III MATTER

Deformation of solids AS
AS

Ideal gases
Temperature A2
Thermal properties of
Materials
 N Average kinetic energy
pV = N k T n N
Pr essure of gas
1 Nm per molecule
A
p c2
3 V
pV = nRT
1
2
m c 2 32 kT
10.2 Kinetic 10.3 10.4 Kinetic
10.1 theory of Pressure energy of a
Equation of gases of a gas molecule
State

10. Ideal Gases

6/28/2016 2
6/28/2016 3
 Reference

Textbook Homework
 THE GAS LAWS
How do gases behave if their pressure, volume or
temperature is changed.
It is sensible to vary two of the previous quantities while
keeping the other constant in three separate
experiments:
(i) Variation of pressure with volume at a
constant temperature
(ii) Variation of pressure with temperature at a
constant volume
(iii) Variation of volume with temperature at a
constant pressure

http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Thermal%20physics/Gas%20laws/
6/28/2016 5
Parameters
V - volume of container
p - pressure of gas in container
T - absolute temperature of gas
N - number of molecules of gas M = Nm
m = mass of a gas molecule total mass
of gas
V, p and T are called macroscopic properties
(what we can see and measure).

6/28/2016 6
VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH VOLUME

This can be investigated using the

apparatus shown in the diagram. The
air trapped in the glass tube is
compressed by forcing in oil with the
pump and taking readings of
pressure and volume. After each
compression you should wait a few
Pressure moments to allow the temperature of
the air to stabilise.
gauge
The relation between pressure and
volume was first discovered by
Robert Boyle in 1660 and is called
Boyle's Law. It states that:
pV = constant
6/28/2016 7
 Boyles Law

A graph of pressure against

volume is shown in the following isothermals
diagram for two different
temperatures T1 and To (T1 >To).
The lines on it are isothermals, To
that is they join points of equal
temperature.

If a fixed mass of gas with a

pressure P1 and a volume V1
changes at constant temperature
to a pressure P2 and volume V2
Boyle's Law can be written as:

6/28/2016 8
 VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH
TEMPERATURE (Pressure Law)
The water is heated and the
pressure of the air in the sealed
glass beaker is measured with Pressure
the pressure gauge. (The gauge
volume of the air is effectively
constant).
Results of this experiment
show that for a fixed mass of
gas at constant volume: beaker

V and M constant water bath

Heat

Constant volume
gas thermometer
6/28/2016 9
 PRESSURE LAW
If a fixed mass of gas with a pressure P1 and a
temperature T1 changes to a pressure P2 and
temperature T2 with no change of volume this can be
written as:

The variation of the pressure of the air with temperature is

shown in the graphs below.

6/28/2016 O 10
 CHARLES LAW
Capillary tube
The capillary tube has a small plug of
concentrated sulphuric acid placed in it and it is
then sealed at the other end.

(It is most important that appropriate safety

precautions are taken when carrying out this
experiment. Your eyes must be protected.)
The water in the beaker is heated and the
length of the trapped air column and the
temperature are both recorded.
Results of this experiment show that for a fixed
mass of gas at constant pressure.

6/28/2016 11
VARIATION OF VOLUME WITH
TEMPERATURE
If a fixed mass of gas with a volume V1 and a
temperature T1 changes to a volume V2 and
temperature T2 with no change of volume this
can be written:
p and M constant

6/28/2016 12
Gas
When working with gases we preferred to
work with a quantity called the number of
mole rather than mass of gas.
Absolute temperature: T/K = 0C + 273

6/28/2016 13
 Definition
1 mole (or mol) is the
amount of substance, Avogadro constant (L,
which contains as NA) is the number of
many elementary units atoms in 0.012 kg of
or entities as there are carbon-12.
atoms in 12g of 12C. NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

e.g. 1 mole = 2 g of H2
If there are N molecules
= 32 g of oxygen gas.
in a container, then the
(entities many be atoms,
number of mole of the
molecules, ions, electrons substance is N
or other particles). n
NA
6/28/2016 14
 Molar mass
The molar mass (Mr) is For M kg of a substance of
defined as the mass of molar mass Mr, the
one mole of the number of mole,
substance
unit : g mol-1 M
n
e.g. molecular mass of Mr
12C = 12 g mol-1

