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Wellbore Storage,
Radial Derivatives and
Type Curve Analysis
Stimulated
Constant Pressure
Boundary Effect
or
Closed System Semilog Straight
Line of Ideal Slope
q
m = Wellbore
4k h
Storage and Skin
t p+ t
ln
t Fig 3.1.1a
Yes
Nonlinear Model Best
Regression Match
STOP
Fig 3.1.1b
Deconvolution
Multiwell Capability
Well
t = 0 Flowing
Wellbore of Volume V at Surface
Filled with a Liquid of
Compressibility c t > 0
Pressure Transducer
Reservoir at
Pressure q sf
pi
pw s = pi pw f < pi
Fig 3.1.2
Capaci ty , C s = cV
Cs = Wellbore storage coefficient
qs
qs
F
L Wellbore
O qsf Capacity
W
Cs
Pressure
t pw
qs f
Surface Rate , q s , is assumed constant
and
the Wellbore Storage Coefficient, Cs , is also
assumed constant
qs
F
L Capacity
Cs
O q sf Pressure
W
pw
Well-
bore
0
t
PLT
q s f = Sandface Flow-Rate
q sf
qsf
q s = Surface Flow-Rate
REDISTRIBUTION GAS
IN BUILDUP
* HIGH GOR
FROTH
FLOW * LOW WELLHEAD
PRESSURE
SLUG
FLOW
HIGHLY NONIDEAL
WELLBORE STORAGE
BUBBLE
FLOW SITUATION OIL
SINGLE
PHASE
WELL
Fig 3.1.4
d pw
q sf q s B = Cs
dt
where
2 rw kh p
q sf =
r r=r w
- Darcy Lawq sf
p w p wf = S = ps
2 kh
Hence
2 rw kh p p
q s B = Cs
r r=r w
t r=r w
Thus q s f 0
Wellbore Storage (WBS) Dominated Flow Regime
qs
d p wf qs B Capacity
= Cs
dt Cs Pressure
p wf
-qsB/Cs
qs
Flow-
Rate qs f q sf negligible
WBS Dominated
0 Time, t
pi H igh Sampling R at e
Gauge oft en N ec es sary
to See t his Regim e
q sB
pw f slope =
Cs
WBS Affected
WBS Dom.
Cartesian
Time, t
Graph
2
WBS Ch o o s e a n y
dom.
Log p match point on
u n i t- sl o p e l i n e
1
p
M
qs B pM ... psi
pM = t
24 C s M t M ... hr
Cs ... bbl/psi
Hence compute C s
5.6146 Cs
and CD =
2 h c t rw2
18 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ
In Terms of Dimensionless Variables
d pD tD
= 1 i. e. pD =
d tD CD CD
. . . since pD = 0 when t D = 0
Cs
Here CD =
2 h c t rw2
Alternatively
pD
1
Log-Log
D iagnost ic
0.1
2 3 4
10 10 10
tD
19 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ
Straight Lines of Unit Slope on a Dimensionless Log-Log Plot
2 3 4 5
10
C D = 10 10 10 10
pD
tD
pD =
1 CD
Lines of
Unit Slope
0.1 3 4 5
10 10 10
tD
Fig 3.1.6
2
WBS
d om .
