Aplicaciones de Bombas Grundfos - Mineria

grundfos mining
Engineering Manual
grundfos
mining
engineering
manual
GRUNDFOS MINING MANUAL GRUNDFOS MINING MANUAL
Preface Contents
Grundfos supplies pumps for a range of mining applications, and this 5. What to mine and how..................................................................... 60
engineering manual provides an overview of the mining applications a. Copper.......................................................................................................................60
and processes in which Grundfos is involved. Mining can be roughly b. Gold............................................................................................................................60
divided into three types: metal mining, non-metal mining and coal c. Nickel..........................................................................................................................61
mining. The focus in this manual will be on metal mining, primarily on d. Zinc.............................................................................................................................61
extraction by leaching. There are of course many other ways to extract 6. Grundfos products............................................................................ 64
minerals than by leaching, but they will not be described in detail in NKG Industrial Norm pumps ISO 2858........................................................66
this first edition. HS Horizontal Split Case Pumps......................................................................66
Vertical Turbine Pumps...........................................................................................67
For non-metal and coal mining, the processes are not covered in SP Borehole Submersible Pumps....................................................................67
detail. However Grundfos pumps are still widely used for water intake, SP Borehole Submersible Pump Motors......................................................68
dewatering and dust suppression, all applications which are part of DWK Dewatering Submersible Pumps.........................................................68
the water management in most mining operations. DW Dewatering Submersible Pumps...........................................................69
Fire Pump Sets............................................................................................................69
As noted above, this is a first edition of the Grundfos mining CR- Multistage Vertical Centrifugal Pumps....................................................70
engineering manual and we will continue to update the content in CR High Pressure Vertical Multistage Pumps............................................70
upcoming editions, as we expand our offerings in the mining sector. CRH Horizontal Multistage Pumps................................................................71
Hydro MPC Muklti Pump Controlled Booster Pumps.............................71
Dosing Pumps.............................................................................................................72
Polydos Polymer / Lime Preparation Plant..................................................72
Contents SE/SL Drainage, Effluent pump...........................................................................73
AMD / AMG Mixers..................................................................................................73
Grundfos Electronic Control Systems LiqTec ................................................74
CUE..................................................................................................................................74
Introduction............................................................................................. 5
MP 204, CU 300, CU 301........................................................................................75
1. Grundfos and mining........................................................................... 7
7. Pump theory...................................................................................... 78
2. Mining methods................................................................................... 9
8. Pumps and motors............................................................................ 82
a. Open pit mining........................................................................................................9
9. General guidelines..........................................................................100
b. Underground mining........................................................................................... 10
SP pumps................................................................................................................... 100
c. Recovering from brines........................................................................................ 12
Lifetime of a pump in chloride......................................................................... 103
3. Applications in mining....................................................................... 16
Appendix 1 - Mine titles and definitions...................................................... 114
a. Main Mining Process............................................................................................ 16
Appendix 2 - Reference cases............................................................................ 118
b.Important factors as regards extraction processes.................................. 27
c. Raw water intake .................................................................................................. 27
d. Water treatment ................................................................................................... 30
e. Open pit drainage.................................................................................................. 36
f. Peripheral dewatering ......................................................................................... 40 ENGINEERING MANUAL
g. Underground dewatering and drainage...................................................... 41 Copyright 2012 GRUNDFOS A/S. All rights reserved.
h. Dust suppression................................................................................................... 44 Copyright law and international treaties protect this material. No part of this material may
i. Wastewater handling............................................................................................ 46 be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written permission
from GRUNDFOS Holding A/S.
4. Wear & corrosion............................................................................... 50
All reasonable care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of this material:
a. Corrosion................................................................................................................... 52
However, GRUNDFOS shall not be held liable for any losses whether direct or indirect,
b. Erosion corrosion .................................................................................................. 54 incidental or consequential arising out of the use of or reliance upon on any content
c. Pump use and maintenance............................................................................. 57 of this material.
2 3
Introduction
Introduction Metal mining is the process of digging into the

earth to extract naturally occurring metallic
minerals. There are many techniques for
extracting metallic minerals from ores, and
depending on its properties, different techniques
are used to separate the different kinds of
minerals from their minerals.
Minerals are solid elements or compounds found

naturally in very old rocks in the earths crust. The
oldest known rocks date back nearly four billion
years. Those minerals that contain sufficient
metal to be of practical and economic use are
called ores. Most metals found in the earths crust
exist as oxide and sulphide minerals.
Pumps in mining
Pumps are used for multiple purposes in mining,
for example raw water supply, leach solutions
for extraction, dosing and adding chemicals,
dewatering, acid mine drainage, process water
pumping in the metal recovery plant and dust
suppression. In addition, utility pumps are
necessary for providing all amenities in the
workers town.
4 5
1. Grundfos and mining
1. Grundfos and mining Grundfos offers mining companies a true

partnership, with an organizational setup
and expertise to meet their requirement for
a reliable pump solution for surface, open pit
and underground mining. Grundfos pumps are
built to last even under the toughest working
conditions.
Grundfos can supply equipment for all processes

and stages at the mine except initial transport and
slurry pumps. Pumping solutions from Grundfos
are available for all processes where liquids are to
be pumped, even if they contain abrasives such
as sand, clay particles, drill cuttings and other
potentially damaging objects. Also liquids with
very low pH or that are otherwise corrosive such
as leach solutions can be pumped, as can liquid
for cleaning and maintenance purposes.
In addition, Grundfos is a world leader supplying Service agreements recognize the greater
pumping solutions for water utilities, from raw requirements for maintenance for mining
water intake to water treatment, wastewater applications. A partnership with Grundfos focuses
transport and treatment, recycling and disposal. on not only the pumping solution but also the
Grundfos ensures that the town built for workers business aspects. As a partner, Grundfos offers
is fully equipped with utility pumps for all commissioning agreements to ensure correct
amenities. installation and service agreements with cover
for all eventualities, from routine maintenance to
With Grundfos as partner, a solution can often spare parts and pump audits.
be tailored to an application. Pumping solutions
offer great reliability with levels of continuous
operation that ensure a high level of stability
for operations. Tailored pumping solutions take
account of requirements for special constructions
to cope with aggressive media, and utilize sensors
and protection for pumps and motors that
warn of a potential problem, ensuring proactive
maintenance instead of reactive repairs or
breakdowns.
6 7
2. Mining methods
2. Mining methods a. Open pit mining

