Escuela Superior Politcnica del Litoral

Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida

Gentica

ABOUT THIS WORKSHEET

This worksheet complements the Click and Learn CSI Wildlife. (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/csi-wildlife).

ESTUDIANTE

Susan Pamela Vera De La Cruz

PROCEDURE
As you proceed through the interactive, follow the instructions and answer the questions in the space provided.

1. Read the introduction and watch the opening video.

a. What is a keystone species?

El video hace referencia que cuando se habla de especies claves, significa que cuando sacas a esta especie de su
ecosistema, todas las cosas empiezan a descifrarse; es quiere decir que estas especies contribuyen a la existencia
del ecosistema en que habitan.

b. Dr. Wasser states that approximately 50,000 African elephants are killed each year. According to the video, it
is estimated that there are around 470,000 African elephants. If these numbers are correct, approximately what
percentage of African elephants are killed each year? (Show your work.)

,
=
,

= , %

Aproximadamente un 10,6% de elefantes Africanos son asesinados cada ao

c. In one or two sentences, summarize Dr. Wassers research and how it is being used to conserve elephants.

Analizan a travs de pruebas de ADN de los colmillos, para conocer de dnde provinieron estos objetos de marfil
que son comercializados, para que as se pueda aplicar la ley.

CASE ONE:
2. Watch the crime scene video on the first slide of Case One. Explain the goal of the case.

Su objetivo es identificar el origen de dnde provino el marfil, para conocer mediantes pruebas de ADN si estos
colmillos encontrados, eran de elefantes provenientes del parque Nacional Garamba.

3. Look at the map provided and list the region or countries the majority of African elephants inhabit.

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 Mali Cameroon Burundi
Ivory Coast General African Republic Dar es Salaam
Nigeria Republic of Congo Malawi
Benin Angola Kenya
Dakar Namibia Addis Araba
Guinea Zambia Johannesburg
Lagos Mozambique Eritrea

Proceed to the How DNA Profiling Works section.

4. What does STR stand for?

Es un tipo de secuencia altamente variable que consiste en repeticiones de tndem cortas (Short Tandem Repeats).

5. Look at the gel on the screen. What do the bands on the gel represent?

Cada una de las bandas representan fragmentos de ADN, que en conjunto muestran un patrn de bandas que
conforman el perfil de ADN de cada elefante

6. STRs at specific loci have shared characteristics between individuals and/or alleles. Place a check next to the
characteristic(s) that are shared.

Made up of Unit, i.e.,

nucleotides CTA

Flanking Same number of

x sequence units

7. DNA profiling is also called DNA fingerprinting. A common misconception about DNA fingerprinting is that the
analysis has to do with actual fingerprints. Explain one similarity and one difference between a human beings
pattern of bands on an electrophoresis gel and a human fingerprint.

La Diferencia que los distinguen es que las huellas digitales son visibles y fcil de detectar sin embargo las huellas
digitales de ADN sin cargas que se encuentran dentro de las clulas.
Y la semejanza como todos sabemos ambas son nicas para cada individuo.

8. Click on Technique. List three sources to obtain elephant DNA for analysis.

Estiercol

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 Colmillos
Tejido corporal

9. Watch the animation on the polymerase chain reaction under Technique. Why are flanking sequences important
for amplifying STR fragments?

Son importantes debido a que logran amplificar el DNA mediante la unin de cebadores, para luego obtener
finalmente una muestra de ADN que contiene copias de fragmentos de STR nicos.

10. A scientist makes primers specific to a particular STR fragment in elephants. These primers are then used to amplify
the STR fragment from 10 different elephants. Would you expect the fragment to be the same size in all the
elephants? Explain your answer.

Dado que los elefantes analizados son de diferentes especies, se esperara que sus fragmentos sean distintos.

11. Scientists typically amplify multiple STR fragments from an individual in a single PCR. Explain how they are able to
do that.

Por un proceso denominado Reaccin en Cadena de Polimerasa ms conocida como PCR

12. What is the relationship between the size of a DNA fragment and the distance it migrates in the gel?

Su relacin podra denominarse inversa, debido a que un tamao mayor de fragmento implicara que haya una menor
distancia de la migracin gel.

13. Why does DNA migrate to the positive electrode?

Debido a que el DNA est cargado negativamente, y ya que positivo y negativo se atraen por atraccin
electromagntica este tiende a dirigirse al lado positivo.