p
[t]M Log t
Fig 3.1.7
p
D
2
1 10
=
3
5
4
CD
0
10
=1
10
=
=
D
C
D
C
C
0.1 4 6 8
2
10 10 10
10
tD
Fig 3.1.8
S
CD = 0 10 20
10
5
10 0
p 1.0
D
2
10 p (psi)
1 =
3
C
4
D
0
=1
10 0.1
Ramey Log-Log
=
D
C
Type Curve
D
C
0.1 4 6 8
10
2
10 10 10
tD
Type Curve Matching Process
Fig 3.2.1b
pD
2S
Parameter = C De
4
0.1 10 tD 10
Compatible
Scale to
Type Curve
10
p
(psi)
1
p = pi pwf(t)
0.1
0.01 0.1 1 10
CRD t (hr) Fig 3.2.4a
p
pD (psi)
1 Parameter
2S
C De
Log - Log Plot of
Measured Data Gringarten
Type
0.01 0.1 1 10
t (hr) Curve
4
0.1 10 10
Type Curve Matching by Overlay of Measured Data
2 k h [p]M
[p D ]M =
8871. q
887.2 q [p D ]M
kh = md. ft
2 [p]M
Time Match
[ ]
tD
CD M
=
0.000295 k h [t]M
Cs
0.00295 k h [t ]M 5.6146 Cs
Cs = CD =
[ ]
bbl / psi
t 2 h c t rw2
D
CD M
Parameter Match
1 [C D e 2S ]M
[C D e 2S
]M S = ln
2 CD
27 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ
Classification of Wellbore Response
Wellbore Semilog
Storage Straight
Line
p
Slope
Late Time
Boundary
Effects
0 Log t
Fig 3.3.1
Tangents to Curve
(Obtained by Numerical
Differentiation)
Ln t
Ln p
Plateau
Ln t
Fig 3.3.2
0.1 1
1 100
t
0.01
0.01 1 t D /C D 100
Fig 3.3.9
10
pD
pD
1
0.5
0.1
3 4
0.1 1 10 tD 100 10 10
CD
After Bourdet Fig 3.3.10
p
p 10
(psi)
10
pD 100
pD p
p
1
0.5 10
0.1
10 t D C D 100
3 4
0.1 1 10 10
1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t (hr) Fig 3.3.12
x
pw f ( t )
p p BU
x
x t
x Desuperposition
Time Scale Functioning
t
Build-up Analysis Fig 3.4.8
10
pBU
(psi)
1 tpt
t e =
t p + t
0.1
0.001 0.1 t e (hr) 10
Fig 3.4.2
10
10
pB U
2S
CD e
pD
(psi) Match
1
1.0 P oint
+
0.1
3
0.1 1 10 tD/C D 100 10
0.01 3
0.1 1 10 100 10
t e
(hr)
Fig 3.4.3
as t te tp
t p = T3
Short Shut-in t p T3 T2
to Run Gauge
q Flow Period
to Re-establish
pw Conditions
Final
Buildup
0 T1 T2 T3
Time, t
Fig 3.4.7
(psi)
Unit Slope Line Nonideal Wellbore Storage
10
0.01 0.1 1.0
t e (hr)
Equivalent Drawdown Time Fig 3.5.1a
p
100 Decreasing
DP
WBS
(psi)
C D = 3 87 3 Nonideal Wellbore Storage
10
0.1 1 10
t e (hr)
t p = 4.0415 hr Fig 3.5.1b
pw s
(psia)
1200
25
Elapsed time , t (hr)
Nonideal WBS Fig 3.5.1c
ETR LTR
Liquid Solution based on WBSD
Wellbore Storage Coefficient
(US Construction)
p
Derivative Data
WBS WBS
Area of Zero or Low Weighting
D A
in Sum of Squares
t
Weighting of Data Points in Objective Function Fig 3.5.2
Bubble
Slip
Velocity
vs Liquid
Column
Steady-State Segregated
Flowing Condition Phases
pB U
d p
p = BU
pH d t
pB U = pw s - pw f(tp)
0
0
t
Fig 3.5.8
Apparent Parallel
Straight Lines
q
slope =
pw s 4 kh
Derivative
Fingerprint
p
US DP
MTR
te
t p + t
ln t Fig 3.5.9
20
(1/psi*104)
Gamma = 0.65
15
T = 200 deg F
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
t e
US
Decreasing Storage
C C < 0
t e
Fig 3.5.11
Pressure (psia)
1400
1200
1000
800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (hours)
1400
1200
1000
800
0 5 10 15 20
Time (hours)
Fig 3.5.19
Pressure (psia)
1200
1000
800
600
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (hours)
1200
1000
800
600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (hours)
Fig 3.5.20
Pressure (psia)
1200
1000
800
600
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (hours)
1200
1000
800
600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (hours)
Q
1
(sm3/d*10-6)
0
20 30 40 50
Time, t (hr)
50000
After Larsen et al
BHP
45000
pw 2nd DD 2nd BU
40000
(kPa)
35000
10 20 30 t 40 50
120
After Larsen et al
a = 10
b = 0.16
c = 67.0
100
Skin
Factor
S
80
60
2 4 6 8 10
Flowing Time, t (hr) Fig 3.6.3
a = 6.5
Skin b = 0.55
Factor c = 76.0
S
80
After Larsen et al
75
2 4 6 8 10
3
(sm /d)
0
20 40 60 80 100 120
Time, t (hr)
40500
BHP
pw
40000
(kPa)
39500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
t
a = 32.0
b = 1.90
c = 25.5
40
Skin
Factor
S
35
30
After Larsen et al
25
0 2 4 6 8 10
Flowing Time, t (hr) Fig 3.6.7
21
Skin
Factor
S
20
After Larsen et al
0 2 4 6 8 10
Flowing Time, t (hr) Fig 3.6.8