6/28/2016 15
 Example 11.1 n
N
NA

12g of carbon-12 contains a) 6.02 x 1023 atoms has a

6.02 x 1023 atoms. mass of 12 g
Calculate (a) the mass of mass of one atom
one carbon - 12 atom and
(b) the average mass of a 26
1.99 x10
12 g
nucleon (This is the 6.02 x10 23
kg
atomic mass unit). (A
nucleon is a particle b) there are 12 nucleons in
found in the nucleus the nucleus.
namely proton or mass of nucleon
neutron).
1 .99 x10 26 27
(Ans. 1.99 x 10-26 kg, 1.66 x 12
1 .66 x10 kg
10-27kg)
6/28/2016 16
 Example 11.2
a) 7 g of Lithium contains
Calculate a) the 6.02 x 1023 atoms.
number of atoms in 0.3 g contains
6.02 x10 23 ( 0.3)
0.3 g of lithium ( 7Li),
and b) the number 7
of moles of lithium. 2.58 x10 22 atoms
(Ans. 2.58 x 1022 b) no. of moles = 0.3/7
atoms, 0.043 mole) = 0.043

M
n
Mr
6/28/2016 17
 Equation of state (Ideal gas equation )
pV = nRT
Combining the equations Now the volume of one
PV = constant, mole of an ideal gas at
P/ = constant and Standard Temperature
T
V/ = constant gives:
T
and Pressure (STP)
(1.014x105 Pa and
pV 273.15 K) is 0.0224m3
constant and so
T
For 1 mole of gas the 1.014x105 x 0.0224
constant is known as the = 1 x R x 273.15 and
molar gas constant (R) therefore
R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1.
pV = RT [given in DATA SHEET]
6/28/2016 18
 Ideal gas equation (alternative)
p1V1 p 2V2
Derivation
T1 T2
pV = nRT
pV = N k T N
pV RT
NA
k = Boltzmanns constant =
R/NA = pV = N k T
= 8.31/6.02x1023
= 1.38x10-23 J K-1
N = number of molecules
[Values given in DATA
SHEET]
6/28/2016 19
 What is an ideal gas?

An ideal gas is one that obeys the gas laws, and

equation of state for ideal gas, at all
temperature, pressure and volume.
Examples are oxygen and nitrogen near room
temperature, carbon dioxide gas can be liquefy
near room temperature, thus does not obey
Boyles law.

Many gases at room temperature and

moderate pressure behave as ideal gas.
6/28/2016 20
What is an ideal gas?

The internal energy (U) is entirely kinetic

energy, and depends on its absolute
temperature. U = 3/2 NkT

The behaviour of real gas (and unsaturated

vapour) can be described by pV = nRT if
they are at low temperature which are well
above those at which they liquefy.

6/28/2016 21
 Example 11.3
A volume 250 cm3 of gas Solution
is trapped in a cylinder Pushed in slowly means
closed by a smooth the temperature is
piston, at a pressure of constant.
1.2 x 105 Pa. The piston
is pushed in slowly until
the volume of gas is pV pV
150 cm3, what is the 1.2 x 105(250) = p 150
new pressure. (Ans. p = 2.0 x 105 Pa
2.0 x 105 Pa)

6/28/2016 22
 12 cm 4.0 cm
Example 11.4
trapped air p H
A uniform capillary tube is thread of mercury
closed at one end by a Solution
thread of mercury of
H = atmospheric pressure
length 4.0 cm When the
tube is placed = 76 cmHg
horizontally the column of A = 20 cm
air has a length of 12 cm. V= 12A cm
Take the atmospheric a) p = pressure of trapped
pressure to be 76 cmHg. air = 76 cmHg
The tube has a cross-
(p to the right equals
sectional area of 20 cm2.
the atmospheric
a) What is the pressure of pressure to the left)
the trapped air?
6/28/2016 23
 Example 11.4
b) When the tube is held V= AL
vertically, p = (H + 4 ) = 80
i) with the open end H cmHg
upwards, what is the (p supports the
length of the column 4.0 cm
mercury thread and
of trapped air? atmospheric
pressure)
A = cross-sectional area of
p L pV pV
tube
76(12A) = 80AL
L = 11.4 cm

6/28/2016 24
 Example 11.4
ii) With open end c) If the temperature of the
downwards? gas is 270C, calculate
p + 4 = H the number of mole of
p = 76 4 = 72 cmHg gas enclosed.
L
p
(atmospheric pressure
pV
supports the n
mercury thread and RT
trapped gas) 1.01x10 5 (0.12) 20(10 4 )
pV pV
8.31( 273 27 )
76(12A) = 72(A L)
L = 12.7 cm H 9.98 x10 3 mol .

