Section 9.

Wall with Moment Applied a t Top

FIG. 17
Ring tensiori Mornent
FIG. 18
Whcn the top of the wall and the roof slab are
inade continuous, as indicated in Fig. 17, the deflection
of the roof slab tends t o rotate the top joint and intro-
duces a moment at the top of the wall. In this section,
the wall is investigated for a momenr of M = 6,700
ft.lb. per ft., the origin of which is discussed later in - Mornent
, added
0 . 4 at top----
this section.
The data in Tables VI and XIIwill be used
although they are prepared for moment applied at one
end of the wall when the other is free. However, these
tables may be used with good degree of accuracy also
when the far end is hinged or fixed. For ring tension,
multiply coefficients from Table VI by MR/H2 = 6,700
X 27/202 = 450 lb. per ft., and for moments, multiply
coefficients from Table XI by M = 6,700 ft.lb. per ft. Ring tension Moment .

Select coefficients for w/Dt = 6. FIG. 19

It should be noted that ri,ng tension and moment The effect of adding a moment of M = 6,700 at
plotted in Fig. 18 are for moment applied at top when the top is shown in Fig. 19. The ring tension is in-
base is free. But the relatively small values near the base creased near the top. This increase may in some in-
in Fig. 18 indicate that the results near the top will be stances become so large that i t affects the design mate-
practically the same whether the base is hinged or rially. The moments are, of course, large a t the top and
fixed. The fact that ring tension and wall moment are not likely to be ignored, but the more important
created by the moment applied a t top diminish so increase in ring tension may accidentally be overlooked.
rapidly is due t o the ring elements which exert a strong In Section 12 it is shown that the moment at
dampening effect. the fixed edge of a roof slab with center support,
The ring tension and the moments determined in R = 27 ft., and a total design load of 650 - 432 = 218
this section are now added t o those in Section 6. lb. per sq.ft.* equals -7,800 it.lb. per ft. of periphery.

Point 1 0.OII 1 0.1H ( 0.2H 1 0.3H 1 0.4H 1 0.59 1 0.6H 0.7H 1 O.BH ( 0.9H 1 1.OH *Wcight of thc roof slab and
Ringten.,Sec.9
- R - ~ ~ 1
O
3 , 8 0 0
1 1
1 11
+ 5 , 1 0 0 + 5 , 9 0 0 + - , 6 0 0 + 2 , 9 0 0 + 1 , 5 0 0 + 500
+28,000 +31,500 +33,700 +3:700 1
1
~ + 1 1 , 1 0 0 +20,300 (+25,300 +28,400 (+30,900 +33,000 +34,200 +32,700 +26,900 +15,600
1
1
1
1
11
300 - 400
*17,200 +l6,000 1( -

-
O
500

500
c a n h covcr minus thc sur-
prcssurc o n thc storcd liquid.

Total ring ten.

Mom., Sec. 9
Mom., Sec. 6 O O1 O 1
+ 6,700 + 3,800 + 1,700 +
+
400
O
- 200
500 +
- 400 - 400 - 300 -
1 , 3 0 , ) + 2,6001 + 4,2001+ 5 , % / + P600 11
Total mom. 1(+ 1 1
6,700 + 3,800 + 1,700 + 1 500 + 1 300 + ( 1 /
900 + 2,200 + 3,900 + 5,100 + 4,600 1 O

PAGE 10
T h ~ svaiue i s used f o r dzrc:.nn;r.airoi: o/ ::~:I::!C+:T r r a n c - Section i C Wall with Moment kpplied at Base
mitted frorn the slab thi-oc,yii thc :n.n: inro :kit- t q u;
the wall.
The roced dure is so mucn Iikc moment distribu-
tion appl~edt o contlnuous frames that the explanation
may be brief. The data in Tables XVIII and XIX are
stiffnesses which denote moments required t o impart
a unit rotation at the edge of the wall and the slab.
Only relative values of stiffness are required in this
~1 D
2
P ~ I C ~ ~ I O ~
The moirirnr required t o rotate the tangent at
the edgc through a given angle is proportional t o the
following relati ve stiffness factors.
FIG. 21
For wall (Table XVIII for H2/Dr = 6):
0.78jt3/H = 0.783 X 153/20 = 132 l n Sections 4 throueh 9, t h e wall has been as-
c.

