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Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an
inn in Braunau am Inn, Austria–Hungary, the fourth of Alois and Klara
Hitler's six children.
Hitler wanted to be an artist, but his father forced him to join a technical
school. He became rebellious and didnt obey his father. He was a
recalcitrant student and was expelled from his school. He had struggle in
his childhood. He was attached to his mother and when his mother died, he
had difficulties.
Within three years, Germany and the Axis powers had occupied most of
Europe, and most of Northern Africa, East and Southeast Asia and the
Pacific Ocean. However, with the reversal of the Nazi invasion of the
Soviet Union, the Allies gained the upper hand from 1942 onwards. By
1945, Allied armies had invaded German-held Europe from all sides. Nazi
forces engaged in numerous violent acts during the war, including the
systematic murder of as many as 17 million civilians, an estimated six
million of whom were Jews targeted in the Holocaust and between
500,000 and 1,500,000 were Romanis. Others targeted included ethnic
Poles, Soviet civilians, Soviet prisoners of war, people with disabilities,
homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and other political and religious
opponents.
In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler
Hitler was a very good orator and he wrote a book title Main Kaimf. He
also wrote articles. He was also an actor and was a part of many films. He
is known as one of the worst dictators of 20th century. He mercilessly
killed millions of persons and will always be remembered for his cruelty.
Hitler claimed that Jews were enemies of the Aryan race. He held them
responsible for Austria's crisis. He also identified certain forms of
socialism and Bolshevism, which had many Jewish leaders, as Jewish
movements, merging his antisemitism with anti-Marxism. Later, blaming
Germany's military defeat in World War I on the 1918 revolutions, he
considered Jews the culprits of Imperial Germany's downfall and
subsequent economic problems as well.
Hitler contributed slightly to the design of the car that later became the
Volkswagen Beetle and charged Ferdinand Porsche with its design and
construction.
Hitler considered Sparta to be the first National Socialist state, and praised
its early eugenics treatment of deformed children.86]
A major initiative in Hitler's foreign policy in his early years was to create
an alliance with Britain. In the 1920s, Hitler wrote that a future National
Socialist foreign policy goal was "the destruction of Russia with the help
of England."100] In May 1933, Alfred Rosenberg in his capacity as head
of the Nazi Party's Aussenpolitisches Amt (Foreign Political Office)
In line with the views he advocated in Mein Kampf and Zweites Buch
about the necessity of building an Anglo-German alliance, Hitler, in a
meeting in November 1933 with the British Ambassador, Sir Eric Phipps,
offered a scheme in which Britain would support a 300,000-strong German
Army in exchange for a German "guarantee" of the British Empire.103] In
response, the British stated a 10-year waiting period would be necessary
before Britain would support an increase in the size of the German
Army.103] A more successful initiative in foreign policy occurred with
relations with Poland. In spite of intense opposition from the military and
the Auswärtiges Amt who preferred closer ties with the Soviet Union,
Hitler, in the fall of 1933 opened secret talks with Poland that were to lead
to the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact of January 1934.102]
In February 1934, Hitler met with the British Lord Privy Seal, Sir Anthony
Eden, and hinted strongly that Germany already possessed an Air Force,
which had been forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.104] In the fall of
1934, Hitler was seriously concerned over the dangers of inflation
damaging his popularity.105] In a secret speech given before his Cabinet
on 5 November 1934, Hitler stated he had "given the working class his
word that he would allow no price increases. Wage-earners would accuse
him of breaking his word if he did not act against the rising prices.
