Content

1.
INTRODUCTION
[1.1] Solid Waste
Public health is an important and one of the major factors affecting the city life and its beauty.
After Second World War the population has increased rapidly which has created the number
of problems associated with public health? It has affected greatly the country like India in
which no care has been taken against the increasing population. The population is the main
root cause behind development of the mankind. In our country the care has been taken against
public health since 5000 years ago. It can be seen through the study of Mohenjodaro and
Hanapepe civilization. There were some legal aspects regarding the cleanliness in the past
about 2500 years ago, where the information regarding the public health and town planning
can be seen in the section 56 of the Arthshastra a famous book written by AryaChanakya,
secretary of Chandragupta mourya.
Today solid waste management has become not only the priority but also todays need,
from the point of public health. Solid waste means the waste generated from all living and
non living (including human being and animal) activities that are normally taking place
within the city limits. Generally the solid waste is discarded material or the useless or
unwanted material thats why it is thrown outside the house. But even it is discarded material,
it is having some money value if it is used and treated scientifically. Solid waste contains
major part of biodegradable matter such as vegetable waste, kitchen waste, fruit waste and
some part of non-biodegradable matters such as plastics, rubber, glass and metals.
High degree of urbanization, rapid industrial uncontrolled population, and
uncivilized people causes rapid and ample generation of solid waste. Today the solid waste is
not properly controlled, stored, collected,transferred, transported, processed and disposed,
which leads to adverse effect on plant life and human being.
About 30% of Indias total population lives in urban areas. Municipal management of urban
solid waste has so far remained unsatisfactory in most of the cities and towns with few
notable exceptions like Surat and Chandigadh. Unplanned urban and industrial growth
coupled with huge population influx from the rural areas after the independence has created
further problems for urban solid waste management.
SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 1

Solid waste:
Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that
normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted.
Solid management:
Solid waste management may be defined as that discipline associated with the
control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing
and disposal of solid waste in a manner that is in accord with the best
principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics
and other environmental considerations and that also is responsive to public
attitudes. Municipal solid waste management all over the world and in
particular in developing countries is in the state of crisi s. The landfill which is
very popular has limitations due to paucity of space and also the environment
threats such as lechates containing hazardous chemicals may enter into ground
water and soil. In comparison to this, reuse of waste by converting into ho od
compost i.e. manure and/or for recovery of renewable energy sources i.e.
generation of power, is now considered as most favored options and the recent
Gazette publication on Municipal solid waste .
1.2 Sewage
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater tre atment, is the process of

removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff
(effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical and biological
processes to remove physical, chemical and bi ological contaminants. Its
objective is to produce a waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or
sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment. This material
is often inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic and inorganic
compounds.

Sewage is created by residences, institution s, hospitals and commercial
and industrial establishments. It can be treated close to where it is created (in
septic tanks, biofilters or aerobic treatment systems ), or collected and
transported via a network of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment
plant (see sewerage and pipes and infrastructure ). Sewage collection and
treatment is typically subject to local, state and federal regulations and
standards. Industrial sources of wastewater often require specialized treatment
processes (see Industrial wastewater treatment )
The sewage treatment involves three stages, called primary, secondary

and tertiary treatment . First, the solids are separated from the wastewater
stream. Then dissolved biological matter is progressively converted into a
solid mass by using indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms. Finally, the
biological solids are neutralized then disposed of or re -used, and the treated
water may be disinfected chemically or physically (for example by lagoons and
micro-filtration). The final effluent can be discharged into a stream, river, bay,
lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green
way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater
recharge or agricultural purposes.
In developing countries is in the state of crisis. The landfill which is very

popular has limitations due to paucity of space and also the environment
threats such as lechates containing hazardous chemicals may enter into ground
water and soil. In comparis on to this, reuse of waste by converting into hood
compost.i.e. manure and/or for recovery of renewable energy sources

2. OVERVIEW OF SOLID WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
2.1 Need of SWM in India
India and many other countries are suffering from all the problem of
urbanization. Solid waste is a major component in deterioration of quality of Indian
environment. The complexity in composition of solid waste and its volume are greatly
increasing due to increase of living standards and population density. Hence efficient solid
waste management has assumed high importance in environmental management(14).
Changing times have affected the way of life in the cities as well as villages.
The extensive use of man made things like plastics, tin and glass with open arms, but
unfortunately have never given a thought to their scientific disposal. Even the authorities like
Municipal Corporation, which are the guardians of the health of our cities, have not geared
themselves up, to tackle the waste disposal problem effectively.
Urbanization is a world wide phenomenon. This process of urbanization is

very rapid. The urban population of India is likely to be 395 million by 2011 AD. This has
pored challenge for the provision of potable water supply, clean air, sanitary waste disposal.
Hence it is important to recognize the impacts that urbanization and industrialization have on
environment. One of them is solid waste.
Solid waste is the term now used internationally to describe non liquid waste
material arising from domestic trade, commercial, hospital, industrial, agricultural and mining
activities. Solid waste comprises of countless different materials, dust, food wastes, paper,
metals, plastics or glass, discarded clothing, garden wastes, construction waste, factory off
cuts and process wastes, hospital wastes etc.
In India, management of Municipal solid waste is the last priority in Municipal

Environment services. Hence declining quality of urban Environment is a matter of concern
and the importance of efficient solid waste management is to be recognized(16).
Also India and many developing countries are suffering from the problems of
handling and disposal of solid waste. The following things are stressing the necessity of an
efficient and well organized solid waste management system.