For slab (Table XIX for C/D = 0.15): sumed t o rest on a footing nor continuous w i t h the
0.332$/R = 0.332 X 123/27 = 21 bottom slab. The condition t o be investigated in this
section is illustrated in Fig. " 21. in which the wall is
The distribution factors are made continuous w i t h a reinfbrced bottom slab de-
" 132 signed for uplift.
For wall:
132 +
21
= 036 The desien of t h e slab is discussed in Section 13
V

in which i t is shown t h a t the moment at the fixed edge

L1 is -27,100 ft.lb. per ft. N o surpressure on the liquid
For slab:
132 + 21 = 0.14 ,
is considered in computing this moment and, there-
fore, i t must also be disregarded in the design of the
The dimensions used for the slab are the saine wall. Accordingly in this section, only triangular load
as in Section 12. is considered, but if the slab had been designed for
u

surpressure, trapezoidal load should be used for the

wall design.
he moment at the base of rhe wall is first com-
puted on the assumption t h a t the edge is fixed, and a
correction is then made for rotation of the edge. The
fixed end moment a t base of wall is determined for the
triangular loading in Section 4 w i t h coeficients selected
Wal I
from Table VI1 for p / D t = 6 Its value is
(a) Fixed end momcnts (b) Final moments Mom. = -0.0187 X wH3 = -0.0187 X 62.5 X 203
FIG. 20
= -9,350,say, -9,300ft.lb. perft.
As long as the base is artificially fixed ngainst
The moment of -7,800 ft.lb. tends t o rotate t h e any rotation, i t is subject t o t w o moments both of
fixed joint as shown i n Fig. 20(a). When the artificial which tend t o rotate the joint in the same direction
restraint is removed, t h e rotation of the joint will in- as shown in Fig. 22(a). One moment is due t o the out-
duce new moments in wall and slab. The sums of t h e ward pressure of t h e Jiquid, t h e other due t o the
induced moments and t h e original fixed end moments upward reaction from the subgrade. The base joint is
are the final moments. They must be equal but oppo- not in equilibrium and when t h e artificial restraint is
site in direction as indicated i n Fig. 20(b). The calcu- removed, i t will rotate. The rotation induces moments
lations may be arranged in accordance w i t h the usual in wall and slab, and the induced moments added t o
moment distribution procedure.
Wall 1 Slab Wall
I
Distribution factor - 0.86 - 0.14
Fixed end moment O -7,800
Induced moment (distributed moment) -- +
6,700 1,100 +
Final moment +
6,701: - 6,700
T h e induced moments equal -7,800 times the
distribution factors and are recorded w i t h signs oppo-
site t o t h a t of t h e fixed end moment (unbalanced
rnoment). Note t h a t t h e wall sriffness is more than six (a) Fixed en3 morna-~t+ (O) Final rnomentz
times t h a t of t h e slab. FIG. 22

PAGE 1 1
 ~ h cc)rjg~n;~,f i x ~ r .e::( rnoments mus; i; o. -i;-l. ,:
mapnitude thar the combined moments zre cq:ial hn:
of opposite direction as indicated in Fig. 223,). Caicu- Moment ~t base
-
lation of the final momr-irs mAy be arranged in accord-
/

anie with the usual mcrnenr distribution procedure. '/t-Hinged

U 7 1 I Slab Actual +22,000
Distribution factor
(same as in Section 9) 0.86 0.14
Fixed end moment - 9,300 - 27,100 Lease
Induced moment FIG. 23
(distributed moment] + 31,300 + 5,100
Final moment + 22,000 - 22,000 First, assume the base fixed; and second, apply a mo-
The induced moments, often denoted as distrib- ment of 9,300 + 22,000 = 31,300 fr.lb. per ft. of rhe
uted moments, are computed by multiplying the "un- base. Finally, combine the resulrs of the two steps. The
balanced momenr", 9,300 +
27,100 = 36,400, by the triangular loading is the same as in Section 4, and the
distribution factors The fixed end moments are re- value of H2/Dt = 6 is the same as brfore. For ring
corded with the same sign, negative, since they have tension, multiply coefficients by WHR'= 33,750 lb. per

positive signs. .
the same direction. The induced moments both have ft. (triangular), and by MRIH2 = 31,300 X 27/202 =
2,110 lb. per ft. ( M a t base).

