IDN Unit-1 Data Network and Fundamentals

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EI6701 INDUSTRIAL DATA NETWORKS
Unit - I
DATA NETWORK AND

FUNDAMENTALS
Basics of Networks
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Network
Principle
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

connected by communication links.
A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device

capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other
nodes on the network.
Network
Uses of network Applications of network
Act as an interface Marketing and sales

Manage data transfer Financial services
Sharing resources Manufacturing
Security Directory services
Reliability Information services
Electronic messaging
Cable television
Cellular telephone
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Network Criteria
A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria.
The most important of these are
Performance
reliability and
security
Network Criteria
Performance
Performance can be measured in many ways, including

transit time and response time.
Transit time - amount of time required for a message to travel

from one device to another.
Response time - elapsed time between an inquiry and a

response
Depends on a number of factors, including the number of

users, the type of transmission medium, the capabilities of the
connected hardware, and the efficiency of the software.
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Network Criteria
Reliability
Network reliability is measured by the frequency of failure, the

time it takes a link to recover from a failure, and the network's
robustness in a catastrophe.
Security
Network security issues include protecting data from

unauthorized access, protecting data from damage and
development, and implementing policies and procedures for
recovery from breaches and data losses.
Configuration of Network
Three types of configuration
Line configuration
Point to Point configuration
Multipoint or Multidrop configuration
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Line configuration
Refers to the way two or more communications devices attach

to a link.
A link is the physical communication pathway that transfers

from one device to another.
Point to Point configuration
A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between

two devices.
The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission

between those two devices.
Eg: PC to Printer
Point to Point Configuration
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Multipoint or Multidrop configuration
A multipoint (also called multidrop) connection is one in which

more than two specific devices share a single link.
Eg: Data exchange between the file server and many

computers.
Multipoint or Multidrop
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Data flow
Transmission Mode
Used to define the direction of signal flow between two linked

devices.
Communication between two devices can be
simplex
half-duplex
full-duplex
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Simplex
In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a
one-way street. Only one of the two devices on a link can
transmit; the other can only receive.
Eg: Keyboards and traditional monitors are examples of

simplex devices. The keyboard can only introduce input; the
monitor can only accept output.
The simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the channel
to send data in one direction.
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Half Duplex
In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and
receive, but not at the same time.
When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and
vice versa.
The half-duplex mode is like a one-lane road with traffic
allowed in both directions.
When cars are traveling in one direction, cars going the other
way must wait.
Eg: Walkie - Talkie
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Full Duplex
In full-duplex mode(also called duplex), both stations can
transmit and receive simultaneously.
It is like a two-way street with traffic flowing in both directions

at the same time.
Eg: Telephone network
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Physical Topology & Classification

Physical Topology
Physical topology refers to the way in which a network is laid
out physically. Two or more devices connect to a link; two or
more links form a topology.
It is the geometric representation of the relationship of all

the links and linking devices (usually called nodes) to one
another.
Classification of Topology
There are four basic topologies possible: mesh, star, bus,
and ring.
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Mesh Topology
In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-
point link to every other device.
The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only
between the two devices it connects.
In mesh topology, we need n(n -1)/2 duplex-mode links.
Example of a mesh topology is the connection of telephone

regional offices in which each regional office needs to be
connected to every other regional office.
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Mesh Topology
A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
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Mesh Topology
Advantages Disadvantages
Mesh topology is robust It is expensive to install
It has privacy or security Installation and reconfiguration

are difficult
Point to point links make fault It uses a lot of cabling or wiring
identification and fault isolation can be greater than available
easy space that can accomodate
Traffic can be routed to avoid
links with suspected problems
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Star Topology
In a star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point
link only to a central controller, usually called a hub.
The devices are not directly linked to one another.
Unlike a mesh topology, a star topology does not allow direct

traffic between devices.
The controller acts as an exchange:
If one device wants to send data to another, it sends the data