1. Health and Environmental implications :
There are potential risks to health and to the Environment from improper
handling of solid wastes.
2. Economic Implications :
Labour and transport absorb the major part of the operating cost of solid waste
management services. Efficiency of system and high labour productivity are therefore of
vital importance.
3. Human Resources :
Solid waste management is a team work. Allocation and utilization of human

resources is a critical factor in the evaluation of alternative system of solid waste
management and establishment of efficient organization.
2.2 Main Problems in S.W.M.
a) Peoples Participation :
i. The method used for solid waste management should be economically as

well as environmentally attractive. For efficient collection of solid waste,
active participation of the citizens is essential. Presently this is lacking and
needs to be improved.
ii. The need for the active participation of the citizens and the benefits
that accrue to them in terms of aesthetic, environmental and health
benefits should be stressed. It should be impressed on them that in
addition to the municipal authorities it is equally their responsibility
to maintain to clean environment.
b) Knowledge about day to day operation of solid waste management system

is not documented.

c) Solid waste management personnel usually have no generalized decision
making process and problem solving procedure into a systematic structure.
Hence the experts generally may not be available to describe their reasoning
pocess used for making a decision, in the form of an algorithm.
2.3 Characteristics and composition of solid waste:

The rapid growing industrialization and progress in development and changes in
habits of human being tendency towards higher living standards brought significant changes
in the character, composition, quality and quantity of the city solid waste.
Weather, geographic locations, seasonal conditions, social, occupational and

economic characters of the communities and the general characters of the city area some
factors, which influence the character if the city solid waste. Only few local authorities,
municipalities and corporations carry out the regular analysis of the city solid waste and plan
accordingly. Also no any true picture regarding the composition of the solid waste in general
is available.
Low calorific value, high moisture content and organic content make them unsuitable
for incineration. From the point of view of solid waste characteristics land filling and
composting appear to be only alternative to the Asian countries.
2.4 Generation of solid waste and its rate:
As the different methods of measurements and waste classification adopted for

reporting data, subject of solid waste rates has caused considerable confusion. Using the
collected data the total solid waste generated can be found out
Today total quantity of about 97750 tones of household, commercial, industrial,

municipal solid waste are produced per day in India. The quantity of solid waste generated
per person per day in urban areas has been variously reported between 300 Gms to 600 Gms.
As is widely known the quantity generated which includes household garbages and rubbish,

commercial solid waste, industrial solid waste, street sweepings, construction and demolition
debris, sanitation residues etc. varies according to the socio-economic status and cultural
habits of the community, ethics, urban structure, density of population and degree of reuse
and recycling at source. However this should be mentioned that most of the reported figures
are based on quantity by municipal bodies, rather than what is being actually generated.
Following tables show distribution of urban population and generation rates in some of the
industrialized as well as under developed countries.
Urban Solid Wastes Generation Rates:
CITY OR COUNTRY GENERATION RATE Kg/capita/day
New York, U.S.A. 2.25
Rome,Itly 0.69
Singapore 0.87
Cairo, Egypt 0.50
Low income countries

Calcutta, India 0.51
Ban dung, Indonesia 0.55
World Bank has suggested the following rates of waste generation for developing countries
for planning the project:
Residential refuse 0.30 to 0.60 kg/capita/day

Commercial solid waste 0.1 to 0.20 kg/capita/day
Street sweeping 0.05 to 0.20 kg/capita/day
Industrial solid waste 0.05 to 0.20 kg/capita/day

According to Nath&Chatterjee, the quantity of combined solid waste reaching
principal collecting system would not be more than 0.40 kg/capita/day in urban areas with
density of population less than 20000 per sq.km. The same figure would be between 500 Gms
to 600 gms in more densely populated for future planning.
Factors affecting the generation rate:
The industrial development and advancement and better living standards brought
profound changes in the generation rates, character and composition of the city solid waste.
The other factors that generation rates and characters are:
Geographic location
Season of the year(weather)
Frequency of collection
The use of home grinders
The characteristics of population
The habits and economic status of people
The extent of salvage and recycle operation
Legislation
Education
Public attitude and awareness, culture of the society, changes in the lifestyle
Increasing population
Changes in work patterns
New products
Redesign of products
Material substitution
Changes in food processing and food habits

2.5 Collection System Requires More Improvement to Reduce Cost as it is
Major Cost Component
Waste is continuously produced as a result of human activities. Since this

waste can notremoved as fast as it is produced, it must be stored and transported as soon as
possible at specific frequencies. The removal of waste from individual houses is termed as
collection of waste and can be carried out by using various methods such as the house to
house collection system and the community bin system.
The collection system requires cooperation of the residents and in case of

inadequate cooperation and inefficiency in collection of waste, aesthetic problems arise due
to accumulation of the material leading to smell and odour problems, proliferation of flies,
mosquitoes and other vectors leading to transfer of infection resulting in increasing
morbidity.
The expenditure on collection amounts to 45-75% of total cost of solid waste

management system, in the manually intensive system adopted in India. With increase in the
size of the urban centers while the transport cost increases, the collection cost reduces in
terms of percentage of total cost provide services at a lesser cost.
Waste Collection by Municipal Street Sweeping System:
In cities, roads are swept manually. At present, there are single beats, double
beats and trio also. Here a single beat is a beat where a pre-determined area is swept by a
single sweeper and the sweepings are lifted by him. In a double beat, the pre-determined area
is swept by a laborers, and the sweepings are lifted and loaded into a hand barrow and then
created in a wheel barrow to the nearby collection point where a refuse container is located.
The road sweepings are generally dry containing mainly, paper, leaves, plastic (bags, plastic
coated pouches of Gutkhaetc) and inert material. Some times, night soil also is required to be
lifted from the roadsides. The municipal sweepers also attended litterbins on the
footpaths/roads.
This method of collection for garbage thrown on street by people require to be

done along with other collection systems since city roads continue to get littered by garbage
generated by public throwing. It is essential that innovative litter bins are provided at
suitable interval in all the localities, road sides, market and shopping area near school and
colleges, bus stops, cinema/drama theaters etc. It is recommended to keep the loading height
of the above bins not more than 1.2 meters. Thus, it can be seen that the waste can be stored
in the community bins described earlier very economically, but the storage systems are very
much unhygienic, unhealthy, unaesthetic, and unsightly. In these storage systems, the waste
is handled twice. Hence the municipalities should do away with these community storage
systems in phased manner.
2.6 Systems of Transportation

Waste is collected every day from the commercial areas, markets and main
roads at heavily populated regions of the city. Similarly, collection is done twice a day from
the places where the discharge and presence of waste material is heavy on the cement
concrete bins. Collection is done on every day from the dense populated areas of the city such
as zones 1 and 4. The collection of waste is done at least twice in a week from the zones 5
and 6. Now days it is essential to provide one more truck for collection from section no. 5 and
6 due to the high rate of development in extension area.
Figure No. 2.6.1 Compacting Mechanism for a Packer Truck
Every day three trips of truck of each section are done for collection of waste
in the city. Waste is loaded in the truck by the labours and is unloaded at the depot.
Generally, one to one half hour is required for loading the waste of each trip. Usually 35 to 40
minutes are required to unload the loaded truck at depot. In an average 30 to 45 minutes are
required for each truck to reach up disposal site. More time may required due to traffic jam
and other occasional problems. Thus for each truck two to two and half hours are required for
one trip and in one shift maximum three trips are possible (3, 4).
Figure No. 2.6.2 Side Loading Packer Truck