The rotation of the base and the consequent dis- For moments in a vertical strip, 1 ft. wide, mul-
tribution of moment reveal a significant fact. The tiply bv wH3 = 500,000 ft.lb. per ft. (triangular), and
change in moment is from -27,100 to -22,000 in the by M = 31,300 ft.lb. per ft. (M at base).

slab but from -9,300 t o +22,000 in the wall. For the Ring tension and moments both for fixcd base
wall, the effects of three conditions of restraint a t the and for actual base condition are plotted in Fig. 24.
base are shown diagram-
matically in Fig. 23. T h e
a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n is n o t
between fixed and hinged
but is far beyond the hinged
base a s s u m p t i o n . S i n c e
the distance between the
straight line and the deflec-
tion curves in Fig . 23 repre-
sents the magnitude of ring

7 tension, it is obviously un-

safe to base the design on
hinged and especially o n
fixed-base assumptions.
The wall will now be
investigated in two steps. Ring tension FIG. 24 Moment

7 PAGE 1 2
 The ni;xirnun! 7:r.g r c n r : ~ ; . :: ;-.4311 i rhc basc [!le ~t.:z2'i,~:cri: i:ur) Tah:t XIT L: P<I:,.-I:I.Wl<:-9 1:
is fixcd; bu; actuaIIy i r 1: ~ ; ~ F T o > : ~ I ~ : c Lj5,801)
~\. lb.. a. :., pi.:: = -I.115 j . f.': > 132 = .-1,.2nO ft.lb. prr
increase of 117 per cent. ~ o m e n ar t ~ i i ebase is changed f t . U! ll:ri!..h::i- insld:
Li .~I:-:.C,-
4 L O ~ C:01 L al1 calcu-
from -9,300 ft.lb. (tension 1rA insideji to 4-22.00 lations k r r : ,ictuall\-. ;i .::-;;. ..\ i . i !..-crr r ~ l u eshoui?
ft.lb. (tension in outside). l c is clcar that continuity be uscd iur >Gne c j i rhc r.~icr.:::!:.>r,s. 1-roportionin~
tti

between wall and bottom slab materiaily affects both of the slab shoulc' he m:ide a r insidr face.of wall.
ring tension and moments. It must be considered in
the desirrn.
L.

Shear a t base of wall when the base is fixed may

be compured as the sum of the products of coefficients
takeii from Tatilr XVI multiplied by zuH2 = 67.5 X 202
= 25.00C lh. prr f r . (triangular), and M / H = 31,300/2,
= 1,505 11:. per f t . (M at base).
When basc is fixed: Wal l
0.197 X wH2 = 0.197 X 25,00C = 3- 4,930 lb. (a)Fixed end moments (b) ~ i n a inlornents
ERect of M at base:
- 4.49 M / H = - 4.49 X 1,565 = - - 7,020
-.
lb. FIG. 26

Shear with base released: V = - 2,090 lb.