to the controller, which then relays the data to the other
connected device
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Star Topology
A star topology connecting four stations
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Star Topology
Less expensive and It is robust If the centralized point fails
entire network fails.
Less cabling is involved since dependency of the whole
addition and deletion moves topology on one single point,
involve only one connection the hub. If the hub goes down,
(between device and hub) the whole system is dead.
Centralized monitoring and
management are possible.
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Bus Topology
A bus topology, on the other hand, is multipoint. One long
cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network.
Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
A drop line is a connection running between the device and
the main cable.
A tap is a connector that either splices into the main cable or

punctures the sheathing of a cable to create a contact with the
metallic core.
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Bus Topology
A bus topology connecting three stations
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Bus Topology
Ease of installation and reliable Difficult reconfiguration and
fault isolation
Use of cable is economical A fault or break in the bus
cable stops all transmission
Bus is easy to extend Network can slow down in
heavy traffic
Media is inexpensive and easy Cable break can affect many
to work with. users.
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Ring Topology
In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point
connection with only the two devices on either side of it.
A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device

to device, until it reaches its destination.
Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater. When a

device receives a signal intended for another device.
The repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along
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Ring Topology
A ring topology connecting six stations
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Ring Topology
Easy to install and reconfigure Unidirectional traffic
Each device is linked only its Failure of one computer can

immediate neighbors. impact the rest of the network
Provides equal access for all Network configuration disrupts
computers operation.
Performance is even despite
many users
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Hybrid Topology
A network can be hybrid.
For example, we can have a main star topology with each

branch connecting several stations in a bus topology.
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Hybrid Topology
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
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Consideration When Choosing a Topology
Cost
Length of cable needed
Future growth
Cable type
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Categories of Network
LAN Local Area Network

WAN Wide Area Network
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
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Local Area Network (LAN)
A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and

links the devices in a single office, building, or campus.
Depending on the needs of an organization and the type of

technology used,
LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone's

home office; or it can extend throughout a company and
include audio and video peripherals.
Currently, LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
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Local Area Network (LAN)
An isolated IAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance

transmission of data, image, audio, and video information
over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a
continent, or even the whole world.
A WAN can be as complex as the backbones that connect the

Internet or as simple as a dial-up line that connects a home
computer to the Internet.
The switched WAN connects the end systems, which usually

comprise a router (internetworking connecting device) that
connects to another LAN or WAN.
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network with a size
between a LAN and a WAN. It normally covers the area inside
a town or a city.
It is designed for customers who need a high-speed

connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have endpoints
spread over a city or part of city.
A good example of a MAN is the part of the telephone

company network that can provide a high-speed DSL line to
the customer.
Another example is the cable TV network that originally was

designed for cable TV, but today can also be used for high-
speed data connection to the Internet. 37
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A heterogeneous network made off our WANs and two LANs
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SYLLABUS
Networks hierarchy and switching Open System

Interconnection model of ISO - Data link control protocol -
Media access protocol - Command / response - Token
passing - CSMA/CD, TCP/IP
Unit I DATA NETWORK AND FUNDAMENTALS

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Network Hierarchy
Principle
To reduce their design and complexity, most networks are

organized as s series of layers or levels.
Protocol is an agreement between the communicating parties

on how communication is to proceed.
The entities comprising the corresponding layers on different

machines are called peers.
Set of layers and protocols are called network architecture.
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Network Hierarchy
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SYLLABUS


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Network Switching
Network consists of a set of interconnected nodes among
which information are transmitted from source node to
destination node through different routes which is controlled
by switching mechanism.
A switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes

called switches.
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Circuit Switching
Creates a direct physical connection between two devices
such as computers or phones.
Three main activities
Circuit establishment
Data transfer
Circuit disconnect
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Classification of switching
Classification of Switching
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Circuit switching
Switched network
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Classification of Circuit switching
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Time division switching
Time slot interchange (TSI)
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Time division switching
Time division multiplexing (TDM)
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Space division switching

Cross bar switches connects n inputs to m outputs in a
grid using electronic micro switches (transistor) at each cross
point.
Ex: 1000 inputs to 10000 outputs requires a cross bar of