2.7 Disposal of solid waste:
The most practiced method of disposal for urban solid waste in this country is random
dumping. Except in cases few notable municipalities (Surat-Gujrat, Chennai-Tamilnadu, and
Chadigar) dumping is done crude manner without any control whatever. Only few portion of
the solid waste (less than 10% ) is being used in mechanical composting and anaerobic
composting in shallow trenches. Even whatever land is available with municipalities, are not
utilized optimally, which is reflected in high production cost of compost manner. The
committee on urban waste reports that 90% of the urban solid waste in our country are
beingdisposed by dumping and land filling, though municipalities claim that entire portion
are substantial amount of there solid waste are being used by composting.
Incineration plants are not in use neither they are being used for future because of
their prohibitive cost and unsuitability for Indian solid waste. Also these plants cause the air
pollution and foul smell. Due to this reason it is declining in popularity. In case of hospital
wastes the incineration method of disposing the waste is used by some hospitals.

Disposal methods:
Different disposal methods for municipal solid waste are as follows:
Open dumping
Sanitary land filling
Incineration (with or without power generation)
Composting
Compacting
Biogas generation
Land hills
Pelletisation (briquettes-RDF)
Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste
Vermiculture
Power generation
Aerobic composting
Landfill gas (LFG) Recovery

2.8 Objectives of the Present Study
Solid waste management is very important for every city or town. Collection
and transportation are major cost components in that system. There is necessity to use man,
machine and money very efficiently and economically by considering Environmental aspect
of that people.
Due to tremendous growth in population, generation rate of solid waste also

increases, with subsequent increase in the cost required to manage the system of solid waste
collection.
For that purpose by considering the future of the city (near about 10 to 15
years) some improvements in collection system, optimization of route followed by refuse
collection vehicle, needs to be properly designed and implemented. So to control on total cost
of solid waste management, collection and transportation system shall be studied and
scientific and engineering methods will be implemented to improve overall solid waste
management of the city.

3. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
3.1 Introduction
Solid waste management is one of the important obligatory functions of urban local
bodies in India. However, this essential service is not efficiently performed by municipal
bodies resulting in problems of health, sanitation and environmental degradation. It is
observed that lack of financial resources, institutional weakness, improper selection of
machinery, vehicles and disposal options, citizens apathy towards cleanliness have made this
service far from satisfactory.
On an average, transport capacities of 100-300 cum per million population served are
provided in developing countries and costs are made up of two elements namely cost of
labour and machinery. Before vehicle productivity can be maximized, it is necessary to
evaluate and make decisions regarding characteristics of refuse collection vehicles. A variety
of sources are available including human, animal and a range of prime movers. Such as three-
wheeled auto rickshaw, dumper trucks, tractor trailers, conventional trucks and compactors.
The most appropriate source will often be determined by haul distance, road width and
condition, traffic density and total quantity of waste to be removed and availability of the
personal. In many urban areas, traffic congestion is common and in such circumstances,
conventional trucks will perform more efficiency than tractor-trailer or animal drawn carts.
Similarly, in densly populated areas where access roads are inadequate, either in length,
width or surface quality, the use of heavy motorized refuse vehicles often create problems,
such as congestion and road-surface degradation.
3.2 Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste
Indian cities/town generate, on an average, 300-400 gm/capita per day of solid waste.
Nearly 8.5 million MT per annum cores from nine major metropolitan centers alone. Only
about 60-80% of these wastes are collected on daily basis and the rest is left to delay on the
roads, streets and drains etc. The urban solid wastes generally contain up to 20% of
recyclable contents, where as the compostible material may constitute around 40-50%, the
rest being stones, dust etc. A part of these wastes coming from hospitals and certain
industries is of hazardous nature. According to Bajaj Committee (1995) the Municipal
garbage has low calorific value usually less than 1500 KCal/Kg and its average density

varies between 500-600 Kg/m3. The existing arrangements for solid waste management in
most of our urban centers are highly unsatisfied and subject a considerable part of our
population to serious health risks. It is therefore, we must initiate a concerted effort for proper
scientific management of Municipal solid wastes in the country.
3.2.1 Physical Characteristic of Municipal Solid Waste (M.S.W.) :
The main characteristics useful to solid waste management are physical and
chemical characteristics.
The solid waste in Indian cities consist of mainly three types of components.
a) Recyclables such as paper, plastics, glass, metal, leather, rubber etc.
b) Compostible or combustible material such as kitchen waste, vegetable and fruit waste,
dry grass, mutton and fish waste, dry leaves etc. ranging between 31% to 56% and
c) Inert material i.e. construction, demolition, road dust, ash etc. ranging between 40% to
54%..
Table No. 3.2.1(a) Elements of Municipal Solid Wastes in Indian Cities

Characteristic of M.S.W. Population in lakhs
<2 2-5 5-20 >20
Paper 3.09 4.76 3.80 7.07
Plastics 0.57 0.59 0.81 0.86
Metals 0.51 0.39 0.64 1.03
Glass 0.29 0.34 0.44 0.76
Ash and fine earth 46.06 39.97 41.81 31.74
Total comestible matter 33.41 39.76 40.15 41.69
All values by percent wet weight.