The tensile stress on the transformed scction in
Section 6 (A, = 2.34 sq.in.) is . at the edge has already been illustrated in Sections 9
Section 1 1 . Roof Slab without Center Support
FIG. 25
The applicatioo of data for design of roof slabs
without interior support is illustrated for the tank
sketched in Fig. 25 which carrics a superimposed load
of 500 lb. per sq.ft. of roof area. The diameter of 54 ft.
used in other sections is too large for economical design
of this roof slab without center support, so the dimen-
sions in Fig. 25 have been substituted. The total design
load is p = 500 +
125 = 625 lb. per sq.ft.
For the wall, H2/Dt = 16.02/26.0 X 1.0 = 9.8,
say, 10. From Table XVIII, for @/Dt = 10, the relative
stiffness of the wall is 1.010P/H=1.010~123/16= 109.
The relative stiffness of a circular plate without interior
support (from Table XIX) is 0.104fl/R = 0.104 X 103113
= 8.0. The relative values computed suffice for the cal-
culation of distribution factors which are
109
For wall: --- = 0.93
109 8 + The most convenient way to do t h is to add 0.125 to
8 tangential momcnts, and then to multiply the modified
For slab: --- - - 0.07
109 8 + coeicients by pR2. Note that the coefficient for radial
When the slab is considered fixed at the edge, the
edge moment may be computed by multiplying pR2 by
The procedure in determining the final moment
and 10. The fixed end moments at the edge of the slab
in this secrion are shown in Fig. 26(a), and the final
moments in Fig. 26(b) are computed below by the
ordinary moment distribution procedure.
Distribution factor
Fixed end moment
-"10.93
' 1-
O
I E - 13,200
Induced moment
(distributed moment) + 12,300
Final moment f 12,300 1 - 12,300
It is seen that a large moment is induced in the
top of the wall. It has been shown in Section 9 how to
determine ring tensions and moments in a wall caused
by a moment at top of the wall. The slab only is dis-
cussed in this section.
Unir shear: v =
v =
- 4,060
= 45 p.s.i.
0.875 X 12 X 8.5
0.875bd
The roof slab in Fig. 25 is first assumed to be
fixed and a correction is then added for the effect of a
moment applied at the edge. For illustration, consider
a tank in which the joint at top of wall is discontinuous
so the slab may be assumed to be hinged. Thc moments
in the hinged slab may be computed by determining
moments in a fixed slab, using coefficients in Table XII,
and adding t o them the moments in a slab in which
an edge moment of 0.125pR2 ft.lb. per ft. is app!ied.
al1 the coefficients in Table XII, both for radial and
moment at the edge becomes zero by the addition of
0.125, and the tangential moment becomes 0.100. These
are the values for a slab hinged at the edge.

PAGE 13
 ri?,: r:.-*?itm :h: n,::!:,zr: . :
i:i
. .
,.. .
, -
i ;:,.
,
~f r;lrlial bars fo; p ~ s i i i \ . :
!;I*<cs! ilir:.i>~~
slab equals +
993 ft.1 b. pc: t : T Y-,.. . ti .):.c. .i L... ..i!i:. hii-:.ct!: T'oirir- :!.?l.:and 0.4R wlirre rhc
!.
moment cocfficients are thosc fc)r fixcci edge i:: ' I a h i c J5; 1; ,~ik.I:!~C. n:~: l i s ciliximuni value. At Point 0 . 4 R , the
t o each of which musr be addrd a quAntir!- e q u a l r ; i7?o!;>cnris 5,50Ci fr.lb. Fe; fr., and rhr length of t h t
$- 900/pK2 = $- 900/625 X 13? = O.OOy. Thc ccl- + soncentric c ~ r c l r t ; r o u y h 0 . 4 R is 7 s ( 0 . 4 R ) = 21; >: 0.a
efficirnts and moments are as follows, Point O.OR dcnor- X 13 = 32.7 f[.
ing the centcr and Point 1.OR theedge of slab. Multiply 3?-7M
At Point 0 . 4 R : As = --- = -32.7 X.5.5 = 13.g sq,in
c o e ~ c i e n t sby fiR2 = 625 X 132 = 105,600 ft.lb. per fr. ad 1.44X9.0
.- . .. . . -- -- Use t h i r t y - t w o
. . ..- _
Gc,,.
-
,.
-
.
..
p.
-
i O.0Ii
--
/ 0.1111 0.2R ( 0.3R 1 0.4X 0.5R 1 0.6R / 0.7K j 0.81: ( 0.9R ' !.DI( 1
- - ; a-in. round

/ -+
, . . 1
'. ~0.075 -0.073 140.067 1 -0.057 ; +0.043 ' -0.003 1 -0.023 / -0.053 ; -0.08; - 0.1?5:
+o.o~!, hars(A,= 14.06).
Add 0.003
Coef.: T ~ ~ IX OI I T i n p
T h e dash
! ~ d c 0.009 l i n e i n F i g . 27
- .- .- ---. -
S ~ O W St h a t t h e
pp