Open pit mining, open-cut mining or opencast
Open pit mines that produce building materials
and dimension stone are commonly referred to as
mining is a surface mining technique of extracting quarries.
rock or minerals from the earth by their removal
from an open pit or burrow. Open pit mines are typically enlarged until either
the mineral resource is exhausted, or an increasing
Open pit mines are used when deposits of ratio of overburden to ore makes further mining
commercially useful minerals or rock are found uneconomic. When this occurs, the exhausted
near the surface; that is, where the overburden mines are sometimes converted to landfills for
(surface material covering the valuable deposit) disposal of solid wastes. However, some form
is relatively thin or the material of interest is of water control is usually required to keep the
structurally unsuitable for tunnelling (as would be mine pit from becoming a lake, for example if
the case for sand, cinder, and gravel). For minerals the mine is situated in a climate of considerable
that occur deep below the surface where the precipitation or if any layers of the pit forming the
overburden is thick or the mineral occurs as veins mine border productive aquifers.
in hard rock underground mining methods
extract the valued material.
Open pit dewatering
8 9
Blast mining An older practice of coal mining similar to long wall. The continuous miner shears
that uses explosives such as dynamite to break up coal panels 150 to 200 feet wide and more than a
the coal seam, after which the coal is gathered and half-mile long, depending on other things like the
loaded onto shuttle cars or conveyors for removal strata of the Earth and the transverse waves.
to a central loading area. This process consists of
a series of operations that begins with "cutting" Coal skimming While no longer in general use
the coal bed so it will break easily when blasted because of the massive amount of water needed
with explosives. This type of mining accounts for and environmental damage that followed, this
less than 5% of total underground production in method was developed in the late 1930s by
the US today. DuPont. It was much faster and less labour-
intensive than previous methods to separate the
Shortwall mining A coal mining method that lighter coal from the mining refuse (e.g. slate),
accounts for less than 1% of deep coal production, called "coal skimming" or the "sink and float
shortwall mining involves the use of a continuous method.
mining machine with moveable roof supports,
Underground mining, showing the need to dewater different areas continuously to avoid flooding
b. Underground mining falls onto an armoured face conveyor for removal.

Underground hard rock mining refers to various Longwall mining equipment can advance into
underground mining techniques used to excavate an area of coal, or more commonly, retreat back
hard minerals, mainly those containing metals between development tunnels, called gate
such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, roads. As a longwall miner retreats back along a
zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using panel, the roof behind the supports is allowed to
the same techniques for excavating ores of gems collapse in a planned and controlled manner.
such as diamonds. In contrast soft rock mining
refers to excavation of softer minerals such as Room and pillar mining or continuous mining
salt, coal, or oil sands. Room and pillar mining is commonly done in
flat or gently dipping bedded ores. Pillars are
Longwall mining A set of longwall mining left in place in a regular pattern while the rooms
equipment consists of a coal shearer mounted on are mined out. In many room and pillar mines,
conveyor operating underneath a series of self- the pillars are taken out, starting at the farthest
advancing hydraulic roof supports. Almost the point from the mine haulage exit, and then
entire process can be automated. Longwall mining retreating, letting the roof come down upon the
machines are typically 150 to 250 meters in width floor. Room and pillar methods are well adapted
and 1.5 to 3 meters high. Longwall miners extract to mechanization, and are used in deposits such
panels - rectangular blocks of coal as wide as as coal, potash, phosphate, salt, oil shale, and
the face the equipment is installed in, and as long bedded uranium ores.
as several kilometres. Powerful mechanical coal
cutters (shearers) cut coal from the face, which Typical picture showing what people normally understand with underground mining
10 11
c. Recovering from brines

Lithium can be extracted from salt brine or
minerals and then processed to obtain lithium
carbonate, which is used to produce various
lithium compounds. Salt brine is the most
abundant lithium source available in world,
comprising about 60% of all known lithium
deposits. Producing lithium by evaporating salt
brine is also less costly than directly extracting
it from minerals, making salt brine an important
source of lithium to meet future market demand.
The primary global source of lithium production
is currently derived from Chilean and Argentinean
continental brine deposits.
World production of lithium reached 22,800 t Li

in 2008, up from 13,000 t Li in 2000. Most of the
growth in output has come from three countries:
Argentina, Australia and Chile, which together
accounted for 82% of total lithium production in
2008.
Key resources extracted from lithium include:

Lithium carbonate, lithium chloride and
lithium hydroxide
Potassium chloride (potash)
Potassium sulphate
Salar de Uyuni
Salar de Uyuni is the worlds largest salt flat
(dry lake), covering 10,582 km2. It is located
in the Potos and Oruro departments in
southwest Bolivia. Only trial brine production
is carried out.
The Salar was formed as a result of

transformations between several prehistoric
lakes. It is covered by a few meters of salt crust,
which has an extraordinary flatness with the
average altitude variations within one meter
over the entire area of the Salar. The crust
serves as a source of salt and covers a pool of The salar is composed of various layers of
brine which is exceptionally rich in lithium. salt and water
12 13
3. Applications in mining
14 15
3. Applications in mining i. In situ leaching process (ISL)

The in situ leaching process (ISL) is normally
used to extract uranium. First a diluted
Some of the most common applications in the mining process are described below. sulphuric acid solution together with an
oxidizing agent (for example oxygen) is pumped
down an injection well, where it flows through
the deposit and dissolves the uranium. Then, the
uranium-bearing solution is pumped back to
the surface through extraction wells, leaving the
underground rock formation intact. Uranium is
subsequently extracted at a central processing
facility and the raffinate recycled. Before the
raffinate is re-injected, it is oxygenated and if
necessary recharged with sulphuric acid. This
mining technique produces no waste rocks
(tailings).
a. Main Mining Process their ore (leaching, precipitation, cementation,

The main process in mining is to get the product solvent extraction, and ion exchange). As the
out of the ground and extracted, so you can use concentration of desired metal becomes less in
it. Hydrometallurgical extraction techniques the ores mined, the wet processing of the more
covered below are in situ leaching, heap leaching valuable metal ores becomes more feasible. This
(acid, bio heap and cyanide) and from brine extraction method most often involves the use
deposits (lithium extraction). Concentration by of acid, typically diluted sulphuric acid in order
froth flotation process is described in Copper to dissolve metal from the ore. Depending on the
(Chapter 5a). ore composition other agents will be dissolved as An example of in situ leaching, where
well, including silicates, sulphates, carbonates, sulphuric acid is pumped down to the ore
Hydrometallurgy is a process that uses oxides and chlorides. and flushed through the deposit before
aqueous chemistry to separate metals from being pumped back up to the surface
16 17
Grundfos pumps typically used in ISL

