concrete slab, the tensile
stresses shall not exceed the values:

Concrete 250 300 400 500

characteristic cube
strength (kg/cm2)
Tensile stress 17 19 23 27
(kg/cm2)
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Continuous Beams
Effective slab width

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Deflection
Live load deflection limitation for
composite bridges is span/800.
For shored construction, composite
section shall resist both DL and LL
deflection.
For unshored construction, dead load
deflection is resisted by the steel section,
whereas the live load deflection is
resisted by the composite section.

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Effect of Creep and Shrinkage

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Design for Creep and Shrinkage
Concrete is subject to creep under sustained
(dead) loading.
The effect is neglected if the composite beam
is unshored.
In bridges, the creep effect may be
approximated by multiplying the modular ratio,
n by 3 in calculated the effect of dead loads.
Creep reduces concrete stresses, so when
computing the maximum concrete stress,
neglect creep.

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Design for Temperature Effect
Variation in temperature to be
considered: 30oC.
The temperature variation is generally
taken as uniform.
Variable temperature distribution should
consider the variation in conductivity
between concrete and steel.

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Shear Connectors Details

Shear connectors shall be designed to

transfer the horizontal shear flow between
steel and concrete.
Longitudinal spacing, e, shall not be more
than 60 cm, three times the slab thickness, or
four times the connector height.
Shearing force:
Total shear for shored construction.
LL + 0.5 DL for unshored construction.

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Stud Shear Connectors

(c) Angle Connectors

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Block Shear Connectors

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Anchor and Hoop Shear
Connectors

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 Shear Connectors spacing
Shear flow = horizontal shear / unit length:
QAc yc
q=
Iv
Where: Q is the shear force, Ac is the area of concrete
section (without haunches), yc is the distance between CG
of the concrete section and that of the composite section,
and Iv is the moment of inertia of the composite section
about its CG.
Pitch, e Iv
e = RSC
QAc yc

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Shear Stud Capacity

Failure Modes:
Steel.
Concrete (bearing).
Weld

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Steel Stud Capacity

Allowable = 0.58 Fy Asc

Asc is the steel cross-sectional area
Fy is the steel yield stress.

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Stud Weld Capacity

Allowable = Fall w Aweld

Aweld is the weld area
Fall w is the allowable weld stress,
including fatigue.

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 Concrete Capacity

Allowable = (Ec fcu ) 1/2 Asc

Ec is the concrete modulus.
fcu is the concrete strength.
Asc is the steel area.
is a factor depending on the shear stud type
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Anchors and Hoops

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Block Connectors

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Channel Connectors

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Angle Connectors

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Stud Connectors

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Stud Connectors

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Detailing Considerations

Minimum cover: 50 mm lateral, 20 mm top.

Maximum shear stud spacing:
600 mm.
Three times the slab thickness.
Four times the connector height.

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