1,000,000 cross points.
Multistage switch - depends on the number of stage and

number of switches required in each stage.
Ex: Three first stage switches, 10 cross points (5x2) total = 30

cross points
Two second stage switches, a cross points (3x3) total = 18
cross points
Three third stage switches, 10 cross points (5x2) total = 30
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cross points
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Space division switching
Multi-stage switches
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Packet switching
Data are transmitted is discrete units of potentially variable
length blocks called packets.
Two types
Datagram
Virtual circuit
Switched virtual circuit (SVC)
Permanent virtual circuit (PVC)
Three types of datagram packet switches

Store and forward
Fragment free
Cut through
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Packet switching
Classification of packet switching
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Packet switching
Datagram approach
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Packet switching
Switched virtual circuit (SVC)

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Message switching
The message is sent to the nearest connected switching
node.
This node stores the message, checks for error, select best
route available and forwards the message to the next node
Advantages of message switching

Data conversion possible
Line efficiency is greater
Message priorities can be used
Even under heavy traffic, packets are accepted possibly
with a greater delay
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Message switching
Message switching
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SYLLABUS


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Open System Interconnection (OSI)

Principle
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization

(ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards.
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network

communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model.
An open system is a set of protocols that allows any two

different systems to communicate regardless of their
underlying architecture.
ISO is the organization and OSI is the model. 59

Principle
The purpose of the OSI model is to show how to facilitate

communication between different systems without requiring
changes to the logic of the underlying hardware and software.
The OSI model is not a protocol;
It is a model for understanding and designing a network

architecture that is flexible, robust, and interoperable.
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Seven Layers in the OSI Model

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The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of

network systems that allows communication between all types
of computer systems.
It consists of seven separate but related layers, each of which

defines a part of the process of moving information across a
network.
An understanding of the fundamentals of the OSI model

provides a solid basis for exploring data communications.
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The OSI model is composed of seven ordered layers: physical
(layer 1), data link (layer 2), network (layer 3), transport (layer
4), session (layer 5), presentation (layer 6), and application
(layer 7).
This communication is governed by an agreed-upon series of

rules and conventions called protocols.
The processes on each machine that communicate at a given

layer are called peer-to-peer processes.
Communication between machines is therefore a peer-to-peer

process using the protocols appropriate to a given layer.
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The interaction between layers in the OSI model

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Interface between Layers
The passing of the data and network information down

through the layers of the sending device and back up through
the layers of the receiving device is made possible by an
interface between each pair of adjacent layers.
Each interface defines the information and services a layer

must provide for the layer above it.
Well-defined interfaces and layer functions provide modularity

to a network. As long as a layer provides the expected
services to the layer above it, the specific implementation of
its functions can be modified or replaced without requiring
changes to the surrounding layers.
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Organization of the Layers
The seven layers can be thought of as belonging to three

subgroups.
Layers 1, 2, and 3-physical, data link, and network-are the

network support layers;
They deal with the physical aspects of moving data from one
device to another (such as electrical specifications,
physical connections, physical addressing, and transport
timing and reliability).
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Organization of the Layers
Layers 5, 6, and 7-session, presentation, and application-can
be thought of as the user support layers;
They allow interoperability among unrelated software

systems.
Layer 4, the transport layer, links the two subgroups and

ensures that what the lower layers have transmitted is in a
form that the upper layers can use.
The upper OSI layers are almost always implemented in

software; lower layers are a combination of hardware and
software, except for the physical layer, which is mostly
hardware.
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An exchange using the OSI model

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Physical Layer
The physical layer coordinates the functions required to carry

a bit stream over a physical medium.
It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the

interface and transmission medium.
It also defines the procedures and functions that physical

devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission to
Occur.
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Physical Layer
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Physical Layer
Defines the characteristics of the interface between the
devices and the transmission medium. It also defines the type
of transmission medium.
Representation of bits: The physical layer data consists of a

stream of bits (sequence of Os or 1s) with no interpretation.
To be transmitted, bits must be encoded into signals--

electrical or optical. The physical layer defines the type of
encoding (how Os and I s are changed to signals).
Data rate: The transmission rate-the number of bits sent each

second-is also defined by the physical layer. In other words,
the physical layer defines the duration of a bit, which is
how long it lasts. 71