14. Run the gel in the Technique section by pressing the Start button. Which elephant (left or right) has both the largest
and smallest fragments? Los fragmentos del elefante que se encuentra en la derecha son ms grandes, mientras que
lo de la izquierda son ms pequeos Approximately what size is the largest fragment (bp)? ___190____ Smallest?
____60___.

15. Proceed to the Application section and look at the gel. For Marker C, are the two elephants in the gel on the left
homozygous or heterozygous? How do you know?

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 Debido a que aparecen dos bandas de gel al presionar el marcador C,
esto indica que el individuo es heterocigoto, si fuera homocigoto
aparecera solo una banda

16. These two elephants come from two different populations that are geographically distant from one another. If the
gel were to show data from two elephants that were siblings, would their profiles be more or less similar? Why?

Podra decirse que no, ya que si ambos elefantes tienen el mismo perfil implicara que son el mismo individuo, ya que
es casi improbable que dos individuos contengan los mismos perfiles de ADN.

17. Why do you think scientists use multiple markers to identify individual elephants?

Para disminuir el error al momento de analizar el perfil de ADN, puesto que en algunos casos podra aparecer un
individuo con el mismo nmero de pares de bases para un tipo de marcador.

18. Complete the problems under the Review section. Show the equation you used to calculate the number of base
pairs in the 10-repeat unit below.

8 32
10

= + 9 flanking sequence

49 pb

19. Sometimes PCR fails and instead of having two bands you end up with just one. The elephants represented in lanes
3 and 5 could have been a match to the ivory sample if you failed to amplify one allele in either the ivory or the
sample, so you cannot exclude these choices without running the experiment multiple times. On the other hand,
you can definitely eliminate the elephants in lanes 1, 2, 4, and 6. Explain why.

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 Dado que el patrn de la banda no va hacer la misma en algunas partes y varia significativamente, provocando errores
al momento del anlisis es por esto que se utilizan varios marcadores

20. Watch the video on the Case Solved slide. Name two properties of a good marker and explain why good markers
are important.

Sealan diferentes regiones del genoma

Muestra variacin en la secuencia del ADN

FREQUENCY PRIMER
21. How do you determine an alleles relative frequency?

A travs de la proporcin de individuos que contribuyen un determinado alelo dentro de una poblacin,
dependiendo si son haploides o diploides.

22. The gel shows a DNA profile of the elephant you identified in Case One. What is the relative allele frequency of the
smallest marker fragment? Explain what this value means.

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El valor ms pequeo fue 0,09, este valor representa que con el marcador especfico el individuo contiene menor pares
de bases en su perfil de ADN.

23. The truck containing the ivory was equally distant from three different parks, so scientists calculated allele
frequencies using the genetic profiles of elephant populations from just those parks. If they had no idea of the
source of the ivory, they would have needed to calculate frequencies using genetic profiles from elephant
populations throughout Africa. Why would a scientist choose one of these methods over the other?

Un cientfico debera elegir calcular las frecuencias de los alelos utilizando los perfiles genticos de las poblaciones de los
elefantes, ya que esta podra decirse que no se basa en especulaciones como lo realizaron ya que encontraron el camin
cerca de tres parques, pero no se asegura que sea solo de estos, sin embargo las especulaciones son positivas ya que se
basan en la lgica, pero no abarcan un estudio completo de los lugares en donde se encontraran los elefantes.

24. Looking at the calculation for profile probability, what does p2 represent?

Significa la probabilidad de que un individuo herede una copia de su madre y una de su padre

25. What does 2pq represent? Why is it important to double (multiply by 2) this frequency?

Representa a un individuo heterocigoto. Y es importante doblar la frecuencia dado que un individuo tiene 2
posibilidades de obtener un genotipo heterocigoto, es decir que puede heredar de madre o padre.

26. From the example, the homozygous frequency of the FH71 marker is 0.008 and the heterozygous frequency of the
FH67 marker is 0.048.
a. What is the heterozygous frequency of the FH127 marker? (Show your work.)

127 = 2(0,08)(0,05) = 0,008

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 b. What is the homozygous frequency of the FH19 marker? (Show your work.)

9 = (0,06)2 = 0,0036

c. Calculate the probability of an elephant having this exact DNA profile using all four markers. (Show your work.)