Table 3.2.1(b) Properties of Municipal Solid Wastes in Indian Cities
Characteristic of M.S.W. Population in lakhs
<2 2-5 5-20 >20
Moisture content 22.12 25.05 22.45 31.18
Organic matter 22.01 22.51 22.51 27.57
Carbon 12.56 12.51 11.95 15.32
Nitrogen 0.60 0.61 0.55 0.58
Phosphorus 0.70 0.71 0.67 0.59
Potassium 0.70 0.73 0.72 0.67
C/N 20.35 20.47 21.45 26.23
HCV in KCal/Kg 800.00 874.00 865.00 114.00
All the values except moisture content on dry weight basis.
Moisture contents on wet weight basis.
3.3 Segregation
In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall organize
awareness programmes for segregation of wastes and shall promote recycling or reuse of
segregated materials. The municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to ensure
community participation in waste segregation. For this purpose, regular meetings at quarterly
intervals shall be arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of local resident
welfare associations and non-governmental organizations.
In actual case, partial segregation is done in Sangli city. There is a necessity of
segregation of municipal solid waste as far as composting and disposal is concerned. In few
areas, segregation of refuse is being carried out by collecting the waste in three different

buckets i.e. first buckets is for degradable material, second is for non-degradable material,
third is for hazardous waste(3).
3.4 Collection Method
3.4.1 House-to-House Waste Collection :
With this method, the garbage collection vehicle is given streetwise

programme to call on assigned number of premises in a locally and the refuse collection
vehicle stops as close as possible to the entrance of the building and the individual premise
bins is picked up by the municipal workers and emptied into the refuse collection truck or a
two workers team will go to community containers in the premises and carry garbage for
depositing into the refuse vehicle.
a) In this system of garbage collection door to door service of collection vehicle is

rendered. Actually, it is expected that the residents of the area bring their garbage to the
refuse collection vehicle when it arrives near the house. They are helped to unload their
containers into the vehicle. This of course, demands better time management. Bell
ringing also is practiced in many cases. The vehicle used for this system is a regular
dumper, which is loaded manually (and unloaded hydraulically at the landfill site). If
the containers kept by the public are too big say 100 litres capacity, then they are
required to be unloaded on the road and again lifted and loaded into the dumper. As the
service is provided at the door step, it is appreciated by many citizens.
b) Mobile Compactor vehicles are kept in some cities. The compactor vehicle with 6
labours traces a predetermined route. On the route, it attends about 20/24 one cubic
meter containers. These containers some times are placed in the premises of the
societies and as such are required to be towed to the road side where the compactor
vehicle waits. The container is then aligned with lifting gear of the compactor and
thereafter it is unloaded into the compactor hopper. On some route the compactor
containers are placed on the road side and are carried for attending.
Any vehicle which can lift a refuse container from the road level, can employ
it in the local body and spread it in the load body automatically using hydraulic system
also can be used instead of a compactor. Such type of vehicle can be more efficient as it
requires less maintenance.

However, the house-to-house collection system demands regularity of service
of the man and machinery. Proper supervision helps to make this refuse collection
system efficient. If this collection system is properly followed, it is hygienically very
acceptable and households are not required to wait at the kerbside.
3.4.3 Collection From Tenements/Buildings:
In high building and societies where there are a large number of families, who
employ sufficient number of persons to go to each and every tenement to collect their refuse
and deposit it in community container provided either by the society itself or by the
Municipal Body. In case of the municipal container, it is either 1 m3 capacity. Compactor
container or a skip container of 2.5 m3/4.5 m3/5.2 m3 capacity. These container/containers are
lifted by municipal refuse vehicle and taken away regularly. The frequency of picking the
garbage containers depend on the waste generation. However, the garbage is lifted at least
once in 24 hours. If a society is small, then a municipal container serves a number of such
societies/buildings
3.4.4 Garbage Collection From Urban Slum Settlements:
The public behavior in urban slum is unpredictable and it is therefore, absolute

necessary to educate the slum dwellers if the waste collection system is to be successful.
3.4.5 Bell Ringing System:
A small vehicle is developed to collect the garbage from a particular locality

of the slum/locality. The vehicle traces a predetermined route at a pre-decided time. It
denotes its arrival by ringing a bell when the slum dwellers/residents are to be bring their
garbage to the refuse vehicle and drum it in the vehicle. The vehicle traces the route only
once in a day. This system ensures proper collection of the garbage without littering and
without any refuse containers. Road side garbage heaps are also avoided in this waste
collection system.
Where there is some place to keep a hard barrow for half an hour/one hour the
residents are instructed to deposit their garbage in the hand barrows they are placed on the

road side for a decided period of half an hour as so. These handbarrows are therefore taken
away in a handcart or by physically transporting them manually to be emptied in a container
or a vehicle.
3.4.6 Kerbside Garbage Collection :
Here, each household is required to bring their garbage bins near the kerbside
when the refuse collection truck comes on its waste collection round. The arrival of refuse
vehicle is announced by ringing a bell. This system is less appreciated as building person has
to wait at the kerbside till emptying operation is completed and refuse bun is returned.
Sometimes, even timings may instead of waiting for municipal crew to collect. If the refuse
bins is left unguarded, the rag pickers or stray animals are likely to upset them and spill
garbage all over
3.4.7 Dump to Dump Garbage Collection:
In areas where residents are not to keep the garbage within their
premises/compounds till the garbage vehicle comes, the tend to throw their garbage on the
street. To control this kind of littering of roads, municipal bodies are required to provide
temporary waste dumping points where building people in the vicinity could deposit their
garbage at these waste collection points. Usually, such waste collection sites are on the
curbside at suitable points in the form of fixed or movable refuse bins or shed. In some areas
where waste generation is heavy, (e.g. market places), trailers or containers/skips are kept
instead of bins. some dumps get formed at open plots which are not developed, waste
collection in such areas is from dump to dump. These dumpsites are also used by municipal
sweepers to deposit the street sweepings collected in the area.
3.4.8 Waste Collection by Municipal Street Sweeping System:
In cities, roads are swept manually. At present, there are single beats, double
beats and trio also. Here a single beat is a beat where a pre-determined area is swept by a
single sweeper and the sweepings are lifted by him. In a double beat, the pre-determined area

is swept by a laborers, and the sweepings are lifted and loaded into a hand barrow and then
created in a wheel barrow to the nearby collection point where a
refuse container is located. The road sweepings are generally dry containing mainly, paper,
leaves, plastic (bags, plastic coated pouches of Gutkhaetc) and inert material. Some times,
night soil also is required to be lifted from the roadsides. The municipal sweepers also
attended litterbins on the footpaths/roads.
This method of collection for garbage thrown on street by people require to be