Ra.1 n m,. per it.

tan^. nom. per ft. radial moment
Ra,!. niom per seg:
per segment con-
v e r a"e s t o w a r d
zcro at chr center. Actually, most of the radial bar5

-
musr bc extended close t o or across the center.
Radial mom. per f t of width
t
t.
w

O
Y OS 0;2 O;? 0i4 0;s 0:6
4 Bars

FIG. 27
The solid-line curves in Fig. 27 are for moments
per ft. of width. The dash line indicates radial moments
for a segment t h a t is 1 fr. wide a t t h e edge. Values on
the dash line are obtained by multiplying the radial
moment per ft. by the fraction indicating its distance
from the center.'For example, multiply 12,300 by 1.0;
8,200 by 0 . 9 ; 4,700 by 0.8; and so forth.
The maximum negative moment is 12,300 ft.lb.
per ft.
Use 1-in. round bars spaced 9% in. O.C.( A J =
1.00) i n t o p of slab and outside of wall a t corner. Total
number required is 2nR,/9.5 = 2 n X 13 X 12/9.5 = 103,
say, 104 bars.
From Table 4 (Handbook**), for bd = 12 X 8%: F
= 0.072, and K = M/F = 12.3/0.072 = 171. K = 236 is
allowed for fJ/n/fc' = 20,000/10/3,000.
I t is seen from the dash line in Fig. 27 that one-
half of the 104 t o p bars may be discontinued a t a dis-
tance from the inside of the wall equal t o 0.13R 12
diameters = 0.13 X 13 12 X 1.0/12 = 1.69 + 1.00 =
2.69 ft., say, 2 ft. 9 in. The other 52 t o p bars may be
discontinued a t a distance of 0.37R 12 diameters =
0.37 X 13 +
12 X 1.0/12 = 4 . 8 - k 1.0 = 5.8ft., say,
- 4brs
4 Barc
Total : 16-5/44
18'-3"long
Use S'minimum
spacing where bar5
cross at center
FIG. 28
Fig. 28 shows one arrangement w i t h eight radial
bars in each quadrant. Sixteen bars, 18 ft. 3 in. long, are
required for the whole slab and are bent as shown, the
minimum spacing at center being approximately 3 in.
If desired, some of t h e bars in Fig. 28 rnay be discon-
tinued in accordance w i t h the steel requirements repre-
sented by t h e dash line in Fi-g. 27. Note t h a t there are
only t w o layers where the bars cross a t center in Fig. 28
and t h a t onlv four types of bent bars are required.
Ring bars are proportioned so as to fit the
tangential moment curve in Fig. 27. The radius of the
smallest ring bar may be 1 ft. Maximum area is required
M
near t h e center and equals AJ = - = = 0.73
ad 1 . 4 4 X 8 . 5
sq.in. Use ?.$-in. round bars spaced 10 in. O.C.
+ Ring bar areas decrease graduallv roward Point
+ 0 . 9 R . Inside this point, the bars are al1 'n t h e bottom,
but outside, thep are in the top. Laps may be spliced in
+ accordance w i t h code requirements, o r t h e joints may
be welded.
-

5 ft. 10 in. from the inside of the wall. All these bars are '1 f r . widc ar cdgc.
placed radial.]y. **RrinforcrdConrrrrr Drsign Handbook o[ rhr Amrrjcaa Coricrrtr Itlrrzturr.