Main products For what Benefits What to remember
NKG Surface mounted pumping. Transfer of process leachate to storage prior Available in a range of SS materials to suit a For fluids that are aggressive and corrosive, confirm fluid
to processing. Leaching solution pumping into injection wells. In cast iron broad range of fluid chemistries. High flows chemistry, range of concentrations and temperatures.
material variants, general purpose pumping such as water transfer, fire and medium heads are achievable. Cast iron Correct mechanical seal selection is critical. Consider fluid
systems, dust suppression, hose down, truck wash and truck fill. and bronze materials available for more general SG in P2 hydraulic power calculation so that motor is sized
applications. Optimized hydraulics in housing correctly. Carefully consider NPSHa vs NPSHr including
and impeller for unimpeded liquid flow. Back ambient temp, altitude above sea level and vapour pres-
pull out design for easy dismantling and ser- sure of fluid.
vice. O-ring between pump housing and cover Single-stage standard pumps according to ISO 2858 and
means no risk of leakage. ISO 5199
Standard dimension according to ISO stand-
ards, robust design, wide range, standard
motor, adaptable to any application and
performance
SP Below ground bore mounted. Leachate pumping to surface. Available in a range of SS materials to suit a Stability of electrical supply both voltage and phase
broad range of fluid chemistries. Very deep balance is important particularly when gen sets are
bores and high heads achievable. One supplier employed. Fluids are aggressive and corrosive. Confirm
of the pump, motor and controls for an optimal fluid chemistry, range of concentrations & temperature.
system. Capable of operating in very deep Correct mechanical seal selection is critical. Consider
bores with high heads achievable. State of the fluid SG in P2 hydraulic power calculation so that motor is
art hydraulics provide high efficiency and low sized correctly. Consider use of anodes to provide cathodic
operating costs protection.
High efficiency, long service life as all compo- Sizes in 4", 6", 8", 12" submersible pumps.
nents are stainless steel, motor protection via
CUE or MP 204
CR Surface mounted pumping. Liquor processing applications where more Available in a much broader range of materi- For fluids that are aggressive and corrosive confirm fluid
exotic materials or very high pressures are required. Leaching solution als and configurations to suit a wider range chemistry, range of concentrations and temperature.
pumping into injection wells. General non potable mine water reticula- of fluid chemistries and temperatures. This Correct mechanical seal selection is critical. Consider fluid
tion and boosting via Hydro MPC systems, high pressure spray washing range is able to meet a wide range of flows and SG in P2 hydraulic power calculation so that motor is sized
and rinsing applications such as truck wash. Fire protection via hydrants heads with superior energy efficiency via lower correctly. Carefully consider NPSHa vs NPSHr including
and sprays. Mine camp accommodation facilities potable water supply. starting currents and accurate pump control of ambient temp, altitude above sea level and vapour pres-
e-Saver motors. Hydro MPC systems are capa- sure of fluid.
ble of meeting changing duty point require- Multistage centrifugal pumps.
ments whilst optimizing energy efficiency.
Reliability, high efficiency, service-friendly,
space-saving, suitable for slightly aggressive
liquids.
Dosing Chemical dosing of leachate chemicals Easy manual dose rate adjustment. Accurate Chemicals can attack certain materials. Always check
metering of chemicals to +/-1% of target pump head chemical compatibility. Size pump to achieve
flow. Chemical cost saving through preven- maximum dose flow rate in L/h.
tion of overdosing. Robust construction for
mining applications. Suitable for all weather
conditions.
Large user-friendly display, energy optimized
control, data communication, perfect constant
pressure, application-optimized software.
18 19
Acid heap leaching

The acid heap leach process is the most simple
extraction method and is used to extract low-
grade mineral deposits. First a large heap of
crushed ore is built (for example copper oxide)
and the surface of the heap is irrigated with a
dilute solution of sulphuric acid.
As acid permeates through the heap, it dissolves

the metal in the ore and forms an ionic solution
(leaching solution). Then the leaching solution
is collected at the bottom of the heap, usually
on a polymer liner. Subsequently, the saturated
leach solution (Pregnant Leach Solution PLS) is
pumped away for further treatment. The metal
mined is often copper, zinc, cobalt and nickel.
Silver and gold are extracted in much the same
way; however cyanide is used instead of acid.
ii. Heap leaching

Heap leaching is an industrial mining process Leachate solutions vary according to the ore
used to extract precious metals such as copper, deposit, and heap leaching places heavy demands Copper
sulphide
zinc, cobalt and nickel compounds from ore that on pump construction. Grundfos pump ranges
has been traditionally mined, crushed and then are available in different kinds of high-grade
transported for irrigation on an impermeable stainless steel or titanium, and with a magnetic Zinch
sulphide
leach pad. Grundfos offers transfer pumps, dosing drive or various kinds of shaft seal solutions.
and chemical dosing pumps, and heap leaching,
Nickel
submersible and end-suction pumps covering the sulphide
entire process.
Open pit heap leaching
20 21
Example of bio heap leaching where a huge Leach solution

amonunt of crushed ore is put on an polymer As mentioned before the composition of leach
liner, where it is then irrigated with diluted solutions varies a lot. Basically it is a dilute
sulphuric acid sulphuric acid with a pH value of about 1.5-
2.5. However, the concentration varies and the
content of other substances varies as well.
In order to get the best possible Grundfos
pump solution for handling leach solutions it
is crucial that the material and pump choice is
based on detailed information about the liquid
composition. Mines normally have their own
3 laboratory making frequent analysis of the leach
solution possible. Getting access to the relevant
data to estimate the corrocivity of the leach
solution is thus quite simple.
ii. Bio heap leaching with a diluted sulphuric acid, in this case
Bio heap leaching is used commercially and containing bacteria and nutrients. In addition,
covers certain natural bacterias ability to leach the heap is aerated to stimulate bacterial growth.
metals from sulphide minerals. The bioleaching The bacteria convert sparingly soluble metal
extraction method is used to extract for example compounds into water-soluble metal sulphates.
copper, gold and nickel, and involves several The fact that it is possible to leach sulphide
steps. First a large heap of crushed ore is built, minerals is what distinguishes bioleaching from
(for example copper or nickel sulphides). Then, conventional acid leaching where only oxidized
as with acid heap leaching, the heap is irrigated minerals are leached.
General considerations for acid and bioleaching