Revolutionary conditions among the people would be the further
consequence."105]
Starting in April 1935, disenchantment with how the Third Reich had
developed in practice as opposed to what been promised led many in the
Nazi Party, especially the Alte Kämpfer (Old Fighters; i.e., those who
joined the Party before 1930, and who tended to be the most ardent anti-
Semitics in the Party), and the SA into lashing out against Germany's
Jewish minority as a way of expressing their frustrations against a group
that the authorities would not generally protect.108] The rank and file of
the Party were most unhappy that two years into the Third Reich, and
despite countless promises by Hitler prior to 1933, no law had been passed
banning marriage or sex between those Germans belonging to the "Aryan"
and Jewish "races". A Gestapo report from the spring of 1935 stated that
the rank and file of the Nazi Party would "set in motion by us from
below," a solution to the "Jewish problem," "that the government would
then have to follow."109] As a result, Nazi Party activists and the SA
started a major wave of assaults, vandalism and boycotts against German
Jews.110]
In the summer of 1935, Hitler was informed that, between inflation and the
need to use foreign exchange to buy raw materials Germany lacked for
rearmament, there were only 5 million Reichmarks available for military
expenditure, and a pressing need for some 300,000 Reichmarks/day to
prevent food shortages.116] In August 1935, Dr. Hjalmar Schacht advised
Hitler that the wave of anti-Semitic violence was interfering with the
workings of the economy, and hence rearmament.117] Following Dr.
Schacht's complaints, plus reports that the German public did not approve
of the wave of anti-Semitic violence, and that continuing police toleration
of the violence was hurting the regime's popularity with the wider public,
Hitler ordered a stop to "individual actions" against German Jews on 8
August 1935.117] From Hitler's perspective, it was imperative to bring in
harsh new anti-Semitic laws as a consolation prize for those Party
members who were disappointed with Hitler's halt order of 8 August,
especially because Hitler had only reluctantly given the halt order for
pragmatic reasons, and his sympathies were with the Party radicals.117]
The annual Nazi Party Rally held at Nuremberg in September 1935 was to
feature the first session of the Reichstag held at that city since 1543. Hitler
had planned to have the Reichstag pass a law making the Nazi Swastika
At the last minute before the Nuremberg Party Rally was due to begin, the
German Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath persuaded Hitler
to cancel his speech praising Italy for her willingness to commit
aggression. Neurath convinced Hitler that his speech was too provocative
to public opinion abroad as it contradicted the message of Hitler's "peace
speeches", thus leaving Hitler with the sudden need to have something else
to address the first meeting of the Reichstag in Nuremberg since 1543,
other than the Reich Flag Law.120] On 13 September 1935, Hitler
hurriedly ordered two civil servants, Dr. Bernhard Lösener and Franz
Albrecht Medicus of the Interior Ministry to fly to Nuremberg to start
drafting anti-Semitic laws for Hitler to present to the Reichstag for 15
September.118] On the evening of 15 September, Hitler presented two
laws before the Reichstag banning sex and marriage between Aryan and
Jewish Germans, the employment of Aryan woman under the age of 45 in
Jewish households, and deprived "non-Aryans" of the benefits of German
citizenship.121] The laws of September 1935 are generally known as the
Nuremberg Laws.
Since the outbreak of the French Revolution, the world has been moving
with ever increasing speed toward a new conflict, the most extreme
solution of which is called Bolshevism, whose essence and aim, however,
are solely the elimination of those strata of mankind which have hitherto
provided the leadership and their replacement by worldwide Jewry. No
state will be able to withdraw or even remain at a distance from this
historical conflict . . . It is not the aim of this memorandum to prophesy the
time when the untenable situation in Europe will become an open crisis. I
only want, in these lines, to set down my conviction that this crisis cannot
and will not fail to arrive and that it is Germany's duty to secure her own
existence by every means in face of this catastrophe, and to protect herself
against it, and that from this compulsion there arises a series of
conclusions relating to the most important tasks that our people have ever
been set. For a victory of Bolshevism over Germany would not lead to a
Versailles treaty, but to the final destruction, indeed the annihilation of the
German people . . . I consider it necessary for the Reichstag to pass the
following two laws: 1) A law providing the death penalty for economic
sabotage and 2) A law making the whole of Jewry liable for all damage
inflicted by individual specimens of this community of criminals upon the
German economy, and thus upon the German people.130]
Hitler called for Germany to have the world's "first army" in terms of
fighting power within the next four years and that "the extent of the
military development of our resources cannot be too large, nor its pace too
swift" (italics in the original) and the role of the economy was simply to
support "Germany's self-assertion and the extension of her
Lebensraum."131]132] Hitler went on to write that given the magnitude of
the coming struggle that the concerns expressed by members of the "free
In August 1936, the freelance Nazi diplomat Joachim von Ribbentrop was
appointed German Ambassador to the Embassy of Germany in London at
the Court of St. James's. Before Ribbentrop left to take up his post in
October 1936, Hitler told him: "Ribbentrop . . . get Britain to join the Anti-
Comintern Pact, that is what I want most of all. I have sent you as the best
man I've got. Do what you can . . . But if in future all our efforts are still in
vain, fair enough, then I'm ready for war as well. I would regret it very
much, but if it has to be, there it is. But I think it would be a short war and
the moment it is over, I will then be ready at any time to offer the British
an honourable peace acceptable to both sides. However, I would then
demand that Britain join the Anti-Comintern Pact or perhaps some other
pact. But get on with it, Ribbentrop, you have the trumps in your hand,
play them well. I'm ready at any time for an air pact as well. Do your best.