done along with other collection systems since city roads continue to get littered by garbage
generated by public throwing. It is essential that innovative litter bins are provided at
suitable interval in all the localities, road sides, market and shopping area near school and
colleges, bus stops, cinema/drama theaters etc. It is recommended to keep the loading height
of the above bins not more than 1.2 meters. Thus, it can be seen that the waste can be stored
in the community bins described earlier very economically, but the storage systems are very
much unhygienic, unhealthy, unaesthetic, and unsightly. In these storage systems, the waste
is handled twice. Hence the municipalities should do away with these community storage
systems in phased manner.
3.4.9 Relay System of Garbage Collection:
The basic principle of garbage handling is Handle Only Once (HOO). If this
principle is followed it helps to minimize the cost involved and gives maximum efficiency of
collection. In this system, garbage collection vehicle is parked where a platform of
appropriate height is provided. The platform has a staircase for climbing. The garbage
brought to the point is carried to the platform and is dumped in the standing vehicle. When
the vehicle is fully loaded, it is sent away for unloading and other empty vehicle is placed at
the place. This system is effective where there is a continuous inflow and generation of
garbage. As the garbage is directly loaded in the vehicle HOO is followed.

Figure No. .3.4.9.1Relay System of Garbage Collection
For loading, a refuse truck a labour force of 6 per vehicle is required in routine. However,
in case of relay system only two laborers are required to be posted on the relay platform,
thereby saving on the labor force is possible. In addition to the benefits of HOO the
system being more hygienic has proved to be popular in cities like Mumbai. As the
garbage goes directly to the vehicle body, the collection point remains clean and neat.
This system therefore has been accepted by the city people.
3.4.10 Communal Garbage Collection by Special Vehicle:
Some cities have introduced the skip loading where a vehicle have sling lifting
tackles and a sling type container. The sling lifting tackle is operated to take off the refuse bin
to and for from refuse vehicle for loading/emptying.

Figure No.3.4.10.1 Sling Lifting System
The another system container conveyer system comprise of suitable capacity
tapered containers with sides having longitudinal lugs. The tractor with a carrier is used to lift
off or replace these containers and carry to dumping site. In roll-on system arrangement is
little different from the skip system where the collection vehicle has a pulley tackle which
would slide the container on or off the vehicle.
In recent times, wheeled refuse bins are in use where special hitching units lift
up the bin, empty and bring back to ground level. In this system manual handling of waste is
avoided.
Another system which is introduced in some cities in India is of Stationary

Compactor.
3.4.11 NIRMALAYA Collection of Religious Offering:
India is a country where the religious functions are celebrated with love and
affection gaiety, pomp and show. It has great value of sentiments.

Figure No. 3.4.11.1 Special Collection System for Religious Offerings
Diwali is a common religious function all over India in the month of October-
November. Ganeshostav is mainly celebrated all over Maharashtra and some other States in
the month of September. Navaratri is celebrated in the month of October. Again, Dassera is
celebrated in the month of October. Durga Puja is celebrated in the month of October. Onam
and Pongal are celebrated in South India. As per the tradition or custom people offer flower
and garlands of flowers to deities and people are sentimental about these offerings. We
would not like to throw these flowers or garlands with other general municipal garbage.
Generally, these are offered (thrown) in the sea lakes, rivers, ponds and wells etc. with
respect. Further, in the holy places, temple cities (religious cities) and towns these flowers
are offered daily throughout the year. These flowers which are offered to the deities in very
large quantities i. e.in tones, are required to be put in the water bodies, keeping in view the
sentiments behind these religious offerings.
In the modern world, where every body is environmentally conscious it has

become necessary to dispose off or process these flower offerings which are bio-degradable
in a manner which do not hurt the sentiments of the devotees. It is a well-known fact that

when these flowers are put into the sea, these come back along with the high tide on the
seashore. Being biodegradable stinking smell emanates on the sea beaches and seashore wear
a very dirty look. This also populates the atmosphere and water when these flowers are put
into lakes or rivers or ponds, wells. It is essential to collect and process these religious
offerings in such a way so that it does not spoil the atmosphere or peoples sentiments and
does not pollute beaches, air and water.
The packing material like paper, cardboard boxes also creates lot of problems
when mixed with general municipal waste. Hence, this recyclable material should be
separately collected. Which can be handed over to rag pickers.
Any food waste or Prasadam (excess or spoiled) also should be separately

collected instead of putting it in general waste, which creates environmental problems. It can
be processed in a very holy method as described as under Inside every Temple or
Ganeshotsavprogramme one big Earthen Pot known as Nirmalaya should be provided.
The capacity of the pot may be say 100 litres, which can be easily carried. The flowers
offering may be collected and put in one of these pots. These pots can be used in multiples.
The second pot for packaging material should be used. This material can be handed over to
rag pickers for recycling industry fro getting his livelihood. The third pot fro food waste or
Prasadam which is in excess or beyond further use for human beings. The flowers, garlands
and food waste can be taken to nearby garden or vacant plot by the local body or municipality
for processing by Composting or Vermi Composting. The compost, can be used fro
gardens, landscapes for horticulture and agriculture purpose by horticulturists and
agriculturists.
3.5 Municipal Waste Collection Planning
Whichever is the refuse collection system in the city, it always need a proper
analysis of loading, unloading timings, travel time between refuse collection point to final
disposal site/transfer station, traffic situations, type of refuse vehicles etc. collection plan
where number of buildings or dumpsites are indicated on a daily collection programme sheet
which needs to be filled up by the driver or supervisors in change of waste collection. This

programme plan require continuous review to see that full utilization of manpower and refuse
collection vehicles are made, and vehicles carry its full designed load.
Waste Collection Plan
Waste Collection Loading/ Transfer Travel Time Type of

Generation Unloading Station Set Refuse
Points Time Collection Collection
Point to Vehicle
Disposal
Site
Traffic
3.6 Treatment and Disposal Methods Situation
The technical details of solid waste management and treatment alternatives are
studied and best method for treatment was chosen taking into consideration all the
Environmental parameters of the Sangli city. The study is limited to calculate basic data of
the solid waste such as generation rate, composition, recycling and segregation possibility
and costing for the treatment by simple and economical method.
However, to collect the basic data of solid waste generation rate, refuse
composition etc. study of whole Sangli city is carried out.
Disposal Methods :
Disposal in water bodies.