Metal mines may generate highly acidic mine discharges (acid mine drainage) where the ore is a
sulphide because bioleaching also occurs naturally when sulphides are exposed to air and water. This
means that mining activities has to be planned and conducted to prevent accumulation of water in
the pit and in tailings (waste rock). All groundwater or surface run-off must be collected and pumped
to an appropriate treatment facility.
Discharges that do not meet the water quality criteria established in the permit must be treated.
Although heap leaching is a low-cost process, only some 60-90% can be recovered. Therefore it is
normally only used in connection with low-grade ores. Higher-grade ores are usually subject to more
complex milling processes. The actual process depends on the metallurgical properties of the ore.
22 23
Grundfos pumps typically used in heap leaching

NKG Surface mounted pumping. Transfer of process leachate to storage prior Available in a range of SS materials to suit a For fluids that are aggressive and corrosive, confirm fluid
to processing. Leaching solution pumping into sprays that broadcast over broad range of fluid chemistries. High flows chemistry, range of concentrations and temperatures.
the crushed ore stockpile. In cast iron material variants, general purpose and medium heads are achievable. Cast iron Correct mechanical seal selection is critical. Consider fluid
pumping such as water transfer, fire systems, dust suppression, hose and bronze materials available for more general SG in P2 hydraulic power calculation so that motor is sized
down, truck wash and truck fill. applications correctly. Carefully consider NPSHa vs NPSHr including
Standard dimension according to ISO stand- ambient temp, altitude above sea level and vapour pres-
ards, robust design, wide range, standard sure of fluid.
motor, adaptable to any application and perfor- Single-stage standard pumps according to ISO 2858 and
mance, EN 12756 shaft seal. ISO 5199
HS Surface mounted, high volume, high head, non-potable water pump- High energy efficiency, high reliability of bear- Carefully consider NPSHa vs NPSHr including ambient
ing applications such as storage dam to ring main for general mine ings and mechanical seals due to balanced axial temp, altitude above sea level and vapour pressure.
operations and radial loads. Long overall life and mean Horizontal split case pumps.
time between rebuilds.
Flange dimension according to EN 1092-2 (DIN
2501), robust design, double suction and volute
design, wide range, standard motor, adaptable
to any application and performance, removable
bearing housing for easy maintenance
SP Below ground mounted, peripheral bore field dewatering via intercepting Available in a range of SS materials to suit a Stability of electrical supply both voltage and phase
groundwater aquifers to lower water table below pit excavations. broad range of fluid chemistries. Very deep balance is important particularly when gen sets are
bores and high heads achievable. employed. Fluids are aggressive and corrosive. Confirm
fluid chemistry, range of concentrations and temperature.
High efficiency, Long service life as all compo- Correct mechanical seal selection is critical. Consider
nents are stainless steel, Motor protection via fluid SG in P2 hydraulic power calculation so that motor is
CUE or MP 204 sized correctly. Consider use of anodes to provide cathodic
protection.
4", 6", 8", 12" submersible pumps.
CR Surface mounted pumping. Liquor processing applications where more Available in a much broader range of materi- For fluids that are aggressive and corrosive confirm fluid
exotic materials or very high pressures are required. Leaching solution als and configurations to suit a wider range chemistry, range of concentrations and temperature.
pumping into injection wells. General non potable mine water reticula- of fluid chemistries and temperatures. This Correct mechanical seal selection is critical. Consider fluid
tion and boosting via Hydro MPC systems, high pressure spray washing range is able to meet a wide range of flows and SG in P2 hydraulic power calculation so that motor is sized
and rinsing applications such as truck wash. Fire protection via hydrants heads with superior energy efficiency via lower correctly. Carefully consider NPSHa vs NPSHr including
and sprays. Mine camp accommodatio starting currents and accurate pump control of ambient temp, altitude above sea level and vapour pres-
e-Saver motors. Hydro MPC systems are capa- sure of fluid.
ble of meeting changing duty point require-
ments whilst optimizing energy efficiency. Multistage centrifugal pumps.
liquids.
Dosing Chemical dosing of leachate chemicals Easy manual dose rate adjustment. Accurate Chemicals can attack certain materials. Always check
metering of chemicals to +/-1% of target flow. pump head chemical compatibility. Size pump to achieve
Chemical cost saving through prevention of maximum dose flow rate in L/h.
overdosing. Robust construction for mining
applications. Suitable for all weather conditions.
Large user-friendly display, energy optimized
control, data communication, perfect constant
pressure, application-optimized software.
24 25
Grundfos pumps typically used in brine deposits

Main products Benefits What to remember
NKG Standard dimension according to ISO standards, Single-stage standard pumps
Robust design, Wide range, standard motor, according to ISO 2858 and ISO
adaptable to any application and performance, 5199
EN 12756 shaft seal.
HS Flange dimension according to EN 1092-2 (DIN Horizontal split case pumps.
2501), robust design, double suction and volute
design, wide range, standard motor, adaptable
to any application and performance, removable
bearing housing for easy maintenance
SP High efficiency, long service life as all compo- 4", 6", 8", 12" submersible pumps.
CUE or MP 204
VTP NEMA VHS motor, simple installation and easy Multistage turbine pumps.
maintenance, designed for superior fuctionality
and performance reliability, heavy duty,
engineered for the application.
b.Important factors as regards extraction processes c. Raw water intake