6/28/2016 25
 Example 11.5 (Ans. a) 15.9m3, b) 651,
c) 3.95 x 1026 molecules,
d) 2.86 x 104 g)
A mass of carbon dioxide
Solution
occupies 15.00 m3 at 100C
a) p 2V2 p1V1
and 101.97 kPa.
T2 T1
a) What will be its volume at
40.00C and 106.63 kPa? 106.63V2 101 .97 (15)

Calculate ( 273 40) ( 273 10)

b) the number of mole of gas, V2 = 15.9m3

c) the number of molecules of b) n RT
pV

gas and
101.97 x10 3 (15)
d) the mass of gas if the molar
mass of CO2 is 44 g. 8.31( 273 10)

6/28/2016
= 651 moles 26
 Example 11.5 N M
n n
NA Mr
c) 1 moles contains 6.02 x
1023 molecules
651 moles contains
651x6.02 x 1023 = 3.92 x
1026 molecules
d) mass of gas
= 651(44) = 2.86 x 104 g
 Example 11.6
Two flasks having equal b) the original pressure
volumes are connected by a in the flasks.
narrow tube with a tap which (Ans.a) 552 mol. b)
is closed. The pressure of air 80.0kPa, 160.0kPa)
in one flask is double the
other. After the tap is opened
the common pressure in the
flasks is 120.0 kPa. Find
a) the number of moles of gas
used if volume of each flask is
5.6 m3 at temperature 200C
and
6/28/2016 28
 calculations a) total number of moles
2 pV 2(120 x10 3 )5.6

RT 8.31( 273 20)
p1 2p1 = 552 mol
5.6 m3 5.6 m3 b) conservation of mass
200C 200C or number of moles
p1 (56) 2 p1 (56)

Final pressure =120.0 kPa 8.31( 273 20) 8.31( 273 20)
552
p1 = 80.0kPa
p2 = 160 kPa
 Real gases (info.)
The ideal gas behaviour and the relationship
between p, V and T are based on experimental
observations of gases such as air, helium,
nitrogen at temperatures and pressures around
room temperature.
In practice, if we change to more extreme
conditions, such as low temperatures and high
pressures, gases start to deviate from these
laws as gas atoms exert significant
intermolecular forces on each other.

6/28/2016 30
 Nitrogen (info.)
What happen when nitrogen is
cooled down towards Volume
absolute zero?
First a follow a good straight
line at high temperature.
As it approaches the
temperature at which it
condenses it deviates from
ideal behaviour, and at 77 K it
condenses to become liquid
nitrogen.
77 100 200 300
6/28/2016
T/K
31
 The behaviour of real gases (info.)
In our consideration of gases so far we have assumed
that the intermolecular forces are zero and therefore
that they follow the kinetic theory of gases exactly.
However this is not the case with actual gases.

A gas that follows the gas laws precisely is known as an

ideal gas and one which does not is called a real gas.

In 1847 Regnault constructed PV curves up to 400

atmospheres and found that Boyle's law was not
obeyed at these high pressures.

Amagat went a stage further in 1892, working with

nitrogen to pressures of some 3000 atmospheres
(3x108 Pa) down a coal mine.
6/28/2016 32
 The behaviour of real gases (info.)
The idea that actual gases did not always obey
the ideal gas equation was first tested by
Cagniard de Ia Tour in 1822, using the water bath
apparatus shown in Figure 1.

A liquid such as water or ether was trapped in a

tube and the end of the tube placed in a bath
whose temperature could be controlled. The
temperature was then varied and the
behaviour of the liquid observed. The space
above the liquid is obviously filled with vapour
and it was noticed that at a particular
temperature no difference could be seen
between the liquid and vapour states - this
was called the critical temperature. This
phenomenon was not predicted by Boyle's
law, which says nothing about the liquefaction
of gases.

6/28/2016 B. H. Khoo 33
pressure
Real gases (info.)

Real gases liquefy.