Disposal on land
Sanitary land filling
a) Trench method
b) Ramp method
c) Area method

3.7 Equipment: (At Garbage Landfill Sites)
A combination of mechanical and manual methods can be considered to control the
placement of solid waste. Heavy dozing and consolidating machinery is required at sanitary
land filling for following operations.
Excavation excavators
Leveling of Solid Waste Dozer
Compaction Landfill Compactors (for big cities)
Figure
No.3.7.1 Disposal Poclain

Figure No. 3.7.2 Buildozar Disposal
Figure No. 3.7.3 Landfill Compactor

4. CASE STUDY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
TREATMENT PLANT, PANDHARPUR
This plant is comparatively smaller than sewage treatment plant & also involves very few
operations. The solid waste of about 50 tonne per day generated from Pandharpur city is
processed here & the manure of about 15 tonne per day is prepared. The plant is spread over
5 acre area & the waste is generally Municipal solid waste collected from whole pandharpur
city.
4.1. Constituents of municipal Solid waste:
i) Food Wastes:
The animal fruit or vegetable residues (also called garbage) resulting from the
handling preparation cooking and eating of foods. Because food wastes are pucerescible they
will decompose rapidly especially in warm water.
ii) Rubbish :
Combustible and non-combustible solid wastes excluding food wastes or other
pucerescible materials. Typically combustible rubbish consist of material such as paper
cardboard, plastics textiles, rubbers, leathers wood and furniture. Non-combustible rubbish
consist of item such as glass, crockery, aluminium cans ferrous and nonferrous metals direct
and construction wastes.
iii) Ashes and Residues :
Material remaining from the burning of wood coal, coke and other combustible
wastes.
iv) Demolition and Construction Wastes:

Waste from razed building and other structure are classified as demolition wastes.
Waste from the construction remodeling and repairing of residential commercial and
industrial building are classified as construction wastes.
v) Special Wastes:
Wasted such as street sweeping road-side litters catch basin debris, dead animals and
abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes.
vi) Treatment Plant Wastes:
The solid wastes and semisolid wasted from wastewater and industrial waste
treatment facilities are includes in this classification.

4.2 Various Processes involved in solid waste treatment plant
4.2.1 Segregation
In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall organize
awareness programmes for segregation of wastes and shall promote recycling or reuse of
segregated materials. The municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to ensure
community participation in waste segregation. For this purpose, regular meetings at quarterly
intervals shall be arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of local resident
welfare associations and non-governmental organizations.
In actual case, partial segregation is done in Sangli city. There is a necessity of
segregation of municipal solid waste as far as composting and disposal is concerned. In few
areas, segregation of refuse is being carried out by collecting the waste in three different
buckets i.e. first buckets is for degradable material, second is for non-degradable material,
third is for hazardous waste.
[i] Pre-segregation
[ii] Post-segregation

i Pre-segregation
In this process the solid waste collected is conveyed into rotating sieve with the help of
conveyor belt so that, the unprocessable large sized waste is removed and processable solid
waste is taken for the postsegregation process.
IS 80mm sieve is used for segregation
15HP hydrolic oil driven motor is used for this machine.
The rotating speed for the sieve is 1440rpm.
ii Post-segregation
The waste retained from presegregation machine is then manually taken for
postsegregation. Here it is refined by passing through IS16mm sieve. And after this it is send
to Rotary sieve.
As the next process is of grinding ,for efficient working of grinder the small metal
bodies are also removed here by using magnetic separator device.
IS 16mm sieve is used for segregation

15HP hydraulic oil driven motor is used for this machine.

4.2.2 Grinding:-
The refined material obtained from post-segregation machine is carried into rotary seive with
the help of bucket elevator.Rotary sieve is nothing but a simple grinding device which
changes refined material into fined grained manure.
5HP 4SNU motor is used having speed of 1440rpm.
It is last unit from where the fined grained end product that is manure is
obtained.
4.2.3 Reuse, Recycle concept:-

A] Refused Derived Fuel (R.D.F) Plant:
Here the pieces of cloth discarded from pre-segregation process are compacted to
make use of them as combustible raw material in steam energy generation plant.

B] Preparation of Hollow cement concrete blocks and paving blocks:-
The grit matter thrown out from post-segregation process is used as aggregate for the
preparation of Hollow cement concrete blocks and paving blocks. Although the strength of
these hollow block is not same as regular market hollow block but they can be used for the
construction of compound walls and the walls of temporary sheds.
And the paving block can be used for different purposes like for footpaths of roads,
platform of railways, bus stands etc.
Paving block machine hollow concrete block machine

End Products obtained:-
Manure for agriculture land.
Compacted cloth block.
Hollow Concrete Block and Paving Block.
Obtained Manure Cloth Block
Hollow Concrete Block Paving Block

5. OVERVIEW OF SEWAGE WASTE TREATMENT
5.1. Sewage treatment domestic wastewater treatment
Sewage treatment domestic wastewater treatment is the process of removing contaminants

from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical,
chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its
objective is to produce a waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or sludge suitable for
discharge or reuse back into the environment. This material is often inadvertently contaminated
with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds.
Sewage Flow
5.2. Process overview
5.2.1 SCREENING :
The process of separating large particles suspended or floated in sewage by using

screen is known as screening.

OBJECTS:
1. To remove the floating solids.
2. Sewage admitted to STP & pumping stations should be effectively screened to protect
the machinery in the plant & to avoid difficulties in subsequent stages of treatment.
Type of Screenings :
(1) Depending on the spacing between bars ,
1. Coarse screen : Above 50mm

2. Medium screen : 20 to 50 mm
3. Fine screen : Less than 20mm
(2) Depending upon method of operation ,
1. Manually operated
2. Mechanically operated
5.2.2 GRIT REMOVAL:
The inorganic matter such as sand, broken crockery etc is removed in this process.
GRIT CHAMBER:
In grit chamber the sand is settled down by reducing the velocity of flow.
Type of Grit Chambers :
1. Horizontal flow grit chamber

2. Aerated grit chamber
3. Mechanically cleaned
4. Manually cleaned

5.2.3 .Distribution chamber:
It collects sewage from grit chamber & provides it to aeration tank for further
treatment.
5.2.4 .Skimming:
The grease & fats from sewage water are removed in this process.
5.2.5 Sedimentation of sewage:
The process of setting of suspended particles is known as sedimentation.
Objects:
a. To remove suspended particles.