i. Dewatering, acid mine drainage The first step for ensuring a supply of water
Lithium process Basically, these kinds of solutions are leach for mining operations, mineral processing and
The production of lithium carbonate is based on lithium chloride solutions obtained in the Salar de solutions. However they may differ in composition. water utilities related to the mining town is
Atacama (Chile) as a by-product of the production of potassium chloride. These solutions are then Typically, the pH-value of acid mine drainage is sourcing treatable water. Whether the source
processed to produce lithium carbonate in a plant located in the Salar del Carmen, near Antofagasta. higher than that of leach solution. But as stated is groundwater, surface water from rivers and
The brines not used are re-injected into the salt flats. above detailed information on the solutions lakes or recycled, treated water, Grundfos offers
composition is required. total pumping solutions on any scale, from
submersibles to end-suction pumps and huge
iii. From brine deposits (lithium) This solution is then treated with soda ash ii. Erosion split-case axial flow pumps.
The process used to obtain lithium carbonate (sodium carbonate or washing soda) to Erosion due to sand, silicates or precipitated
is known as the Lime Soda Evaporation process. precipitate out insoluble lithium carbonate, minerals (particulates) can be difficult to avoid. In Ensuring sustainability when drawing from the
In brief, the salty water is pumped out of the requiring 1.8 times as much soda ash is required order to avoid pump breakdown due to erosion, water source requires that the pumping solution
lake into a series of shallow ponds and left to as lithium carbonate. With low initial lithium critical components should be replaced on a is cost effective, offers trouble-free operation and
evaporate for 12 to 18 months. Different salts concentrations, variants of this process are regular basis in connection with maintenance. is energy optimised. Grundfos has decades of
crystallise out at different times as the solution used with absorption membranes or sulphate experience developing controller and monitoring
becomes more concentrated. At one point it is precipitation. Sulphate precipitation requires iii. Incrustations systems for pumping solutions and manufactures
treated with lime to remove the magnesium. higher final concentration of the lithium brine. Incrustations in the mining process are normally its own pump motors for all fluid types and
Finally, the initial volume of water is reduced to regarded as a critical issue if it occurs. Again, flow requirements. This ensures a perfect
produce relatively concentrated lithium chloride in order to avoid pump breakdown due to match with hydraulics, motors, electrics, and all
brine (6% lithium at the Salar de Atacama). incrustations maintenance at regular basis is other mechanical components that make up a
crucial. Installing pumps with small clearances comprehensive pumping solution, ensuring the
increases the risk of blockage. In lithium mining it best possible efficiency point.
is a major concern.
See more about erosion and incrustation under
Wear (Chapter 4).
26 27
Grundfos pumps typically used in raw water intake

NKG Surface mounted pumping from shore or floating platform. Lower Available in a range of SS materials to suit a Water chemistry should still be considered here as source
volume water transfer applications from river or dam to water treatment broad range of fluid chemistries if necessary. water from dams can be corrosive due to constant recy-
operations if necessary due to quality requirements at final destination. High flows and medium heads are achievable. cling and reuse. For fluids that are possibly aggressive and
Tank to tank raw water transfer applications as required in some batch- Cast iron and bronze materials available for corrosive, confirm fluid chemistry, range of concentrations
ing operations. more general applications. and temperatures. Correct mechanical seal selection is
Standard dimension according to ISO stand- important. Carefully consider NPSHa vs NPSHr includ-
ards, robust design, wide range, standard ing ambient temp, altitude above sea level when making
motor, adaptable to any application and perfor- pump selections.
mance, EN 12756 shaft seal. Single-stage standard pumps according to ISO 2858 and
ISO 5199
HS Surface mounted pumping from shore or floating platform. High Volume High energy efficiency, high reliability of Consider the mines future raw water volumetric require-
water transfer applications from river or dam to water treatment opera- bearings and mechanical seals due to more ments. If shore based pumps, ensure that water level will
tions if necessary due to quality requirements at final destination. balanced axial and radial loads. Long overall life not drop beyond NPSHa vs NPSHr limit; also consider dam
and mean time between rebuilds. spillway height to ensure pumps are above flood level if
Flange dimension according to EN 1092-2 (DIN water level rises. Water chemistry should still be consid-
2501), robust design, double suction and volute ered here as source water from dams can be corrosive due
design, wide range, standard motor, adaptable to constant recycling and reuse. For fluids that are possibly
to any application and performance, removable aggressive and corrosive, confirm fluid chemistry, range of
bearing housing for easy maintenance concentrations and temperatures. Correct mechanical seal
selection is important. Carefully consider NPSHa vs NPSHr
including ambient temp, altitude above sea level when
making pump selections.
Horizontal split case pumps.
SP Submersible pumping from floating platform in dam or river direct to Available in a range of SS materials to suit a When installed in river, ensure pump protected adequately
mining operations or to water treatment operations if necessary due to broad range of fluid chemistries. Very deep from currents and debris. Consider using heavy concrete
quality requirements at final destination. bores and high heads achievable. casing. When installed in dam also consider protection
from foreign debris. Self-cleaning screens are good for this
High efficiency, long service life as all compo- purpose.
CUE or MP 204 4", 6", 8", 12" submersible pumps.
DWK Durability, ductile/high-chrome impeller, easy Heavy-duty dewatering pumps. Need small installation
to operate, high efficiency, compact design, space.
high-pressure capacities, flame-proof applica-
tions, size of DWK is able to fit to limited space.
DW Corrosion resistant due to use of aluminium Contractor pumps

and stainless steel parts, extremely hard-
wearing due to specially selected materials,
simple installation, service-friendly, protection
against abrasive particles, plug and pump (no
special equipment required), motor protection
for longer life.
SE/SL Service friendly, relaible and energy efficient, Heavy duty drainage pumps
AUTOadapt, S-tube or SuperVortex impellers.
28 29
d. Water treatment
Water treatment describes those processes
used to make water more acceptable for a
desired end-use, and for mining operations
and mineral processing, Grundfos can supply a
complete water treatment solution tailored to
the application, from simple filtration for process
water to the stringent quality standards for water
supply to the mining town.
Grundfos can supply pumping solutions for solids

separation using mechanical treatments such
as settling and filtration, dosing solutions for
chemical treatments such as disinfection and
coagulation, and non-chemical treatments such
as UV treatment.
Grundfos pumps systems range from

submersibles to end-suction pumps as well as our
highly successful vertical multistage centrifugal
pump (CR). Our complete range of dosing pumps
systems are for large or small volumes and based
on different technologies, and Grundfos can also
supply electronic and electrochemical accessories
for complete control as well as PLC-controlled,
fully automatic systems for dry material
preparation and reliable dosing. See more under Grundfos has many years experience with water
'Grundfos Products' (Chapter 6). supply and water treatment
Correct material selection for pumps is the most

important method of corrosion prevention,
prolonging the life span of pump systems.
Grundfos supplies the specialist expertise to
help meet performance objectives, from the
initial identification of needs, to the selection,
installation, operation, and maintenance of
the pumping solution. Furthermore, Grundfos
tailors commissioning agreements and service
agreements to requirements, and spare parts kits
and on-site recommended spare parts can also be
arranged.
30 31
Grundfos pumps typically used in water treatment