Physical Layer
Synchronization of bits: The sender and receiver not only
must use the same bit rate but also must be synchronized at
the bit level. In other words, the sender and the receiver
clocks must be synchronized.
Line configuration: The physical layer is concerned with the

connection of devices to the media. In a point-to-point
configuration, two devices are connected through a dedicated
link. In a multipoint configuration, a link is shared among
several devices.
Physical topology: The physical topology defines how

devices are connected to make a network. Devices can be
connected by using a mesh or ring or bus or hybrid or star
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Physical Layer
Transmission mode: The physical layer also defines the
direction of transmission between two devices: simplex, half-
duplex, or full-duplex.
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Data Link Layer
The data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw

transmission facility, to a reliable link.
It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the upper

layer (network layer).
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Data Link Layer

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Hop-to-hop delivery
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Data Link Layer
Framing: The data link layer divides the stream of bits

received from the network layer into manageable data units
called frames.
Physical addressing: If frames are to be distributed to

different systems on the network, the data link layer adds a
header to the frame to define the sender and/or receiver of
the frame.
Flow control: If the rate at which the data are absorbed by

the receiver is less than the rate at which data are produced
in the sender, the data link layer imposes a flow control
mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver.
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Data Link Layer
Error control: The data link layer adds reliability to the

physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit
damaged or lost frames.
It also uses a mechanism to recognize duplicate frames. Error

control is normally achieved through a trailer added to the
end of the frame.
Access control: When two or more devices are connected to

the same link, data link layer protocols are necessary to
determine which device has control over the link at any given
time.
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Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination
delivery of a packet, possibly across multiple networks (links).
Whereas the data link layer oversees the delivery of the

packet between two systems on the same network (links), the
network layer ensures that each packet gets from its point of
origin to its final destination.
If two systems are connected to the same link, there is usually

no need for a network layer.
If the two systems are attached to different networks (links)

with connecting devices between the networks (links), there is
often a need for the network layer to accomplish source-to-
destination delivery. 79
Network layer
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Source-to-destination delivery
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Network Layer
Logical addressing: The physical addressing implemented
by the data link layer handles the addressing problem locally.
The network layer adds a header to the packet coming from

the upper layer that, among other things, includes the logical
addresses of the sender and receiver.
Routing: When independent networks or links are connected

to create internetworks (network of networks) or a large
network.
The connecting devices (called routers or switches) route or

switch the packets to their final destination. One of the
functions of the network layer is to provide this mechanism.
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Transport Layer
It is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire
message.
A process is an application program running on a host.
Whereas the network layer oversees source-to-destination

delivery of individual packets, it does not recognize any
relationship between those packets.
It treats each one independently, as though each piece

belonged to a separate message, whether or not it does.
Ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order,

overseeing both error control and flow control at the source-
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to-destination level.
Transport layer
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Transport layers
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Transport Layer
Service-point addressing: Computers often run several
programs at the same time.
For this reason, source-to-destination delivery means delivery

not only from one computer to the next but also from a
specific process (running program) on one computer to a
specific process (running program) on the other.
The transport layer gets the entire message to the correct

process on that computer.
Segmentation and reassembly. A message is divided into

transmittable segments, with each segment containing a
sequence number.
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Transport Layer
Connection control: The transport layer can be either
connectionless or connection oriented.
A connectionless transport layer treats each segment as an

independent packet and delivers it to the transport layer at the
destination machine.
Flow control: Like the data link layer, the transport layer is
responsible for flow control. Flow control at this layer is
performed end to end rather than across a single link.
Error control: Like the data link layer, the transport layer is
responsible for error control.
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Session Layer
The services provided by the first three layers (physical, data

link, and network) are not sufficient for some processes.
The session layer is the network dialog controller.
It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction

