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5.2.

2 Calculation of GOSF
1
From FDLF we know that P = [B ] or = [X] P where [X] = [B ] . Or,


2 X22 X23 X2n P2

X
3 32 X33 X3n P3
= (5.9)



n Xn2 Xn3 Xnn Pn

In equation (5.9), the matrix [X] is of size (n 1) (n 1) and any element Xij is actually
located in the location (i 1), (j 1). As the matrix [B ] is a constant real matrix dependent only

on the line parameters, matrix [X] is also a constant real matrix dependent on the line parameters.
Furthermore, in equation (5.9), the quantity 1 is not included in the vector as the reference
angle does not change with any outage in the system.
Now, to calculate the GOSF for the outage of generator at bus k, the perturbation at bus k
is set to Pk and the perturbation at the slack bus is set to Pk (assuming that the entire lost
generation is taken up by the slack bus) while keeping the perturbations at the other buses equal to
zero. Therefore, the perturbed values of the bus angles can be given as,

i = Xik Pk for i = 2, n (5.10)

Now, from equation (5.7), the change in power flow over line i-j is given by,
1 1
Pij = (i j ) = (Xik Xjk )Pk , where, xl = xij is the reactance of the line i-j.
xl xl
Therefore,
Pij Xik Xjk
ijk = = (5.11)
Pk xl
k
As can be seen from equation (5.11), the factor ij is dependent only on the line parameters.
Let us now look at the application and utility of these sensitivity factors. For this purpose, let
as consider the IEEE-14 bus system (the data of which are given in Tables A.3 and A.4). In this
system, apart from the slack bus,there are two other generations at bus 2 and bus 6 (refer Table A.3).
The real power flows in all the lines have been calculated with all the three generatiors operating in
the system and are shown in column 2 of Table 5.1 (under the heading Pline(ori)). The GSOFs for
these two generators have been calculated using equation (5.11) and are shown is columns 3 and 7 of
Table 5.1 respectively (under the heading GSOF(2) and GSOF(6) respectively). From Table A.3 it
can be seen that the specified real power generated by these two generations are 18.3 MW and 11.2
MW respectively. Hence, following the argument given for equation (5.2), the quantities P2 and
P6 are equal to -0.183(p.u) and 0.112 (p.u) respectively (on a 100 MVA base) as shown in columns
4 and 8 of Table 5.1. With these information, the estimated line flows after the outage of generation
2 and 6 are calculated using equation (5.2) and are shown in columns 5 and 9 respectively. Lastly,
full AC power flow studies have been carried out by removing generator 2 and 6 one by one (by
modeling them as PQ bus after reducing their real power generation to zero) and the results of line

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flows (obtained with full AC power flow) are shown in columns 6 and 10 respectively. From columns
5 and 6 as well as from columns 9 and 10 it is observed that the post-outage line-flows estimated by
the sensitivity analysis technique match quite closely with those obtained by the full AC power flow
method.

Table 5.1: Results of generator outage analysis in IEEE 14 bus system (all powers are given in p.u.)

For outage of generator at bus 2 For outage of generator at bus 6


Line Pline GSOF Pline Pline GSOF Pline Pline
P2 P6
no. (ori) (2) (cal) (ACLF) (6) (cal) (ACLF)
1 1.6262 -0.9709 -0.183 1.803875 1.7891 -0.7628 -0.112 1.711634 1.7203
2 0.7464 -0.1935 -0.183 0.781811 0.7776 -0.4344 -0.112 0.795053 0.7753
3 0.8655 0.0089 -0.183 0.863871 0.8606 -0.1568 -0.112 0.883062 0.8888
4 0.5314 0.0556 -0.183 0.521225 0.5207 -0.2928 -0.112 0.564194 0.5678
5 0.3662 0.0821 -0.183 0.351176 0.3511 -0.2977 -0.112 0.399542 0.395
6 -0.358 0.047 -0.183 -0.3666 -0.3622 -0.1203 -0.112 -0.34453 -0.3357
7 -0.7068 0.1064 -0.183 -0.72627 -0.7217 -0.0033 -0.112 -0.70643 -0.7189
8 0.2689 -0.0013 -0.183 0.269138 0.2691 -0.2562 -0.112 0.297594 0.3173
9 0.1063 -0.0004 -0.183 0.106373 0.1064 -0.1009 -0.112 0.117601 0.1255
10 0.2893 -0.0078 -0.183 0.290727 0.2887 -0.6729 -0.112 0.364665 0.3309
11 0.1156 -0.0059 -0.183 0.11668 0.1154 0.2459 -0.112 0.088059 0.0748
12 0.0852 -0.0007 -0.183 0.085328 0.0851 0.0277 -0.112 0.082098 0.0778
13 0.2005 -0.0031 -0.183 0.201067 0.2003 0.1312 -0.112 0.185806 0.1782
14 0.0025 -0.0065 -0.183 0.00369 0.0025 -0.0204 -0.112 0.004785 0.0022
15 0.2664 0.0052 -0.183 0.265448 0.2667 -0.2358 -0.112 0.29281 0.3151
16 0.0123 0.0055 -0.183 0.011294 0.0124 -0.2287 -0.112 0.037914 0.0512
17 0.0655 0.0037 -0.183 0.064823 0.0657 -0.1548 -0.112 0.082838 0.0944
18 -0.0777 0.0057 -0.183 -0.07874 -0.0776 -0.2368 -0.112 -0.05118 -0.039
19 0.0233 -0.0012 -0.183 0.02352 0.0232 0.05 -0.112 0.0177 0.016
20 0.0857 -0.0038 -0.183 0.086395 0.0854 0.1574 -0.112 0.068071 0.0567

To calculate the LOSF, we first need to understand the concept of Thevenin equivalent impedance
of a power system. Let as first have a look at that.

5.2.3 Determination of Thevenins equivalent impedance

We know I = YV where I, V and Y are the vector of bus injection currents, vector of bus voltages
and the admittance matrix respectively. Hence,V = ZI where Z is the bus impedance matrix and
is given by Z = Y1 . As the matrix Z is a constant matrix, the relation V = ZI denotes a linear
equation connecting V and I and hence, for incremental charges in V and I the same relation also

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holds good, i.e. V = ZI. Expanding this relation we get,


V1 Z11 Z12 Z1n I1

V Z I
2 21 Z Z2n 2
=
22
(5.12)



Vn Zn1 Zn2 Znn In

Now, suppose that there is an incremental charge is the current of bus k only while the incre-
mental changes at the other buses are zero. Hence, Ik 0 and Ii = 0 for i = 1, n; k . Hence,
from equation (5.12), the changes in bus voltages are given by, Vi = Zik Ik for i = 1, n. Hence,
(0)
if the initial bus voltage is Vk , then the final voltage after perturbation is given by,

Vk = Vk(0) + Zkk Ik (5.13)

Equation (5.13) can be represented as an equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. 5.1, which shows
the Thevenins equivalent circuit at bus k. From this circuit, the Thevenins equivalent impedance
of the system (looking from bus k) in equal to Zkk .

Figure 5.1: Thevenin equivalent circuit from bus k

In the next lecture, we will use the Thevenins equivalent impedance for calculating LOSF.

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