I will follow your efforts with interest".135]
On 25 October 1936, an Axis was declared between Italy and Germany
By the latter half of 1937, Hitler had abandoned his dream of an Anglo-
German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership for turning down
his offers of an alliance.136] In a talk with the League of Nations High
Commissioner for the Free City of Danzig, the Swiss diplomat Carl Jacob
Burckhardt in September 1937, Hitler protested what he regarded as
British interference in the "German sphere" in Europe, though in the same
talk, Hitler made clear his view of Britain as an ideal ally, which for pure
selfishness was blocking German plans.136]
Hitler had suffered severely from stomach pains and eczema in 1936–37,
leading to his remark to the Nazi Party's propaganda leadership in October
1937 that because both parents died early in their lives, he would probably
follow suit, leaving him with only a few years to obtain the necessary
Lebensraum.137]138] About the same time, Dr. Goebbels noted in his
diary Hitler now wished to see the "Great Germanic Reich" he envisioned
in his own lifetime rather than leaving the work of building the "Great
Late in November 1937, Hitler received as his guest the British Lord Privy
Seal, Lord Halifax who was visiting Germany ostensibly as part of a
hunting trip. Speaking of changes to Germany's frontiers, Halifax told
Hitler that: "All other questions fall into the category of possible
alterations in the European order which might be destined to come about
with the passage of time. Amongst these questions were Danzig, Austria
and Czechoslovakia. England was interested to see that any alterations
should come through the course of peaceful evolution and that the methods
should be avoided which might cause far-reaching disturbances."146]
Significantly, Halifax made clear in his statements to Hitler—though
whether Hitler appreciated the significance of this or not is unclear—that
any possible territorial changes had to be accomplished peacefully, and
that though Britain had no security commitments in Eastern Europe
beyond the Covenant of the League of Nations, would not tolerate
territorial changes via war.147] Hitler seems to have misunderstood
Halifax's remarks as confirming his conviction that Britain would just
stand aside while he pursued his strategy of limited wars in Eastern
Europe.
Hitler was most unhappy with the criticism of his intentions expressed by
Neurath, Blomberg, and Fritsch in the Hossbach Memo, and in early 1938
asserted his control of the military-foreign policy apparatus through the
Blomberg-Fritsch Affair, the abolition of the War Ministry and its
replacement by the OKW, and by sacking Neurath as Foreign Minister on
4 February 1938, assuming the rank, role and tile of the Oberster
Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht (supreme commander of the armed
forces).148] The British economic historian Richard Overy commented
that the establishment of the OKW in February 1938 was a clear sign of
what Hitler's intentions were since supreme headquarters organizations
One of the foundations of Hitler's social policies was the concept of racial
hygiene. It was based on the ideas of Arthur de Gobineau, a French count;
eugenics, a pseudo-science that advocated racial purity; and social
Darwinism. Applied to human beings, "survival of the fittest" was
interpreted as requiring racial purity and killing off "life unworthy of life."
The first victims were children with physical and developmental
disabilities; those killings occurred in a programme dubbed Action
T4.151] After a public outcry, Hitler made a show of ending this program,
but the killings in fact continued (see Nazi eugenics).