among communicating systems.
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Session layer
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Session Layer
Dialog control: The session layer allows two systems to

enter into a dialog.
It allows the communication between two processes to take

place in either half-duplex (one way at a time) or full-duplex
(two ways at a time) mode.
Synchronization: The session layer allows a process to add

checkpoints, or synchronization points, to a stream of data.
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Session Layer
Example: If a system is sending a file of 2000 pages, it is

advisable to insert checkpoints after every 100 pages to
ensure that each 100-page unit is received and acknowledged
independently.
In this case, if a crash happens during the transmission of

page 523, the only pages that need to be resent after system
recovery are pages 501 to 523. Pages previous to 501 need
not be resent.
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Presentation Layer
Presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and

semantics of the information exchanged between two
systems.
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Presentation layer
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Presentation Layer
Translation: The processes (running programs) in two

systems are usually exchanging information in the form of
character strings, numbers, and so on. The information must
be changed to bit streams before being transmitted.
Sender changes the information from its sender-dependent

format into a common format. The presentation layer at the
receiving machine changes the common format into its
receiver-dependent format.
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Presentation Layer
Encryption: To carry sensitive information, a system must be

able to ensure privacy.
Encryption means that the sender transforms the original

information to another form and sends the resulting message
out over the network.
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Presentation Layer
Decryption: reverses the original process to transform the

message back to its original form.
Compression: Data compression reduces the number of bits

contained in the information.
Data compression becomes particularly important in the

transmission of multimedia such as text, audio, and video.
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Application Layer
It enables the user, whether human or software, to access the

network.
It provides user interfaces and support for services such as

electronic mail, remote file access and transfer, shared
database management, and other types of distributed
information services
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Application layer
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Application Layer
Network virtual terminal: A network virtual terminal is a

software version of a physical terminal, and it allows a user to
log on to a remote host.
To do so, the application creates a software emulation of a

terminal at the remote host.
File transfer, access, and management: This application

allows a user to access files in a remote host (to make
changes or read data), to retrieve files from a remote
computer for use in the local computer, and to manage or
control files in a remote computer locally.
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Application Layer
Mail services: This application provides the basis for e-mail

forwarding and storage.
Directory services: This application provides distributed

database sources and access for global information about
various objects and services.
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Summary of the layers

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Applications
File transfer access management

Mail service
Directory service
Network virtual function
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SYLLABUS


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Data link protocol

It is set of specifications used to implement data link layers.
Two groups of data link

Asynchronous protocol treat each character in a bit
stream independently
Synchronous protocol Take the whole bit stream and chop
it into characters of equal size
Synchronous protocol types

Character oriented protocols (or byte oriented) a
transmission of frame or packet as succession of characters
usually composed of one byte
Bit-oriented protocols - transmission of frame or packet as
succession of individual bits
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HDLC
High level data link control (HDLC) is a bit oriented protocol
designed to support both half duplex and full duplex
communication over point to point and multipoint links.
Can be characterized by their station, configurations and

response models
Stations - Primary, secondary and combined
Configuration Unbalanced (master/slave), Symmetrical,

Balanced
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HDLC
Modes of communication in HDLC
Normal response mode (NRM),
Asynchronous response mode (ARM) and
Synchronous balance mode (ABM)
HDLC frames
Information frame (I-frame)
Supervisory frame (S-frame)
Unnumbered frame (U-frame)
Frame fields - Beginning field, address field, information field,

frame check sequence (FCS) field and ending flag field
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HDLC frames
HDLC frames
SYLLABUS


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Media access protocol

Two layers
Logical link control (LLC)
Medium access control (MAC)
Bit stuffing The flag doesnt appear inadvertently anywhere

else in the frame, HDLC uses a process called bit stuffing.
It is the process of adding one extra 0 whenever there are

five consecutive 1s in the data. So that receiver doesnt
mistake the data for a flag.
Sender wants to transmit bit sequence having more than five

consecutive 1s it inserts (stuffs) one redundant 0 after the fifth
1.
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MAC Sublayer
Godbole & Kahate, 2011 110
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SYLLABUS