b. To remove chemical floc in secondary setting basin of ASP.
c. To remove chemical floc when the chemical coagulation process is used.
d. The process of sedimentation reduces the strength of sewage to the extent of about 30-
35%.
e. The quantity of solids in the sewage is reduced to the extent of about 80-90%.
f. The sewage after being treated in the sedimentation tanks become fit for further
treatment processes.
Factors Affecting Sedimentation
(a) Characteristics of liquid:

1. Temperature
2. Viscosity
3. Specific gravity of liquid
(b) Characteristics of solids:
1. Size of particles
2. Specific gravity of setting particles
3. Concentration of suspended matter

(c) Physical characteristics of Clarifies:
1. Detention period
2. Shape of the basins
3. Depth of the basin
4. baffling and operation of basin
5. Viscosity and length of flow through basin.
Classification of Setting Tanks
(a) According to the shape of tank :

1. Rectangular tank
2. Circular tank
(b) According to operation :
1. Fill and draw type
2. Continues flow type
(c) According to direction of flow :
1. Horizontal flow tanks
(a) Longitudinal flow
(b) Radial flow
2. Vertical flow tanks
(d) According to method of sludge collection and removal :
1. Flat bottom tanks- without scraper
2. Hopper bottom tanks
3. Flat bottom tanks with mechanical scraper
5.2.6.Sludge digestion:
In todays practice of sewage treatment on large scale, the separate digestion tanks are
provided for the sludge to digest.
This tanks are made of R.C.C. and generally circular in plan with diagram 5 to 30 m,
depth 3 to 10m and have hopper bottom.
The cover may be fixed or floating, provided with gas meter, pressure relief valve etc.
Following are the essential parts of a sludge digestion tank.
1. Enclosure
2. Floor
3. Gas dome
4. Heating arrangements
5. Inlet and outlet
6. Mixing device
7. Roof
8. Scam braking device.
5.2.7.Trickling filters:
Types:
Trickling filters are divided into the following two categories.
1) Standard rate trickling filters.

2) High-rate or high capacity trickling filters
5.2.8.Activated sludge process:
Activated sludge process is an aerobic, biological sewage treatment process. In this

process, raw or settled sewageis aerated in aeration tank for some hours. The aeration tank
consists of activated sludge.

5.2.9. Chlorination:
The application of chlorine to water for the purpose of disinfection is known as

chlorination
The chlorine is applied to water in following :
1. As bleaching powder.
2. As chloramines.
3. As free chlorine gas

6. CASE STUDY OF SEWAGE WASTE TREATMENT PLANT,
PANDHARPUR
The overall sewage water from Pandharpur city is conveyed by means of gravity at pump
house & by pumping the same is carried to receiving chamber for further treatment.
This plant is owned by Government & the total functioning, maintenance& repair of
this plant is controlled by the local corporationbody.
6.1 Receiving Chamber:
This is the first site where the water from the pumping house is collected by pumping.
The height is provided to receiving chamber just to carry out further conveyance by means of
gravity. Size of this chamber is 2.55 X 2.55 X 4.50 m
Receiving Chambers
6.2. Processes involved:-
6.2.1Screening
A screening device consists of bars placed vertically,Inclined on the curved &

spaced at close & equal interval across a channel
Through which sewage is flow.

A]. Manually operate screen
In manually clean screen, a perforated platform is provided from which an

operator may rake the screening from the screen.
A hand rake is provided.
The screen is placed inclined between 45 & 60 to the horizontal.
Screen is fitted in RCC Chamber of Size 7.0X11.2X1.9 m, &the unwanted
matter such as plastic, paper etc are removed manually.
B].Mechanically operated screen
In mechanical cleaned screen, a mechanical raking is provided.

The inclination of the screen should be between 60 & 90 with horizontal.
The raking mechanism cleans the screen & lifts up the screening & empties into
through.
Mechanically operated screens are fitted in RCC Chamber of Size 7.0X11.2X1.9
m. but here the removal of unwanted matter is done mechanically,which is more
efficient & fast process as compared to manual method.
To maintain the continuity of flow, without any distruption the arrangement of both
manual & mechanical screening is provided.

6.2.2Grit Removal
Sewage contains inorganic matter such as sand, broken crockery etc, which enter
sewers from storm washing, kitchen.
If grit is not removed, it created problem in sludge digestion as it combined with the
other organic matter in the sludge.
It also causes wear & tear of pumps.
Grit is removed in grit chamber.
6.2.3.Distribution Chamber
From here the sewage water is supplied to aeration tank. Here the arrangement is
made in such way that the active sludge returns back from the secondary settling tank,which
help to maintain the working even in the rainy season. As drying beds are of no use in the
monsoon.

Mechanically operated gatesare provided to regulate the sewage flow from grit
chamber to aeration tank and reverse flow of active sludge from settling tank to distribution
chamber.
Size of Distribution Chamber 5.0 X 4.2 X 1.0 m
Distribution Chamber with Pipe For Active Sludge Process
6.2.4 Sedimentation Of Sewage
In the normal sedimentation practice the Stakes law is used to calculate the setting
velocity of the particles.
In designing continues flow sedimentation basins, the following assumption are
normally made:
1. Setting in a settling tank occurs exactly as it would occur in a quiescent container of

liquid.
2. The concentration of suspended solids at right-angles tothe direction of flow is
constant throughout.
3. A particle that enters the sludge zone stage and is removed.

The normal sedimentation basins are designed on the basis of surface loading and
detention time.
The normal values of surface loadings are between 25 to 45 m3/d/m2.
And the detention time between 2 to 8 hours.
The exact values of the surface loading and the detention time are normally selected
depending the specific purpose of use.
The normal practice is to use circular sedimentation tanks mainly because of their
structural stability and suit to their lesser cost for the same volume.
They are also found to behave reasonably well from hydraulic point of view.
Theoretically, a long narrow rectangular tank should give the best performance.
Capacity of the tank:120 lakh lit.
Sedimentation Tank
6.2.4. Secondary Settling Tank

After aeration the sewage water is taken to secondary settling tank. The main object is to
settle down the minor suspended particles present in the sewage water and this is done simply
by allowing the sewage water to remain in still position for some time. The bottom level of
aeration tank & the top level of secondary settling tank is kept same so, that the flow from
aeration tank to settling tank should take place gravitationally.
Diameter of tank: 42.65 m

Capacity of this tank: 36 lakh lit.
6.2.5.ActivatedSludge Process:
The activated sludge is mixed with raw or partially treated sewage.

