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TON OF REFRIGERATION -
The amount of heat required to melt a ton (2000 lbs.) of ice at 32F
12,000 BTU/hr.
WORK =
Example: A 150 lb. man climbs a flight of stairs 100 ft. high
ONE HORSEPOWER =
ONE HORSEPOWER =
746 Watts
CONVERTING KW to BTU:
1 KW = 3413 BTUs
CONVERTING BTU to KW
3413 BTUs = 1 KW
COULOMB =
OHM'S LAW =
E=IxR
I=E/R
R=E/I
Where:
E = voltage (emf)
I = Amperage (current)
R = Resistance (load)
WATTS (POWER) =
volts x amps or P = E x I
U FACTOR =
Reciprocal of R factor
1/R=U
Example:
If R = 19:
VA
MFD (microfarad) =
LRA = FLA x 5 (NOTE: This is a commonly used rule-of-thumb, not a direct conversion)
Where:
78.0% Nitrogen
21.0% Oxygen
WET AIR =
STANDARD AIR =
X CFM X DT
= 0.75 x 60 x CFM x Dh
= 4.5 x CFM x Dh
RELATIVE HUMIDITY =
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY =
CFM =
Rectangular Duct
A=LxW
Round Duct
A = (Pi)r ...or...(Pi)D/4
NOTE: The suction pressure must be measured at the crankcase, not the service valve
COMPRESSION RATIO =
NON-BLEND REFRIGERANTS:
BLENDS
Changing Temperature during Saturated Condition in an evaporator or condenser (See Glide)
28 INCHES OF WC =
1 psi
1 ft.3 of oxygen
12 ft.3 of nitrogen
Input BTUs
Heating Value
Example:
= 80 CF/hr.
Example:
= 31 CF/hr.
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS
(PC=Perfect Combustion)
(RC=Real Combustion)
Propane
36 ft.3 (RC)
Natural Gas
10 ft.3 (PC)
15 ft.3 (RC)
ULTIMATE CO2 13.7% 11.8%
140,000 BTUs
OR
BTU Output
FURNACE EFFICIENCY:
Highest Stack
Temperature minus
Room Temperature
Temperature of 450
KELVIN TO CELSIUS:
C = K 273
CELSIUS TO KELVIN:
K = C + 273
Sin = hypotenuse
Cos = hypotenuse
TANGENT =
PERIMETER OF SQUARE:
P = 4s
PERIMETER OF RECTANGLE:
P = 2l + 2w P Perimeter
l = length
w = width
PERIMETER OF SQUARE
P = a + b + c + d (P = Perimeter)
a = 1st side
b = 2nd side
c = 3rd side
d= 4th side
PERIMETER OF CIRCLE:
C = (Pi)D = 2(Pi)r
Where:
C = Circumference
(Pi) = 3.1416
D = Diameter
r = radius
AREA OF SQUARE:
a = s = s x s
A = Area
s = side
AREA OF RECTANGLE:
A=l xw
Where:
A = Area
l = length
w = width
AREA OF TRIANGLE:
A = 1/2bh
Where:
A = Area
b = base
h = height
AREA OF CIRCLE:
Where:
A = Area
(Pi) = 3.1416
r = radius
D = Diameter
VOLUME OF RECTANGULAR SOLID:
V=lxwxh
Where:
V = Volume
l = length
w = width
h = height
Where:
V = Volume
p = 3.1416
r = Radius
D = Diameter
h = height
CAPACITANCE IN SERIES:
C = 1 / (C1 + C2)
CAPACITANCE IN PARALLEL:
C = C1 + C2 + . . . . .
GAS LAWS:
Boyles Law: P1 V1 = P2 V2
Where:
P = Pressure (absolute)
V = Volume
Charles Law:
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2
Where:
P = Pressure (absolute)
T = Temperature (absolute)
Where:
P = Pressure (absolute)
V = Volume
T = Temperature (absolute)
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM:
c2 = a2 + b2
Where:
c = hypotenuse
a & b = sides
1 = .0374
1-1/4 = .0666
1-1/2 = .0918
2 = .1535
2-1/2 = .22
3 = .344
4 = .5970
5 = .947
Material/Emissivity
Aluminum
Bright/0.09
Anodized/0.55
Oxidized/0.2 to 0.3
Brass
Bright/0.03
Oxidized/0.61
Chromium
Polished/0.08
Copper
Bright/0.05
Oxidized/0.78
Polished/0.55
Oxidized/0.85
Nickel
Polished/0.05
Oxidized/0.95
Zinc
Bright/0.23
Oxidized/0.23
Brick
Building/0.45
Paints
White/0.9
Black/0.86
Rubber /0.94
Water /0.92
Gases
Metals
Aluminum/166.5/0.214
Copper/552/0.094
Iron/480/0.118
Lead/710/0.030
Mercury/847/0.033
Steel/492/0.117
Zinc/446/0.096
Liquids
Alcohol/49.6/0.60
Glycerin/83.6/0.576
Oil/57.5/0.400
Water/62.4/1.000
Others
Concrete/147/0.19
Cork/15/0.48
Glass/164/0.199
Ice/57.5/0.504
Masonry/112/0.200
Paper/58/0.324
Rubber/59/0.48
Sand/100/0.195
Stone/138-200/0.20
Tar/75/0.35
Wood, Oak/48/0.57
Wood, Pine/38/0.47
1 inch =
2.54 cm
25.4 mm
25400 m
1 foot =
12"
0.304 m
30.48 cm
1 yard =
3'
0.914 m
91.44 cm
1 micron =
0.0000394"
1 millimeter =
1000 m
0.0394"
1 centimeter =
10 mm
0.3937"
1 meter =
100 cm
39.37"
1 kilometer =
1000m
0.62137 miles
0.0065m
1 ft=
144 in
0.093 m
1 yd=
1296 in=
9 ft=
0.836 m
1 in=
0.016 L=
16.39 cm
1 ft=
1728 in=
7.481 gal=
28.317 L=
0.0283 m=
28317 cm
1 yd=
27 ft=
46656 in
1 gal=
0.1337 ft=
3.79 L=
231 in=
3785 cm
1 cm=
0.0610237 in
1 L=
61.03 in
1000 cm
0.2642 gal
Velocity Equivalents
1 mi/hr=
1.47 ft/sec
0.87 knot
1.61 km/hr
0.45m/sec
1 ft/sec=
0.68 mi/hr
60 ft/min
0.59 knot
o 1.1 km/hr
0.305 m/sec
1 m/sec=
3.28 ft/sec
2.24 mi/hr
1.94 knot
3.6 km/hr
1 km/hr=
0.91 ft/sec
0.62 mi/hr
0.54 knot
0.28 m/sec
Heat Equivalents
1 Btu=
252 calories
1054.4 J (Joules)
1 kcal (kilocalorie)=
1000 cal
4.1840 kJ
1 Btu/lb=
0.5556 kcal/kg
2.3244 kJ/kg
1kcal/kg=
1.8 Btu/lb
Btu/hr=
0.2931W