NKG Surface mounted pumping from shore or floating platform. Lower Available in a range of SS materials to suit a Water chemistry should still be considered here as source
volume water transfer applications from river or dam to water treatment broad range of fluid chemistries if necessary. water from dams can be corrosive due to constant recy-
operations if necessary due to quality requirements at final destination. High flows and medium heads are achievable. cling and reuse. For fluids that are possibly aggressive and
Tank to tank raw water transfer applications as required in some batch- Cast iron and bronze materials available for corrosive, confirm fluid chemistry, range of concentrations
ing operations. more general applications and temperatures. Correct mechanical seal selection is
Standard dimension according to ISO stand- important. Carefully consider NPSHa vs NPSHr includ-
ards, robust design, wide range, standard ing ambient temp, altitude above sea level when making
motor, adaptable to any application and perfor- pump selections.
mance, EN 12756 shaft seal. Single-stage standard pumps according to ISO 2858 and
ISO 5199
HS Surface mounted pumping from shore or floating platform. High Volume High energy efficiency, high reliability of Consider the mines future raw water volumetric require-
water transfer applications from river or dam to water treatment opera- bearings and mechanical seals due to more ments. If shore based pumps, ensure that water level will
tions if necessary due to quality requirements at final destination. balanced axial and radial loads. Long overall life not drop beyond NPSHa vs NPSHr limit; also consider dam
and mean time between rebuilds. spillway height to ensure pumps are above flood level if
Flange dimension according to EN 1092-2 (DIN water level rises. Water chemistry should still be consid-
2501), robust design, double suction and volute ered here as source water from dams can be corrosive due
design, wide range, standard motor, adaptable to constant recycling and reuse. For fluids that are possibly
to any application and performance, removable aggressive and corrosive, confirm fluid chemistry, range of
bearing housing for easy maintenance concentrations and temperatures. Correct mechanical seal
selection is important. Carefully consider NPSHa vs NPSHr
including ambient temp, altitude above sea level when
making pump selections. Horizontal split case pumps.
CR Surface mounted pumping where high pressures are required Available in a much broader range of materi- For fluids that are aggressive and corrosive confirm fluid
als and configurations to suit a wider range chemistry, range of concentrations and temperature.
of fluid chemistries and temperatures. This Correct mechanical seal selection is critical. Consider fluid
range is able to meet a wide range of flows and SG in P2 hydraulic power calculation so that motor is sized
heads with superior energy efficiency via lower correctly. Carefully consider NPSHa vs NPSHr including
starting currents and accurate pump control of ambient temp, altitude above sea level and vapour pres-
e-Saver motors. When used as part of a Hydro sure of fluid.
MPC systems are capable of meeting changing Multistage centrifugal pumps.
duty point requirements whilst optimizing
energy efficiency.
liquids.
DDA/DDI/DME Dosing of disinfection chemicals, Sodium Hypochlorite, acids, caustic, Accurate dosing to +/- 1% of target flow. Chemical compatibility must be checked between each
Polymers or Alum and other compounds into the water treatment Chemical cost saving through not overdosing chemical and the pump head materials.
process. chemicals. Digital dosing pumps offer a smooth
continuous discharge flow to give even process
mixing. Micro-processor controlled pumps can
be flow paced to match changes in the treated
water flow rate. Simple to operate with plain
text instructions and actual dose setting in l/h.
Pumps can communicate with plant PLC for
automated remote operation.
Polydos 412/460 Preparing (mixing, aging and storing) polymer solutions for the purpose Correct preparation ensures 100% polymer Water quality of fill water must be of potable quality.
of flocculation or coagulation of drinking wastewater. Polydos 412 con- chain yield to create the best filtration aid Treated wastewater often has too high a contaminant load
verts raw dry powder polymers into liquid solution and matures them solution. Polydos systems are fully automated, and can cause the coagulation to start in the Polydos sys-
in accordance with the manufacturers recommendation. Polydos 460 requiring only checking of the raw polymer tem. Water flow must be sufficient to create mix batches
prepares raw liquid polymers into a diluted, aged polymer solution ready supply to function. Polydos units use a single in the time frame required. Powder polymers are difficult
for dosing. tank partitioned plug-flow gravity transfer flow, to wet, hard to mix and require slow agitation to form
which has a very small foot-print and limits the polymer chains. It cannot be done manually.
volume of made up polymer.
32 33
Grundfos pumps typically used in water treatment (continued)

SES On-site generation of sodium hypochlorite using clean water, salt and On-site generation means you only make up Commercial grade (12%) Sodium Hypochlorite degrades
electricity, for disinfecting drinking water. what you need. No loss of chemical supply due continuously once manufactured. This increases in ambi-
to transport strikes, accidents or road closures. ent temperatures above 20C and where dust contamina-
Low solution strength of 0.7% free chlorine tion is a significant hazard. The degrading chemical gasses
means liquid is not a toxic substance and is off CO2 gas, which forms bubbles in the dosing pump head
classed as food greade saline solution. No as air-locks the pump. On-site low grade generated solu-
degassing and low degrading of chemical. Only tions eliminate this problem.
stored ingredients is salt, which can be stored
on-site for years. Can operate on off-peak power
saving energy power costs. Simple to operate,
low maintenance and operation requirements.
DIA-2Q Chlorine and pH on-line analyser to measure and control the dosing rate Accurate dosing of disinfection and pH chemi- Chemical dosing must be monitored at all times
of water treatment chemicals. cals. Control dosing rate by both water flow and
set-point control. Full compound-loop PID con-
troller. Can control a water treatment chemical
dosing system without additional SCADA/PLC
control system. Prevention of over/under dosing
which could be detrimental to the health of the
mine workers.
DIT-L Chemical photometer testing unit. Hand held photometer test the level Only way to test and check the accuracy of DIT-L photometer uses reagent tablets, which do not
of free chlorine and the pH of the water. Must be used to calibrate the the chlorine/pH reading given by the DIA-2Q. degrade compared to liquid reagents which degrade
on-line analyser. Accuracy ensures cost savings and miners' rapidly.
health with treated drinking water.
Dosing stations Dosing stations combine the chemical dosing pump/s with all the acces- Pre-designed and part number configured Select the correct size and material mix for the dosing
sories and plumbing required to operate a complete system. standard dosing stations can be ordered station. Check that the dosing footprint will fit in the site
directly from the price book. No design require- location.
ment, No onsite installation. Dosing stations
arrive on-site fully assembled and tested ready
for installation and commissioning. No on-site
delays getting the water treatment system in
operation. Every system has a full parts listing,
3D as-built drawings and operation manual.
Containerised systems Any application where chemical dosing is required to be set up quickly All Chemical dosing systems can be pre-built These systems are made to order. Full consultation of
and efficiently as a self-contained and housed, drop-in unit. into a 10, 20 or 40' insulated shipping container access, entry and exit points, wiring connection standards,
and delivered to site to be set down onto liquid connection standards and positioning of all internal
cyclone-proof mountings ready to be connected components can be made to the customers specifications.
to the process system.
SE/SL Submersible pumping from within wet well without cooling jacket and Available with S-tube high efficiency impeller Consider wet well or dry well application. Consider use
dry well with cooling jacket where suspended soft solids are present prior technology and enhanced high efficiency motor of Grundfos dedicated controls to enhance and optimize
to primary filtration. technology. SmartTrim impeller adjustment operational performance.
to maintain impeller clearance and efficiency.
Non-clogging impeller design means no jam- Heavy duty drainage pumps.
ming, blocking or ragging.
Service friendly, relaible and energy efficient,