127 = 2(0,08)(0,05) = 0,008

9 = (0,06)2 = 0,0036
67 = 2(0,10)(0,24) = 0,048
71 = (0,09)2 = 0,0081
= 1,12 1,12 108

CASE TWO
27. Watch the crime scene video and read the Case Two introduction on the first slide. In Case One, you were looking
for a match with an individual elephant. How does Case Two differ from Case One?

Se diferencia en que en el caso uno para analizar el perfil se utilizaban SRT para comprobar que el marfil que obtenan
no eran del elefante, mientras que en el caso 2 segn se utilizara la tcnica de rastreo del lugar o sindicado del que
vino el marfil

28. Watch the short video in the Building a Reference Map section. Elephant populations differ from one another.
These differences are due to geographic distance and the length of time since their ancestors separated from one
another. Explain how this relationship affects their relatedness.

Esta relacin se afecta dado que los investigadores tratan de buscar coincidencias en cada muestra de marfil, para
cada poblacin de elefantes para originar el marfil

29. Study the gel in the Building a Reference Map section. How does this gel differ from the gels you studied in Case
One?

En el caso de estudio nmero 1, se observa que el carril mostro los alelos de un elefante para varios marcadores,
mientras que en el caso 2 , el carril tiene los alelos para todos los elefantes de la muestra en una poblacin de un
marcador.

30. In the gel under the Applications section, why does the ivory sample contain only two bands while the other lanes
(samples A and B) have multiple bands?

La muestra de marfil contiene dos bandas porque es una representacin de la secuencia de ADN, mientras que las
muestras A y B porque cada una representa una poblacin.

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31. If an ivory sample has two alleles that are also found in a population sample, does that tell you with certainty that
the ivory sample came from that population? Explain your answer.

si esto es debido a que una muestra de fragmento tiene dos alelos distintos en la secuencia de ADN de cada individuo. El
alelo A puede estar en dos distintas poblaciones, poblacin 1 y poblacin 2

32. Answer the questions in the Review section. If the scientist had collected 20 dung samples, would you expect more
bands, fewer bands, or the same number of bands on the gel? Explain your answer.

Mas bandas, debido al aumento en el nmero de muestras

33. Proceed to the Finding a Location section. Forest elephants and savanna elephants diverged over 2.5 million years
ago, so some researchers think they should be classified as different species. Knowing this information, which
genetic profiles would you predict would be more similar to one another: those of a forest elephant and a savanna
elephant that are geographically close to one another, or those of two forest elephants that live far apart from one
another? Explain your reasoning.

Uno de los 16 marcadores STR, se puede utilizar para la distincin de grupo y este es denominado como el marcador
FH127, el gel en cambio muestra los alelos para el marcador encontrados en una muestra de marfil incautado, en
poblaciones de elefantes forestales y de sabana

34. The three populations of savanna elephants that were chosen for further analysis are geographically distant from one
another. Why does this approach make more sense than choosing three populations that are geographically close to
one another?

Porque al estar distantes geogrficamente, existir mayor diferencia allica tendrn poblaciones, lo cual facilita al
momento de identificar de que poblaciones viene el marfil

35. On the Eliminating North, East, or South page, which population did you eliminate? ____norte_________ Which
marker(s) allowed you to make this choice? Marker FH48

36. On the next page, which population did you eliminate? ______sur_____ Which marker(s) helped you make this
choice? Marker FH60

37. By analyzing many more markers and all the populations, Dr. Wasser linked these seized ivory tusks to which country?
______Tanzania____________

IVORY TRADE
38. Watch the video on the Stopping Illegal Poaching slide. Name two reasons elephant populations are threatened.

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 Economa
Falta el concientizacin

39. Most of the ivory is bought by Asian countries, but the United States is the second largest market. Name two actions
that you could take to reduce elephant poaching.

Proteccin de hbitats naturales de elefante

Implementar leyes de gestin y conservacin

40. In summary, elephants are a keystone species. Based on your knowledge of this term, explain in your own words why
it is important to the ecology and ecosystems of Africa to save the elephant populations.

Es importante para la ecologa, ya que tienen un rol especfico como algunos animales, ya que son semilleros, al igual
que las guatusas que tambin son grandes depsitos de semilla; es decir que esparcen la semilla de algunas plantas
a otro lugar a travs de su estircol en el caso de los elefantes, y as poder prevalecer el ecosistema.

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