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Command/Response
Primary station sends commands
Secondary station sends responses
Combined station sends command and responses
Types of configuration - Unbalanced, Symmetrical and

Balanced
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Command/Response
Functional diagram of Command/Response

Balraj 114
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SYLLABUS


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Token Bus
Token Bus It is physical bus that operates as a logical ring

using tokens. Stations are logically organized into a ring.
Combines features of Ethernet and token ring.
Combines the physical configuration of the Ethernet and the

collision-free feature of token ring.
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Token Ring
Token Ring resolves this uncertainty by requiring that station

take turns sending data.
Each station may transmit only during its turn and may send
only one frame during each turn.
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Token Passing
Token a simple place holder frame passed from station to

station around the ring.
A station may send data only when it has possession of

token.
Each station may transmit only during its turn and many send
only one frame during each frame and each turn.
The mechanism that coordinate this rotation is called token

passing.
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Token Ring
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Token Ring
Token Ring networks: a) Using a single MAU

b) Using several MAUs connected to each other 120
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Token Passing
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Token Passing
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Token Passing
123
Token Passing
124
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Token ring protocol

Three Types of frames
Data/Command
Token
Abort
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Frame format for token ring protocol
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Start Delimiter (SD) - One byte long and to alert the

receiving station to the arrival of frame as well as to allow it to
synchronize its retrieval timing.
Access Control (AC) One byte long and include four

subfields such as
First three bits priority field

Fourth bit token bit (to indicate frame is data/command
frame or token or abort frame)
fifth bit monitor bit
Last three bits reservation field (Station wishing to reserve
access to the ring)
127
Frame Control (FC) One byte long and contain two fields
such as
First field one bit field (used to indicate the type of
information contained in protocol data unit (PDU))
Second field contains information used by the token ring
logic (eg) how to use information in AC field.
Destination Address (DA) - two to six byte DA field contains

the physical address of the frames next destination
Source Address (SA) - two to six byte SA field and contains

the physical address of the sending station
128
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Data data is allotted 4500 bytes and contains the PDU
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Four byte long and

contains the CRC-32 error detection sequence
End Delimiter(ED) the end of senders data and control

sequence
Frame Status (FS) Monitor to indicate that the frame has

already been round the ring. Tells the sender that the
receiving station has copied the frame. (This is not an
acknowledgement).
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SYLLABUS


130
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What is CSMA/CD?
Multiple users have unregulated access to a single line, there

is a danger of signals overlapping and destroying each other.
Such overlaps turn the signals into unusable noises called

collisions.
As traffic increase on a multiple access link, so do collisions
LAN needs mechanism to minimize the number of collisions

that occur and maximize the number of frames delivered
successfully.
Mechanism used in an Ethernet is called CSMA with CD.

131
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD Carrier sense multiple access with collision

detection
It reduced the chances of collision.
CSMA system working station wishing to transmit must first

listen for existing traffic on the line.
Device listens by checking for a voltage is detected, the line is

considered idle.
CSMA cuts down on the number of collisions but doesnt

eliminate them. Collisions still occur.
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CSMA/CD
Final step is addition of collision detection (CD).
During data transmission, the station checks the line for the
that indicates collision.
If collision is detected, the station quits the transmission and

waits a predetermined amount of time for the line to clear,
then send its data again.
133
Format of MAC frame in CSMA/CD
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CSMA/CD
Preamble seven bytes (56 bits) alerts the receiving

system to the coming frame and enable it to synchronize its
input timing.
Start Frame Delimiter (SFD) - beginning of the frame. Tells

the receiver that everything that follows is data, starting with
address.
Destination Address (DA) - six byte and contains

the physical address of the packets next destination
Source Address (SA) - six byte and contains

the physical address of the last device to forward the packet.
135
CSMA/CD
Length/Type of PDU Indicates the number of bytes in the

coming PDU (Protocol Data Unit).
Frame (PDU) Four fields

DSAP Destination Service Access Point
SSAP - Source Service Access Point
Control field
Information field
SSAP and DSAP to identify protocol stacks on receiving and

sending machines.
CRC contains the error detection information

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CSMA/CD
Advantages
Fairly simple to implement