As P is increased at
constant T, at some
point liquid will form.
The liquification
occurs at constant
pressure (horizontal
line on the P-V plot.)

volume
6/28/2016 34
www.chem.neu.edu/.../Lectures/Lecture04.htm
Real gases VERY RARELY BEHAVE LIKE IDEAL
GASES since

There IS an attraction between particle (van der

Waals forces)
The volume of particles are NOT negligible, esp. at
low temps & high-pressure since atoms/molecules
are close together
HYDROGEN and HELIUM are the most IDEAL gases.
Also, Diatomic molecules and nonsymmetrical
molecules & noble gases act the most ideal.
THE SMALLER THEY ARE THE MORE IDEAL THEY
BEHAVE.

6/28/2016 35
Summary

6/28/2016 36
 Intermolecular forces

In a solid, the molecules

are bond together as if
they are connected by
springs. The molecules
are in random vibration
and the temperature of
the solid is a measure
of the average kinetic
energy of the
molecules.

6/28/2016 37
Ludwig was born in 1844 (Austria). Boltzmann was
Boltzmann awarded a doctorate from the University of
Vienna in 1866 for a thesis on the kinetic
theory of gases supervised by Josef Stefan.
After obtaining his doctorate, he became an
assistant to his teacher Josef Stefan.
Boltzmann taught at Graz, moved to
Heidelberg and then to Berlin. In these
places he studied under Bunsen, Kirchhoff
and Helmholtz. .
Attacks on his work continued and he began to
feel that his life's work was about to collapse
despite his defence of his theories.
Depressed and in bad health, Boltzmann
committed suicide just before experiment
verified his work. On holiday with his wife
and daughter at the Bay of Duino near
Trieste, he hanged himself while his wife
and daughter were swimming.

6/28/2016 http://corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/BoltzmannBio.htm 38
The Kinetic Theory of Matter is the statement of how
we believe atoms and molecules, particularly in gas
form, behave and how it relates to the ways we have
to look at the things around us. The Kinetic Theory is
a good way to relate the 'micro world' with the 'macro
world.'

A statement of the Kinetic Theory is:

1. All matter is made of atoms, the smallest bit of each
element. A particle of a gas could be an atom or a
group of atoms.
2. Atoms have an energy of motion that we feel as
temperature. The motion of atoms or molecules can
be in the form of linear motion of translation, the
vibration of atoms or molecules against one another
or pulling against a bond, and the rotation of
individual atoms or groups of atoms.
6/28/2016 B. H. Khoo 39
 KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER (contd)
3) There is a temperature to which we can extrapolate,
absolute zero, at which, theoretically, the motion of
the atoms and molecules would stop.
4) The pressure of a gas is due to the motion of the
atoms or molecules of gas striking the object bearing
that pressure. Against the side of the container and
other particles of the gas, the collisions are elastic
(with no friction).
5) There is a very large distance between the particles
of a gas compared to the size of the particles such
that the size of the particle can be considered
negligible.

6/28/2016 40
 Assumptions
P Point molecules. The volume of the molecules is
negligible compared with the volume occupied by
the gas, V >> b
I Intermolecular forces. The molecules are far
apart that the intermolecular forces are negligible.
N Number. There is a large number of molecules
even in a small volume and that a large number of
collisions occurs in a short time. The average of
many impacts gives a smooth pressure.
E Elastic collision. Molecules are perfectly elastic
sphere that they undergo elastic collisions.
D Duration. The duration of collision is negligible
compared with the time between collision i.e. t2 >>
t 1.
6/28/2016 41
Brownian motion experiment
Gives us evidence of continuous random
motion of particles in liquids and gases.
We can imagine that the particles as solid
spherical tiny billiard balls.

6/28/2016 B. H. Khoo 42
 Kinetic Theory
When we study about ideal gas equation we are interested
in macroscopic properties of gases (pressure, volume, and
temperature that we can measured).
It gives us a good description of gases in may different
situation.
It does not explain why gases behave in this way.
Kinetic theory of gases is a theory which links these
microscopic properties (mass, velocity, kinetic energy) of
particles to the macroscopic properties of a gas.
On the basis of these assumptions, it is possible to use
Newtonian mechanics to show the gas laws,gas
particles move with a range of speeds..