In February 1938, Hitler finally ended the dilemma that had plagued
German Far Eastern policy, namely whether to continue the informal Sino-
German alliance that existed with Republic of China since the 1910s or to
create a new alliance with Japan. The military at the time strongly
favoured continuing Germany's alliance with China. China had the support
of Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath and War Minister Werner von
On 3 March 1938, the British Ambassador Sir Neville Henderson met with
Hitler and presented on behalf of his government a proposal for an
international consortium to rule much of Africa (in which Germany would
be assigned a leading role) in exchange for a German promise never to
resort to war to change the frontiers.160] Hitler, who was more interested
in Lebensraum in Eastern Europe than in participating in international
consortiums, rejected the British offer, using as his excuse that he wanted
the former German African colonies returned to the Reich, not an
In April 1938, Hitler ordered the OKW to start preparing plans for Fall
Grün (Case Green), the codename for an invasion of Czechoslovakia.167]
Further increasing the tension in Europe was the May Crisis of 19–22 May
1938. The May Crisis of 1938 was a false alarm caused by rumours that
Czechoslovakia would be invaded the weekend of the municipal elections
On 4 August 1938, a secret Army meeting was held at which Beck read his
report. They agreed something had to be done to prevent certain disaster.
Beck hoped they would all resign together but no one resigned except
Beck. However his replacement, General Franz Halder, sympathised with
Beck and together they conspired with several top generals, Admiral
Wilhelm Canaris (Chief of German Intelligence) and Graf von Helldorf
(Berlin's Police Chief), to arrest Hitler the moment he gave the invasion
order. However, the plan would only work if both Britain and France made
it known to the world that they would fight to preserve Czechoslovakia.
This would help to convince the German people that certain defeat awaited
Germany. Agents were therefore sent to England to tell Chamberlain that
an attack on Czechoslovakia was planned and their intentions to overthrow
Hitler if this occurred. However the messengers were not taken seriously
by the British. In September, Chamberlain and French Premier Édouard
Daladier decided not to threaten a war over Czechoslovakia and so the
planned removal of Hitler could not be justified.176] The Munich
Agreement therefore preserved Hitler in power.
In the same speech, Hitler claimed "We Germans will no longer endure
such governessy interference. Britain should mind her own business and
worry about her own troubles".216] In November 1938, Hitler ordered a
major anti-British propaganda campaign to be launched with the British
being loudly abused for their "hypocrisy" in maintaining world-wide
empire while seeking to block the Germans from acquiring an empire of
their own.217] A particular highlight in the anti-British propaganda was
alleged British humans rights abuses in dealing with the Arab uprising in
the Palestine Mandate and in India, and the "hyprocrisy" of British
criticism of the November 1938 Kristallnacht event.218] This marked a
huge change from the earlier years of the Third Reich, when the German
media had portrayed the British Empire in very favourable terms.219] In
November 1938, the Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop was
ordered to convert the Anti-Comintern Pact into an open anti-British
military alliance, as a prelude for a war against Britain and France.220] On
27 January 1939, Hitler approved the Z Plan, a five-year naval expansion
program which called for a Kriegsmarine of 10 battleships, four aircraft
carriers, three battlecruisers, eight heavy cruisers, 44 light cruisers, 68
In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by
problems of rearmament, especially the shortage of foreign hard currencies
needed to pay for raw materials Germany lacked, together with reports
from Göring that the Four Year Plan was hopelessly behind schedule,
forced Hitler in January 1939 to reluctantly order major defence cuts with
the Wehrmacht having its steel allocations cut by 30%, aluminium 47%,
cement 25%, rubber 14% and copper 20%.232] On 30 January 1939,
Hitler made his "Export or die" speech calling for a German economic
offensive ("export battle", to use Hitler's term), to increase German foreign
exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed
for military materials.232] The "Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939
is also known as Hitler's "Prophecy Speech". The name which that speech
is known comes from Hitler's "prophecy" issued towards the end of the
speech:
"One thing I should like to say on this day which may be memorable for
others as well for us Germans: In the course of my life I have very often
At least part of the reason why Hitler violated the Munich Agreement by
seizing the Czech half of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 was to obtain
Czechoslovak assets to help with the economic crisis.236] Hitler ordered
Germany's army to enter Prague on 15 March 1939, and from Prague
Castle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.