The sewage is given the usual primary treatments in the activated sludge process.
When activated sludge is mixed properly with sewage containing ample or sufficient
quantity of oxygen, the micro-organisms present in the activated sludge multiply
rapidly.
As a result of phenomena, the following effects take place.
1) Organic solids present in sewage are rapidly oxidized and

2) Suspended & colloidal matters coagulate & they form a readily settleable
precipitate.
After such precipitate settle down, the effluent which is obtained is clear & sparkling.
The effluent contains very low amount of organic matter.
It is generally not given any further treatment except chlorination in some cases.
A portion of settled sludge is sent for recirculation & the remaining part is sent to
sludge digestion tank.

Activated Sludge Process
6.2.6. Chlorination:-
The dose of 0.5ppm to 0.7ppm is given to water obtained from secondary settling
tank. The demand of chlorine to be given depends upon its usage.i.e when the water is to be
released in river the dose is more while if the water is used for farming purpose the dose is
very less. This is because the water should not loose its biological compounds & hence the
fertility of land is prevented. The size of chlorinated tank is 52 .0X6.25 m.

Chlorination Unit
Chlorine House

6.2.7. Drying Beds
These beds are only for drying the sludge. Sand layer of about 10cm thickness is
spread in these beds ,above which the sludge obtained from secondary settling tank is
spread. 11 beds of size 16.7X10.65X1.0 m each are provided on this plant. The water
percolated through drying beds is again returned to aeration tank by pumping.
Drying Beds
End Products obtained:-

1. The treated water is mostly used for farming purpose; hence the dose of chlorine is reduced.
2. And the sludge remained from settling tank is allowed to dry in drying beds so that manure is
obtained.

Dried Mannual

7. CONCLUSION
Due to more population and civilization it is very important to have a good and well planned
sewage and solid waste utilization system. So as to protect the public health and also
maintained the balance of environment.
More attention is to be given over the various process of waste disposal which is very
critical part as far as todays generation rate of waste.
Both sewage and solid treatment plant need careful attention, proper thinking and well
planning so as to dispose the waste in efficient manner. It is very necessary for the public
health engineers to have a good knowledge and awareness of all aspects like waste water,
solid waste and pollution occurring because of these.
All the waste collected from any community should be disposed off only after giving
proper treatment so that it will not make any adverse effect directly or indirectly over the
environment.
Use of well equipped vehicles like dumper placers, compactors etc to assure quality as well
as to improve efficiency.
Waste shall be stored at three different coloured bins

i) Green colour - biodegradable waste
ii) Red colour- Recyclable waste
iii) Black colour - Hazardous waste
In this way, effluent of sewage plant should be disposed off into the river or stream
when it becomes harmless while in case of solid waste, it is necessary to make use of reuse
and recycle concept.

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hand Books:-
Solid Waste Management in the developing countries-
A.D.Bhide&B.B.Sudarshan.
Hand book of environmental engineer (Solid Waste) -

-Lawerence, K. Wang, Norman C. Pereira
Solid waste management

-H.U. Bijlani.
Handbook of Solid waste disposal

-Pavoni
Websites:-
1)www. Mde.State. Md. Us/. . /index. asp
2) www.openlibrary.org/b/014086285m
3) www. Wsipp.Wa. Gov/rptfiles/sewage/pdf
4) www.faqs.org/patents/app/20090324799

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1.

[1.1] Solid Waste

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 1

Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater tre atment, is the process of

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 2

The sewage treatment involves three stages, called primary, secondary

In developing countries is in the state of crisis. The landfill which is very

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 3

2.1 Need of SWM in India

Urbanization is a world wide phenomenon. This process of urbanization is

In India, management of Municipal solid waste is the last priority in Municipal

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 4

Solid waste management is a team work. Allocation and utilization of human

2.2 Main Problems in S.W.M.

i. The method used for solid waste management should be economically as

b) Knowledge about day to day operation of solid waste management system

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 5

2.3 Characteristics and composition of solid waste:

Weather, geographic locations, seasonal conditions, social, occupational and

2.4 Generation of solid waste and its rate:

As the different methods of measurements and waste classification adopted for

Today total quantity of about 97750 tones of household, commercial, industrial,

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 6

Urban Solid Wastes Generation Rates:

CITY OR COUNTRY GENERATION RATE Kg/capita/day

New York, U.S.A. 2.25

Cairo, Egypt 0.50

Low income countries

Residential refuse 0.30 to 0.60 kg/capita/day

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 7

Factors affecting the generation rate:

The other factors that generation rates and characters are:

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 8

Waste is continuously produced as a result of human activities. Since this

The collection system requires cooperation of the residents and in case of

The expenditure on collection amounts to 45-75% of total cost of solid waste

Waste Collection by Municipal Street Sweeping System:

This method of collection for garbage thrown on street by people require to be

2.6 Systems of Transportation

Figure No. 2.6.1 Compacting Mechanism for a Packer Truck

Figure No. 2.6.2 Side Loading Packer Truck

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 11

Different disposal methods for municipal solid waste are as follows:

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 12

Due to tremendous growth in population, generation rate of solid waste also

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 13

3.2 Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 14

3.2.1 Physical Characteristic of Municipal Solid Waste (M.S.W.) :

Table No. 3.2.1(a) Elements of Municipal Solid Wastes in Indian Cities

<2 2-5 5-20 >20

Paper 3.09 4.76 3.80 7.07

Plastics 0.57 0.59 0.81 0.86

Metals 0.51 0.39 0.64 1.03

Glass 0.29 0.34 0.44 0.76

Ash and fine earth 46.06 39.97 41.81 31.74

Total comestible matter 33.41 39.76 40.15 41.69

All values by percent wet weight.

SOLID WASTE & SEWAGE MANAGEMENT Page 15

<2 2-5 5-20 >20

Moisture content 22.12 25.05 22.45 31.18

Organic matter 22.01 22.51 22.51 27.57

Carbon 12.56 12.51 11.95 15.32