6/28/2016 43
 Temperature and kinetic energy
Molecules in gases moved about randomly at high speed.
They collide with one another and with the walls of their
container.
Collisions with the walls give rise to the pressure of the
gas on the container.
When a thermometer is place in the container, the
molecules collide with it and imparting their kinetic energy
to the thermometer.
At higher temperature, the molecules move faster or with
greater kinetic energy. They give more kinetic energy to
the bulb and the mercury rises higher.
Hence the reading on the thermometer is an indication of
the kinetic energy of the gas molecules Average kinetic energy
per molecule
6/28/2016 44
1
2
mv 2 3
2
kT
 m (v u )
Kinetic theory and gas pressure F
t
Kinetic theory states that the molecules of a
gas moves continuously at random and often
collides with the wall of the container.
When a molecule collides with the wall of the
container it undergoes change in momentum.
The rate of change in momentum means that
a force acts on the molecules. By Newtons
third law of motion an equal but opposite
force acts on the wall.
Pressure is the average force acting per unit
area as a result of impact of molecules of the
gas on the wall of the container.
6/28/2016 45
 1 Nm
Derivation of p c2
y 3 V
L
Assumed
L all particles move in the x
L direction with the same
speed u.
particles are monatomic
x

z Here we are interested in the

Consider a cubic container
of sides L, containing N
particles (monatomic)
each of mass m.
particles colliding with the
wall of the container, we
are not interested in the
collision between the
particles

chsfpc5.chem.ncsu.edu/.../lecture/II/II.html
6/28/2016 46
Change in momentum
For a molecule,
Change in momentum,
u=u
p = m (v u) = - 2mu
The time for the particle to impact
the same face of the wall is
t = 2L/u
mass = m
(as speed = dist./time)
v=-u Force on particle,
p 2 mu
wall of container F
t 2L / u
vector mu 2

L
6/28/2016 47
 Pressure
Assumptions
1) All the molecules have Pressure on wall
the same velocity. p = FT/A = Nmu/L
2) All molecules move in p = Nmu/V where V = L
the x-direction Correcting for assumptions
Force on wall by N 1) in general the
molecules molecules can have any
velocity in any direction,
Nmu 2
FT NF 2) of the molecules
L move in any of the three
directions
Force on wall = - force on
pV = Nm<c>
particle (NTLOM).

6/28/2016 48
 Pressure exerted by a gas

N = number of molecules
1 Nm
p c
2
m = mass of a molecule
3 V V = volume of container
c = speed of a molecule
<c> = mean square speed
p c
1
3
2
= density of gas

6/28/2016 49
 1 Nm
Pressure of gas p c
2

3 V
depends on
number of particles in the container, greater
number of particles greater pressure.
the greater the speed of gas the greater the
pressure
mass of gas and
volume of container.
At higher temperature, the speed increase so
pressure increases.
6/28/2016 50
mean square speed, <c>
is the mean or average of the square of the
speed of all the particles in the container.
If there are n particle with speed c, n
particle with speed c, n with speed c. and
nn particles with speed cn, then
Total number of particles
N = n1 + n2 + ..nn
n1 c12 n 2 c 22 n3 c 32 ........ n n c N2
c2
N
6/28/2016 51
Root mean square speed (crms)
3kT
c rms c
2

m

It is the square root of mean square speed.

crms is directly proportional to the square root
of absolute temperature..
crms is inversely proportional to m. For a
mixture of gases in a container at thermal
equilibrium, the heavier gas has a smaller
root mean square speed.
6/28/2016 52
 Example 25.1
Five molecules have
speeds 100, 200,
300, 400 and 500
m/s. Find
a) their mean speed,
b) mean square speed,
and
c) root mean square
speed.
(Ans. a) 300 m/s; b) 1.1 x 105
m2s-2; c) 330 m/s)
6/28/2016
Solution
There are 5 molecules
a) Total speed, cT
=(100 + 400 +200 + 300
+ 500) = 3(500)
= 1500
<c> = 1500/5
= 300 m/s
b) <c> = (100 + 200 +
300 + 400 + 500)/5
= 1.1 x 105 m2s-2
c) crms = <c> = 330 m/s
53
 Example 25.2
p c
1
3
2

The density of air at s.t.p.