34 35
e. Open pit drainage

Open pit drainage is necessary to ensure that
mining operations can continue unhindered. The
grey water in open-pit mines typically contains
abrasives such as stones, clay, sulphur, and the
pH value can be very low and the chloride content
very high. Grundfos dewatering pumps are
designed to work in the toughest environments
and can be found in mining applications and
offshore industries worldwide.
Solid cast iron construction and narrow design

characterises the Grundfos DWK range of
dewatering pumps, and this pump is ideal for pits,
for temporary or fixed installation and offers high-
pressure pump performance unhindered by sand,
small stones or other abrasives.
Grundfos supplies dewatering pumps for durable

use and heavy flows that can be installed dry or
submerged, available in higher-grade material
anti-corrosion versions for severe conditions.
Surface-mounted axel-driven pumps such as the
VTP (Vertical Turbine Pump) are also available, if
the depth requirements are limited. See more
under Grundfos products (Chapter 6).
36 37
Grundfos pumps typically used in open pit drainage

VTP Vertical configuration partially submerged (pump end only) pumping from Priming challenges non-existent as pump end is Multistage turbine pumps.
floating platform in very large water body in pit where suspended solids are submerged. Generally more energy efficient than a
negligible. shore mounted pump set as no suction line losses.
More complex installation particularly with regards
to floating platforms and overturning moment
as higher centre of gravity than horizontal or
completely submerged applications. High volume
and high heads. Easier access to electric motors for
greasing and routine maintenance and service.
NEMA VHS motor, simple installation and easy
maintenance, designed for superior functionality
and performance reliability, heavy duty, engineered
for the application.
SP Submersible pumping from floating platform in very large water body in Priming challenges non-existent as submerged 4", 6", 8", 12" submersible pumps.
pit where suspended solids are negligible. Very high discharge pressures at operation. Generally more energy efficient than a
medium flows available. shore mounted pump set as no suction line losses.
Simpler installation and lower CAPEX costs. Wide
range of SS materials available for water chemistry
that is corrosive.
High efficiency, long service life as all components
are stainless steel, motor protection via CUE or
MP 204
DWK Heavy duty submersible pumping up to 110kW from smaller floating appara- Low CAPEX and LCC. Portable. Available in a high Heavy-duty dewatering pumps. Need small installation space.
tus in water body in pit or in a small sump excavated to collect runoff water chrome SS impeller variant. Heavy duty rugged
from drilling and dust suppression operations or rain and where suspended design. with double mechanical hard faced seals in
solids are present. Use where water chemistry in neutral or slightly elevated an oil bath. Built in overload protection. Spherical
above pH 7-8 bit not where water is acidic. Not for use in underground coal solids handling up to 10mm. Easy to maintain. Cost
operations where explosive methane will always be present. effective option.
Durability, ductile/high-chrome impeller, easy to
operate, high efficiency, compact design, high-
pressure capacities. Size of DWK is able to fit to
limited space
DW Submersible pumping from smaller floating apparatus in water body in pit Low CAPEX and LCC. Due to Aluminium construc- Contractor pumps
or in a small sump excavated to collect runoff water from drilling and dust tion, lighter in weight than other Grundfos port-
suppression operations or rain and where suspended solids are present. Use able submersible pumps. Economical yet robust
where water chemistry in neutral and not where water is acidic. Not for use design. Easy to maintain. Cost effective option.
in underground coal operations where explosive methane will always be Mainly suited to lighter duty applications.
present. Corrosion resistant due to use of aluminium and
stainless steel parts, extremely hard-wearing due
to specially selected materials, simple installa-
tion, service-friendly, protection against abrasive
particles, plug and pump (no special equipment
required), motor protection for longer life.
DWM Extra heavy duty submersible pumping up to 11kW from smaller floating appa- Low CAPEX and LCC. Portable. Extra heavy duty Not a slurry pump. Designed for water containing low concen-
ratus in water body in pit or in a small sump excavated to collect runoff water rugged design with double mechanical hard faced tration of solids up to a maximum of 5-10% by weight. Service
from drilling and dust suppression operations or rain and where suspended seals in an oil bath. Built in overload protection. time between overhauls will be dependent on operational
solids are present. Water chemistry can be mildly acidic pH 5.5-6 or slightly Spherical solids handling up to 10mm. Adjustable hours and solids type, concentration and therefore abrasion
elevated pH 7.5-8 due to generous use of 316 SS fasteners and fittings, 316 SS stay bolt design allows impeller adjustment after of hydraulic end. Wear is to be expected and is a normal part
cooling jacket, rubber lined casing, diffuser and back plate & high chrome iron wear to maintain optimal pump performance. of operation. Service life can vary widely from days (if poorly
impeller materials. Not for use in underground coal operations where explo- Index able discharge, protective handle posts to matched) to a few weeks, months or years. Ensure pump is not
sive methane will always be present. reduce the risk of cable damage in gland area placed in an area of the excavation where mud will accumulate
when lifting. Self-centring SS lifting sling. or where pump can "pot-hole" itself.
SE/SL Submersible pumping from floating apparatus in water body within pit where Available with S-tube high efficiency impeller Ideally not designed for open pit dewatering but can be used.
water is relatively clean and free from abrasive solids. Unsuitable for use in technology and enhanced high efficiency motor Not a slurry pump. Will handle water containing very low con-
excavated sump as no strainer to protect from large abrasive solids. Use where technology. SmartTrim impeller adjustment to centrations of hard abrasive solids up to a maximum of 1-2% by
water chemistry in neutral or slightly elevated above pH 7-8 bit not where maintain impeller clearance and efficiency. Non- weight. Service time between overhauls will be dependent on
water is acidic. Not for use in underground coal operations where explosive clogging impeller design means no jamming, operational hours and solids type, concentration and therefore
methane will always be present. blocking or ragging. abrasion of hydraulic end. Wear is to be expected and is a
Service friendly, relaible and energy efficient, normal part of operation. Service life can vary widely from days
AUTOadapt, S-tube or SuperVortex impellers. (if poorly matched) to a few weeks, months or years.
Heavy duty drainage pumps.
38 39
Grundfos pumps typically used in peripheral dewatering