Start of World War II
As a pretext for aggression against Poland, Hitler claimed the Free City of
Danzig and the right for "extra-territorial" roads across the Polish Corridor
which Germany had unwillingly ceded under the Versailles treaty. For
Hitler, Danzig was just a pretext for aggression as the Sudetenland had
been intended to be in 1938, and throughout 1939, while highlighting the
Danzig issue as a grievance, the Germans always refused to engage in
talks about the matter.242] A notable contradiction existed in Hitler's plans
between the long-term anti-British course, whose major instruments such
as a vastly expanded Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe would take several years
to complete, and Hitler's immediate foreign policy in 1939, which was
likely to provoke a general war by engaging in such actions as attacking
Poland.243]244] Hitler's dilemma between his short-term and long-term
goals was resolved by Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, who told
Hitler that neither Britain nor France would honour their commitments to
Poland, and any German–Polish war would accordingly be a limited
regional war.245]246] Ribbentrop based his appraisal partly on an alleged
statement made to him by the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet in
December 1938 that France now recognized Eastern Europe as Germany's
exclusive sphere of influence.247] In addition, Ribbentrop's status as the
former Ambassador to London made him in Hitler's eyes the leading Nazi
British expert, and as a result, Ribbentrop's advice that Britain would not
honour her commitments to Poland carried much weight with Hitler.247]
Ribbentrop only showed Hitler diplomatic cables that supported his
analysis.248] In addition, the German Ambassador in London, Herbert von
Dirksen, tended to send reports that supported Ribbentrop's analysis such
as a dispatch in August 1939 that reported British Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain knew "the social structure of Britain, even the conception of
the British Empire, would not survive the chaos of even a victorious war",
and so would back down.246] The extent that Hitler was influenced by
Ribbentrop's advice can be seen in Hitler's orders to the German military
on 21 August 1939 for a limited mobilization against Poland alone.249]
Hitler chose late August as his date for Fall Weiss in order to limit
After the fall of Poland came a period journalists called the "Phoney War,"
or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). In part of north-western Poland annexed to
Germany, Hitler instructed the two Gauleiters in charge of the area,
namely Albert Forster and Arthur Greiser, to "Germanize" the area, and
promised them "There would be no questions asked" about how this
"Germanization" was to be accomplished.262] Hitler's orders were
interpreted in very different ways by Forster and Greiser. Forster followed
a policy of simply having the local Poles sign forms stating they had
German blood with no documentation required, whereas Greiser carried
out a brutal ethnic cleansing campaign of expelling the entire Polish
population into the Government-General of Poland.263] When Greiser,
seconded by Himmler, complained to Hitler that Forster was allowing
thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus
"contaminating" German "racial purity", and asked Hitler to order Forster
to stop, Hitler merely told Himmler and Greiser to take up their difficulties
with Forster, and not to involve him.264] Hitler's handling of the Forster–
Greiser dispute has often been advanced as an example of Ian Kershaw's
After the conquest of Poland, another major dispute broke out between
different factions with one centring around Reichsfüherer SS Heinrich
Himmler and Arthur Greiser championing and carrying out ethnic
cleansing schemes for Poland, and another centring around Hermann
Göring and Hans Frank calling for turning Poland into the "granary" of the
Reich.265] At a conference held at Göring's Karinhall estate on 12
February 1940, the dispute was settled in favour of the Göring-Frank view
of economic exploitation, and ending mass expulsions as economically
disruptive.265] On 15 May 1940, Himmler showed Hitler a memo entitled
"Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", which
called for expelling the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and
reducing the remainder of the Polish population to a "leaderless labouring
class".265] Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct".265] Hitler's
remark had the effect of scuttling the so-called Karinhall argreement, and
led to the Himmler–Greiser viewpoint triumphing as German policy for
Poland.