It detect collision within a short time
It request node for transmission before sending any
frame
More efficient than a simple CSMA
CSMA/CD is beneficial, because it avoid from a wasteful
transmission
137
CSMA/CD
Disadvantages
Not much efficient to detect a collision

It cant reduce the possibility of collision between two
nodes
Inappropriate for large networks
limited to 2500 meters , after this distance collision cant
detected
It cant eliminate the collision permanently
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CSMA/CD
Applications
shared media Ethernet variants (10BASE5, 10BASE2)

supported for backwards compatibility and for half-
duplex connections
twisted-pair Ethernet which used repeater hubs
139
SYLLABUS


140
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TCP/IP
TCP/IP was developed before the OSI model.
TCP Transmission Control Protocol IP Internet Protocol
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol doesnt match exactly with

those models in OSI model.
TCP/IP protocol is made up of five layers Physical, Data

link, Network, Transport and Application
At Transport layer, TCP/IP defines two protocols Transmission

Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
At the network layer, the main protocol defined by TCP/IP is

the Internetworking Protocol (IP). 141
TCP/IP
Original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four
layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and application
Host-to-network layer is equivalent to the combination of the

physical and data link layers.
Internet layer is equivalent to the network layer
Application layer is roughly doing the job of the session,

presentation,
Application layers with the transport layer in TCP/IP taking

care of part of the duties of the session layer.
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TCP/IP
First four layers provide physical standards, network

interfaces, internetworking, and transport functions that
correspond to the first four layers of the OSI model
Three top most layers in the OSI model, however, are

represented in TCP/IP by a single layer called the application
layer.
143
TCP / IP model
TCP/IP and OSI model

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TCP / IP model
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

TCP / IP model
Physical address, also known as the link address, is the

address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
Logical addresses (IP address) are necessary for universal

communications that are independent of underlying physical
networks.
In the TCP/IP architecture, the label assigned to a process is

called a port address. A port address in TCP/IP is 16 bits in
length.
Some applications have user-friendly addresses that are

designed for that specific address. Eg. URL, email address
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TCP / IP model
Addresses in TCP/IP
TCP / IP model
TCP/IP Model
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Internet Protocol (IP)

Unreliable and connectionless datagram. (Eg. Delivery
service in post office)
Packets in the IP layer called datagrams. Consists of two

parts (header and data 65536 bytes)
Version defines the version number of IP (IPV4 with binary

value of 0100).
Header Length (HLEN) Defines the length of header in

multiples of 4 bytes.
Service type Defines how the datagram can be handled.

Includes the bits that define priority of datagram.
Total Length Defines the total length of IP datagram
149
IP datagram
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IP datagram
Identification Used in fragmentation. A datagram passing

through different networks may be divided into fragments to
match the network frame size.
Flag Bits in the flags deal with fragmentation
Fragmentation offset shows the offset of data in original

datagram
Time to live defines the number of hops a datagram can

travel before it is discarded.
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Protocol defines which upper layer protocol data are

encapsulated in the datagram (TCP, UDP, IP)
Header Checksum Check the integrity of header, not the

rest of the packet.
Source Address Identifies the original source of datagram
Destination Address - Identifies the final destination of

datagram
Option Gives more functionality of the datagram. Control

routine management and alignment.
153
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Simpler of the standard TCP/IP protocol
It is an end to end transport level protocol that adds only port

addresses, check sum, error control and length information to
the data from upper layer.
Packet produced by the UDP is called UDP datagram.
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UDP
Source Port Address (16 bit) address of the application

program that has created the message.
Destination Port Address (16 bit) - address of the application

program that will receive the message.
Total length (16 bit) Defines the total length of the user
datagram in bytes.
Checksum 26 bit field used in error detection.
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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP is responsible for reliable delivery of the entire stream of
bits contained in the message originally generated by the
sending application.
It divides long transmissions into smaller data units and