is 1.3 kg m-3 and the a) 1.01x10 5 13 (1.3) c 2
atmospheric pressure
is 1.01 x 105 Pa. <c> = 2.33 x 105 m2s-2
Calculate
a) the means square
b) crms = <c>
speed, and
= 482 m/s
b) the root mean square
speed.
(Ans.: a) 2.33 x 105 m2s-2; b)
482 m/s)

6/28/2016 54
 Average translational kinetic energy of
a molecule
From kinetic theory of Average kinetic energy of
gases, a molecule
pV = Nm<c> Ek = m<c>
= 3/2 kT
Ideal gas equation this equation shows that
pV = NkT the mean kinetic energy
Since both equations are is directly proportional
for ideal gas to the thermodynamic
temperature.
Nm<c> = NkT
m<c> = 3kT

6/28/2016 55
 Internal Energy of ideal gas
Total kinetic energy
Internal energy
EkT = mN<c> U = total kinetic energy
= 3/2 NkT or 3/2 nRT = 3/2 NkT or 3/2 nRT
(internal energy is mainly
kinetic energy)
for ideal gas there is an increase in
no intermolecular temperature of the gas
force between the means an increase in
total kinetic energy of
particles. the gas, thus an
the energy is totally increase in internal
kinetic energy. energy
6/28/2016 56
 Internal Energy of ideal gas
U = 3/2 NkT or 3/2 nRT
The internal energy of an
ideal monatomic gas is This means that if the
directly proportional to its absolute temperature of
absolute temperature. a gas is doubled by heat
This is true regardless of the transfer, for example,
molecular structure of the from 200 K to 400 K,
gas. However, the then its internal energy
expression for U will be a bit is also doubled.
different for gases that are This does not apply to
not monatomic. the Celsius temperature,
Absolute temperature of a since its zero points are
gas is directly proportional not referenced to the
to its average random zero-point energy.
kinetic energy per molecule.
6/28/2016 57
 Mass, kinetic energy and temperature.
m<c> = 3/2 kT In a sample of air, the
mean KE of the nitrogen
KE is directly molecules is the same as
proportional to the that of oxygen and carbon
absolute temperature, dioxide molecules.
T. As the temperature
is double the average Carbon dioxide molecules
KE per molecule have a greater mass than
increases. oxygen molecules.
Air is a mixture of Since the kinetic energy is
several gases for the same, oxygen
example nitrogen, molecules move faster
oxygen and carbon than carbon dioxide
dioxide. molecules.
6/28/2016 58
 1) A gas that obeys Boyles
Self Test 11 law, the gas laws and the
1) What is an ideal equation of state for all
temperature, pressure and
gas? volume.
2) The pressure p in an 2) N = number of molecules,
ideal gas is given by m=mass of particles,
the expression V=volume of container and
<c> is the mean square
p
1 Nm
c2 speed.
3 V 3) pV=nRT
State the meaning of p = pressure of gas
each of the symbols V = volume of container
in the equation. n = number of mole of gas
3) State the equation of R = molar gas constant
state of an ideal gas T = absolute temperature
and the meaning of
the symbols used.
4) State the basic 5) m= mass of particle,
assumptions of the kinetic <c>= mean square
theory of gases. speed; k = Boltzmann
5) State the meaning of constant; T= absolute
each of the symbols in the temperature.
equation. It is the average kinetic
1
2
m c 2
3
2
kT energy of a particles in a
What is the significant of gas.
m <c>? 6) No, as the kinetic energy
6) Can we say that since is not double. Kinetic
yesterday the energy is proportional to
temperature was 10C absolute temperature
and today the rather than Celsius
temperature is 20C, then temperature.
today is twice as hot?
PYP 11.1
A kinetic theory formula relating the pressure p and the
volume V of a gas to the root-mean-square speed of
its molecules is
p
1 Nm
c2 Ans. A
3 V
In this formula, what does the product Nm represent?
A. the mass of gas present in the volume V.
B. the number of molecules in unit volume of the gas
C. the total number of molecules in one mole of gas
D. the total number of molecules present in volume V

6/28/2016 61
 PYP 11.2
The simple kinetic theory of gases may be used to derive
the expression relating the pressure p to the density
of gas.
p 3 c
1 2

In this expression, what does <c> represent?