In the Spring of 1941, Hitler was distracted from his plans for the East by
various activities in North Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East. In
February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian forces
there. In April, he launched the invasion of Yugoslavia which was
followed quickly by the invasion of Greece. In May, German forces were
sent to support Iraqi rebel forces fighting against the British and to invade
Crete. On 23 May, Hitler released Fuhrer Directive No. 30.266]
Path to defeat
On 22 June 1941, three million German troops attacked the Soviet Union,
breaking the non-aggression pact Hitler had concluded with Stalin two
years earlier. This invasion seized huge amounts of territory, including the
Baltic states, Belarus, and Ukraine. It also encircled and destroyed many
Soviet forces, which Stalin had ordered not to retreat. However, the
Germans were stopped barely short of Moscow in December 1941 by the
Russian winter and fierce Soviet resistance. The invasion failed to achieve
the quick triumph Hitler wanted.
The Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union reached its apex on 2 December
1941 as part of the 258th Infantry Division advanced to within 15 miles
(24 km) of Moscow, close enough to see the spires of the Kremlin.272]
But they were not prepared for the harsh conditions brought on by the first
blizzards of winter and in the days that followed, Soviet forces drove them
back over 320 kilometres (200 miles).
On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and four days
later, Hitler's formal declaration of war against the United States officially
engaged him in war against a coalition that included the world's largest
empire (the British Empire), the world's greatest industrial and financial
power (the United States), and the world's largest army (the Soviet Union).
By late 1944, the Red Army had driven the Germans back into Central
Europe and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. Hitler
realized that Germany had lost the war, but allowed no retreats. He hoped
to negotiate a separate peace with America and Britain, a hope buoyed by
the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April 1945.277]278]279]280]
Hitler's stubbornness and defiance of military realities allowed the
Holocaust to continue. He ordered the complete destruction of all German
industrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands, saying that
Germany's failure to win the war forfeited its right to survive.281] Rather,
Hitler decided that the entire nation should go down with him. Execution
of this scorched earth plan was entrusted to arms minister Albert Speer,
who disobeyed the order.281]
Hitler's health has long been the subject of debate. He has variously been
said to have had irritable bowel syndrome, skin lesions, irregular heartbeat,
Parkinson's disease, syphilis, Asperger syndrome and a strongly suggested
addiction to methamphetamine. He had problems with his teeth and his
personal dentist Hugo Blaschke stated that he fitted a large dental bridge to
his upper jaw in 1933 and that on 10 November 1944 he carried out
surgery to cut off part of the bridge due to a gum infection that was
causing him severe toothache. He reported that he was also suffering from
a sinus infection.
Hitler was a gifted orator who captivated many with his beating of the
lectern and growling, emotional speech. He honed his skills by giving
speeches to soldiers during 1919 and 1920. He became adept at telling
people what they wanted to hear. Over time, Hitler perfected his delivery
by rehearsing in front of mirrors and carefully choreographing his display
of emotions..
Hitler was the central figure of the first three films; they focused on the
party rallies of the respective years and are considered propaganda films.
Hitler also featured prominently in the Olympia film. Whether the latter is
a propaganda film or a true documentary is still a subject of controversy,
but it nonetheless perpetuated and spread the propagandistic message of
the 1936 Olympic Games depicting Nazi Germany as a prosperous and
peaceful country. As a prominent politician, Hitler was featured in many
newsreels.
Television
Preceded by
Walther von Brauchitsch Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres (Army
Commander)
1941–1945 Succeeded by
Ferdinand Schörner
Notes and references
1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–
Books · In popular culture · Der Sieg des Glaubens · Triumph of the Will ·
The Empty Mirror · Hitler: The Last Ten Days · The Meaning of Hitler ·
Max · Moloch · Hitler: The Rise of Evil · Downfall
Family
Eva Braun (wife) · Alois (father) · Klara (mother) · Alois (half-brother) ·
Angela (half-sister) · Gustav (brother) · Ida (sister) · Otto (brother) ·
Edmund (brother) · Paula (sister) · William Patrick (nephew) · Heinz
(nephew) · Geli (niece)
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