PAGE 14
Section 12. Rooc 5lab ,*i:b C e n b e : iup?c.d .-, ;ir: ::lri. : :o;.? disrriburioi?. The fiiial edpe irio:!icr,-
. .
J' s. ::: -. :VI:, si:ih 1s designed 1s -23,20,3 ', 1 \J. .:
= - - .?,:!:0;t ir . i h . per fr.
'Th: yrc)cedure is to design the slab for fixed e d ~ r
(-23.200 i ~ . l h . ) 2. n d thcn add rhe effect of a rnorricn:
of 23,200 - 20,000 = 3,200 ft.lb. applied at rhe edgc.
but first, shearing stresses are investigared.
The column load is determined by multiplying
coeficienrs taken from Table XVII hv pR2.
\i7hen edge is fixed :
1.007 pR2 = 1.0C7 X 650 'b. 27: = 478,0001b.
FIG. 29 Effect of momrnr ar rdse:
9.29 M = 9.29 X 3,200 = 30,000 lb.
l n chis secrion the original rank dimensions Total colurnn load = 508,000 lb.
pven in Secrions 4 through 10 wiIl be used. The rop Load on concrete in 30-in. round ried column:
slab 1s as sketched in Fig. 29. It is designed for a super-
imposed load of 500 lb. per sq.ft. Its thickness is 12 in., 0.225 X 3,000 X 0.8 XAg. = 382,000 lb.
and i r has a drop paneI with 6-in. depth and 12-ft.
Balance: 508,000 - 382,000 = 126,000 lb.
diameter. The capital of the column has a diameter of Use ten l-in. square bars.
r = 8 fr. Slab and wall are assumed t o be continuous.
Radius of critical section for shear around capital
Data are presented in Tables XIR, XIV and XV
for slabs with center support for the following ratios +
is 48 18 - 1.5 = 64.5 in. = 5.37 ft. Length of this sec-
of capital to wall diameter: C / D= 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20, tion is 2 r X 64.5 = 405 in. Load on area within the
and 0.25. The tables are for fixed and hinged edge as section is 650 X r X 5.372 = 59,000 lb. Unit shear
well as for a moment applied ar the edgc. equals
The general procedure in this section is the same u=---
v - 508,000 - 59,000 = 77 p.s.i.
as in Secrion 11. First consider the edge fixed and com- 0.875bd 0.875 X 405 X 16.5
pute fixed end moments. Then, distribute moments a t Radius of critical section for shear around drop
the edge, and finally, make adjustments for the change panel is 7 2 +
12 - 1.5 = 82.5 in. = 6.88 f t . Length of
in edge
- moment. rhis secrion is 2 r X 82.5 = 518 in. Load on area wirhin
Al1 the table values are based on a uniform slab the secrion 1s 650 X r X 6.882 = 96.000 lb. Unir shear
thickness. Adding the drop panel will have some effect, equals
but it is believed that the'chantre " is relativelv small 1' = --
v 508,000 - 96,000 = 87 p.s.i.
especially since the ratio of panel area t o total slab area 0.875bd - 0.875 X 518 X 10.5
is as small as 1 :20.
Shear at edge of wall: V = rpR2 - column load
The relative stiffness factors are 0.86 for the wall = ?r X650 X 272 - 508,000 = 1,489,000 - 508,000 =
and 0.14 for the slab ( ~ c cScction 9). 981,000 lb. Unit shear is
The radial fixed end moment equals the coeffi-
cient of -0.0490 from Table 'XIII (for C / D = 8/54 = u=--
v 981,000
0.15 a t Point 1.OR) multiplied by pR2. Two values of 0.87561 - 0.875 X ?r X 2 X 27 X 12 X 10.5
p will be considered. For the slab, use p = 650, which = 52 p.s.i.
gives -0.0490 X 650 X 2T2 = -23,200 ft.ib. per ft. The radial moments are computed by selecting
Whcn therc is a surpressure on the liquid in the tank of coefficients for C / D = 0.15 from Tables XIII and XV,
432 lb. per sq.ft., the combined downward load on the and multiplying them by pR2 = 650 X 272 = 474,000
slab is p = ,650 - 432 = 218, and the fixcd cnd mo- ft.lb. per ft. (for fixed edge), and by M = 3,200 ft.lb.
ment is -0.0490 X 218 X 272 = -7,800 ft.ib: per ft. per fr. (for moment at edge).