packages each into a frame called segment.
Each segment includes a sequencing number with an

acknowledgement id.
Segments are carried across network links inside of IP

datagrams.
At receiving end TCP collects each datagrams as it comes in

based on sequence number. 157
TCP
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Source Point Address defines the application program in
source computer.
Destination Point Address defines the application program

in destination computer.
Sequence number shows the position of data in original

data stream.
Acknowledgement number used to acknowledge the

receipt of data from other communicating device (32 bits
ACK).
Header Length (HLEN) number of 32 bits (4 bytes) words

in TCP header. 159

Reserved 6 bits field is reserved for future use.
Control Each bit of the 6 bit control field functions

individually and independently.
URG (Urgent bit) Sets validates urgent pointer field

ACK Sets validates Acknowledgement field
PSH to inform the sender that higher through out is
needed
RST Reset the connection when there is confirm in the
sequence number
SYN Used for sequence number synchronization
EIN bit Used in connection termination
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Windows Size (16 bit field) defines the size of sliding
window.
Urgent Pointer - value is valid only if URG bit in control field

is set. It defines the end of urgent data and start of normal
data.
Options and Padding - used to convey additional

information to the receiver or for alignment purposes.
161
Applications of TCP/IP
The TCP/IP protocol stack comes with lots of options that can
be applied within the RTOS environment.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP, data and control), which is used in

sending large files
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Relies on exchange of

commands and can also send huge files across various
machines
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP); also a protocol for

retrieving e-mail messages
Post Office Protocol; a protocol for e-mail message retrieval

that uses TCP to exchange commands and data 162
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Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP Model

Similarities
Both are based on concept of stack of dependent protocols.

Functionality of layers is similar.
Dissimilarities
OSI model makes a clear distinction between the terms

services.
The protocols in OSI are better hidden than in TCP/IP.
OSI has 7 layers compared to 5 layers of TCP/IP.
OSI supports connectionless and connection oriented comm.
in transport layer.
TCP supports connectionless comm. in network and transport
layer 163
82

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7/17/2017

EI6701 INDUSTRIAL DATA NETWORKS

DATA NETWORK AND

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device

Act as an interface Marketing and sales

A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria.

The most important of these are

Performance can be measured in many ways, including

Transit time - amount of time required for a message to travel

Response time - elapsed time between an inquiry and a

Depends on a number of factors, including the number of

Network reliability is measured by the frequency of failure, the

Network security issues include protecting data from

Refers to the way two or more communications devices attach

A link is the physical communication pathway that transfers

A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between

The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission

Point to Point Configuration

A multipoint (also called multidrop) connection is one in which

Eg: Data exchange between the file server and many

Used to define the direction of signal flow between two linked

Communication between two devices can be

Eg: Keyboards and traditional monitors are examples of

Behrouz Forouzan Simplex 13

Behrouz Forouzan Half duplex 14

It is like a two-way street with traffic flowing in both directions

Eg: Telephone network

Behrouz Forouzan Full duplex 15

Physical Topology & Classification

It is the geometric representation of the relationship of all

Behrouz Forouzan Classification of Topology 16

In mesh topology, we need n(n -1)/2 duplex-mode links.

Example of a mesh topology is the connection of telephone

A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

It has privacy or security Installation and reconfiguration

The devices are not directly linked to one another.

Unlike a mesh topology, a star topology does not allow direct

The controller acts as an exchange:

If one device wants to send data to another, it sends the data

A star topology connecting four stations

A tap is a connector that either splices into the main cable or

A bus topology connecting three stations

A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device

Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater. When a

The repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along

A ring topology connecting six stations

Each device is linked only its Failure of one computer can

For example, we can have a main star topology with each

A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

Consideration When Choosing a Topology

Length of cable needed

LAN Local Area Network

Local Area Network (LAN)

A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and

Depending on the needs of an organization and the type of

LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone's

Currently, LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.

Local Area Network (LAN)

An isolated IAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance

A WAN can be as complex as the backbones that connect the