A. the average of the squares of the speeds of the gas
molecules
c
B. the root-mean-square speed of the gas moleculesrms c 2

C. the square of the average speed of the gas molecules <c>

D. the sum of the squares of the speeds of the gas
molecules. c + c + c + cn
Ans. A
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 Average kinetic energy

PYP 11.3 per molecule

1
m c2 3
kT
2 2

The molecules of an ideal Solution

gas at thermodynamics m and k are constant
(absolute) temperature T Let the new root-mean-
have a root-mean-square square speed be x
speed cr. The gas is <c>/T = constant
heated to temperature 2T.
What is the new root- cr/T = x/2T
mean-square speed of the x = (2) cr
molecules?
c12 c 22

T1 T2

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 PYP 11.4
The pressure p of a gas Solution
occupying a volume V and Note: = Nm/V
containing N molecules of
mass m and mean square p = 1/3 <c>
speed <c> is given by 1.00x105 = 1/3 1.6 <c>
p
1 Nm
c2
cr = 433 m/s
3 V
The density of argon at a
pressure 1.00x105 Pa and at a
temperature 200 K is 1.60 kg
m. What is the root mean
square speed of argon
molecules at this temperature?
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 PYP 11.5 pV = nRT

An ideal gas has volume Solution

0.50 m at a pressure bi) pV = nRT
1.01x10 Pa and
temperature 17C. 1.01x10 (0.5)
b) Calculate, for the gas, the = n(8.31)(273 + 17)
number of n = 21 moles
i) moles,
number = . ii) n = N/NA
ii) molecules. 21 = N/ 6.02x10
number = . N = 1.26x10

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 PYP 11.5

c) Each molecule may be Solution

considered to be ci) volume of one molecule
sphere of radius = (4/3)r
1.2x10m. Calculate
= (4/3) (1.2x10)
i) the volume of one
molecule of the gas, = 7.24x10 m
volume = . ii) volume
ii) the volume of all the
= 7.24x10(1.26x10)
molecules. = 9.12x10 m
volume = .

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 PYP 11.5
di) State the assumption Solution
made in the kinetic di) The volume of the
theory of gases for the molecules is negligible
volume of the when compare to the
molecules of an ideal volume of the container.
gas. dii) compare
dii) Comment on your volume of container 0 .5

answer to cii) with volume of molecules 9.12 x10 5
reference to this 5.5 x10 3
assumption. volume of container is very
much greater than
volume of molecules.
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 PYP 11.5
ai) The kinetic theory of Solution
gases leads to the ai) It is the average kinetic
equation energy of a molecule.
1
2
m c 2
3
2
kT
Explain the significance of ii) At absolute zero of
the quantity m<c> temperature i.e. T =0,
the kinetic energy is
ii) Use the equation to zero, i.e. the molecules
suggest what is meant by are at rest.
the absolute zero of
temperature. [3]
6/28/2016 68
 PYP 11.5
Initially, the tap is closed and
b) Two insulated gas cylinders cylinder A contains 1.2 mol. of
A and B are connected by a an ideal gas at temperature of
tube of negligible volume, as 37C. Cylinder B contains the
shown in Fig.
same ideal gas at pressure 37C.
x 1.2x10Pa and a temperature.
i) Calculate the amount, in
mole of the gas in cylinder B.
cylinder A
cylinder B
Solution
i) pV = nRT
1.2x10(2.0x10) =
Each cylinder has an internal n(8.31)(273 +37)
volume of 2.0x10m. n = 0.932 mol.
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 PYP 11.5 pV = nRT

bii) The tap is opened and Solution

some gas flows from bii) Let the final pressure
cylinder A to cylinder B. in each container by p.
Using the fact that the total amount initially
total amount of gas is
constant, determine the = total amount finally
final pressure of the gas 1.2 + 0.93 = nA + nB
in the cylinders. p ( 2 x10 2 )
2
For two = 8.31( 273 37 )
containers of
equal volume
p = 1.37x10Pa

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 m (v u ) u
Boltzmann F L
constant = R/NA t
-u
1
m c kT
2 3
pV = NkT 2 2

1 Nm L
p c2
a gas that obeys 3 V
gas laws, PV=nRT
at all T, p and V kinetic theory

Ideal gas Assumptions

Absolute Point molecules
temperature N = number of molecules Elastic collision
T = + 273.15 m = mass of a molecule Large Number
V = volume of container Duration of
c = speed of a molecule collision
<c> = mean square speed No intermolecular
= Nm/V = density of gas forces