This is used as basis for the moment distribution in Radial moments in the last line are for a segment
Section 9 which results in a final edgc moment of haring an arc 1 ft. long a t the edge (Point 1.OR). Thcy
-7,800 ( 1 - 0.14) = -6,700. The wall is designed for are obtained by multiplying the original momcnt per
this moment with opposite sign combined with a fr. by the fraction indicating its distance from the
 !;.ni.. slat,. Ti:c rt:icc;ini: \,.,lohe used here for radia!
The rnorncTw ir. ::,c , v ! ? C . ne, c : .st:.A;,,.
-.,;)rr:c-n:~ a i r h t cnnir;l c,n> *.-i;cnrial monienci ar
arc plocred in Fig 3. Thc ni;!xirnsi~; ,,,,LaL~ve
.------ ~IC~ITIL-~ . ;c;.,:-.i co~il; prub:l!4! >c r d ~ ~ ~ :i.lc,r,.
c . : hut [he\- are
ar the cencer occurs ac [he edge of rhe column capii :. !ir.ca;i. ;nrriparariveI!. irn:i:I c:,:: .,~,i;hout the re-
Th circumference of the capital is ir fr., and thc tri:;!; . . !.:

maximum negative momenr around the edge i i 52.73,' , c.- r h c

.-'.,, siar in Fig 74 t h e iiiomenc around
r.:i...
X 6r = 1,425,000 fr.lb. :ii- rt:!: o! rhe capital \vili thrii ht r,nen.as (1 - 0.28)
i: ; .4:j.%X, = 1,026,000 ft.lb. The strel area is

Use twenty-eight 1'4-in. square bars (AJ =

43.68) and arrange the bars in top of the slah as in
Fig. 31.

i
Edge ofdrop panel

Radial moments ver cegrnent

Total: 14.
18'-9"luriu

1 \\' FIG. 31
Use 3Mrninimumspacing
where bars croir at center

The theoretical moment across the section
around the capital is larger than the moment that
actually exists. It should be remembcred that the
m,ment coficients in this section are computed for a
slab that is assumed t o be fixed at the edge of the
capital. Actually, the edge is not fixed, but it has some
rotation and a reduction in the theoretical moment
results.
The problem of determining the actual moment
at the capital is similar to that which exists in regular
flat slab design. As a matter of fact, the region around
the centcr column in the tank slab is stressed very
much as in ordinary flat slab floor construction, so that
the design should be practically identical in the column
region of both types of structures.
Westergaard* has worked out momcnts in flat
slab in terms of the quantity: 0.125WL (1 - 2 ~ / 3 L ) ~ .
In al1 modern codes, however, the coefficient of 0.125
is vcplaced by 0.09, a reduction of 28 per cent. Other
adjustments made in such codcs introduce still greater
reductions in some of the theoretical moments a t the
column capital. Such modified design moments have
been thoroughly investigated by numerous test loadings
of flat slab floors and are generally accepted for use in
design.
- 16 ft., use the dash-line curvc in Fig. 30 for determining
In view of the facts discussed, it seems reasonable
and conservative t o allow a 28 psr cent reduction in the
theoretical moments around the center column of the
Across thr edge of the drop panel the moment is
20,000 ft.lb. per ft. at Point (6/27)R = 0.22R, or
M = 127r X 20,000 X (1 0.28)= 543,000 ft.lb. -
The twenty-eight 1%-in. square bars are ample.
Positive moment per segment is maximuin at
Point 0.6R as indicatcd by the dash-line curve in Fig.
30. The total moment a t this point is
M = 14,400 X 2 r X 0;6 X 27 = 1,465,000'ft.lb.
Use one hundred sixty B-in. round bars(AJ = 96).
27r X 0.6 X 27 X 12
Spacing a t Point 0.6R is =7.6 in.
160
Positive reinforcement may be discontinued at
points 12 diameters beyond sections 0.30 X 27 = 8.1 ft.
and 0.83 X 27 = 22.4 ft. from the center as shown by
the curves in Fig. 30. The total over-al1 length of posi-
tive reinforcement is
22.4 - 8.1 2 X +
= 16.0 ft.
If some of these bars are t o be made shorter [han
where bars can br discontinued.
'"Morncnrs and Srrcsscs in Slabs", Procctdtng~ oj Amrricrn Co~rcrct,
Inrrrrr~rc,1921, pagcs 41 5-538.

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