SP Below ground mounted, Available in a range of Stability of electrical
peripheral bore field SS materials to suit a supplies both voltage
dewatering via intercept- broad range of fluid and phase balance is
ing groundwater aqui- chemistries. Very deep important particularly
fers to lower water table bores and high heads when gen sets are
below pit excavations. achievable. employed. Fluids are
aggressive and corrosive.
High efficiency, long Confirm fluid chemistry,
service life as all com- range of concentrations
ponents are stainless and temperature. Correct
steel, motor protection mechanical seal selec-
via CUE or MP 204 tion is critical. Consider
fluid SG in P2 hydraulic
power calculation so
that motor is sized
correctly. Consider use
of anodes to provide
cathodic protection.
4", 6", 8", 12" submersible
pumps.
f. Peripheral dewatering offering a fast and effective solution when g. Underground dewatering and drainage
A series of peripheral deep wells are typically greater depth and power is required. A flexible Underground dewatering and drainage is
installed around open pit mines to reduce the riser hose makes sure that such additions are necessary to ensure that mining operations
risk of flooding, which makes them unsafe. handled easily and problem-free. With possible continue unhindered. Dewatering from rock
Although the complete removal of water is nearly great fluctuations in demand for performance faces in mine shafts, quarries, or gravel pits often
impossible due to natural processes, Grundfos SP and multiple pumps installed, adding variable contains abrasives such as sand, clay particles,
groundwater pumps reduce the amount of water frequency drives will equalize the hydraulic load drill cuttings, and other potentially damaging
entering mines significantly. The SP pump resists to the wells, automatically adjusting pump speed objects, and the pH value is usually very low.
sand and other abrasive materials and the extra to demand. This ensures optimal dewatering Grundfos dewatering pumps are designed to work
high grade stainless steel version is suitable for around the mine periphery. in the toughest environments and can be found
very severe conditions. Fitted with a frequency in mining applications and offshore industries
converter, Grundfos pumps will automatically Grundfos motor protection is developed for worldwide.
adjust their speed to the demand. pumps and not just the motor, and used together
with an Interface Module ensures dedicated Solid construction with high-grade materials such
Peripheral dewatering and the maintenance of a dewatering level control that offers greater as chromium steel and silicon carbide means
constant water level typically involve a number of protection, because parameters other than the Grundfos AP range of dewatering pumps is
wells installed around open-pit mines. Grundfos electrical conditions in the motor are measured. ideal for pits, for temporary or fixed installation,
offers a flexible and effective solution for This makes possible timed stop/start routines and offers high-pressure pump performance
removing clean or dirty water with particles and that dont damage the pump or motor and helps unhindered by sand or other abrasives. Solid cast
adjusting water levels with bore holes from 30 m avoid sudden outages and the risk of flooding. iron construction and narrow design characterises
to 600 m. Higher-grade material anti-corrosion See more under Grundfos products (Chapter 6). the Grundfos DWK range of dewatering pumps,
versions are also available for severe conditions and this range can pump small stones at greater
with low pH and chlorides. flow than the Grundfos AP range.
For example, Grundfos supplies SP pumps with The Grundfos SE1/SEV series of pumps are
an empty chamber suitable for mining needs, specifically designed for durable use and heavy
flows and can be installed dry or submerged.
Higher-grade material anti-corrosion versions
are also available for severe conditions. See more
under Grundfos products (Chapter 6).
40 41
Grundfos pumps typically used in underground dewatering

SP Below ground mounted, underground dewatering via collection tank Available in a range of SS materials to suit a Stability of electrical supplies both voltage and phase
where water has been treated to remove abrasive solids. High head broad range of water chemistries. Very deep balance is important particularly when gen sets are
applications. bores and high heads achievable. employed. Water can aggressive and corrosive. Confirm
chemistry, range of concentrations and temperature.
High efficiency, long service life as all compo- Consider fluid SG in P2 hydraulic power calculation so that
nents are stainless steel, motor protection via motor is sized correctly. Consider use of anodes to provide
CUE or MP 204 cathodic protection.
4", 6", 8", 12" submersible pumps.

DWK Heavy duty submersible pumping up to 110kW from excavated sump Low CAPEX and LCC. Portable. Available in a Not a slurry pump. Designed for water containing low
and can be pumping from sump on lower level to sump on higher level high chrome SS impeller variant. Heavy duty concentration of solids up to a maximum of 5-10% by
and so on. Sump collects runoff water from drilling and internal dust rugged design. With double mechanical hard weight. Service time between overhauls will be depend-
suppression operations or rain from the surface that infiltrates the mine faced seals in an oil bath. Built in overload pro- ent on operational hours and solids type, concentration
and where suspended solids are present. Use where water chemistry is tection. Spherical solids handling up to 10mm. and therefore abrasion of hydraulic end. Wear is to be
neutral or slightly elevated above pH 7-8 bit not where water is acidic. Easy to maintain. Cost effective option. expected and is a normal part of operation. Service life can
Not for use in underground coal operations where explosive methane vary widely from days (if poorly matched) to a few weeks,
will always be present. Durability, ductile/high-chrome impeller, easy months or years. Ensure pump is not placed in an area of
to operate, high efficiency, compact design, the excavation where mud will accumulate or where pump
High-pressure capacities. Size of DWK is able to can "pot-hole" itself.
fit to limited space
Heavy-duty dewatering pumps. Need small installation
space.
DW Submersible pumping from a smaller sumps and can be pumping from Low CAPEX and LCC. Due to Aluminium con- Not a slurry pump. Designed for water containing low con-
sump on lower level to sump on higher level and so on. Sumps are struction, lighter in weight than other Grundfos centration of solids up to a maximum of 1-5% by weight.
excavated to collect runoff water from drilling and underground dust portable submersible pumps. Economical yet More a "milky muddy" water pump. Service time between
suppression operations or rain from the surface that has infiltrated the robust design. Easy to maintain. Cost effec- overhauls will be dependent on operational hours and sol-
mine. Where suspended solids are present. Use where water chemistry tive option. Mainly suited to lighter duty ids type, concentration and therefore abrasion of hydraulic
in neutral and not where water is acidic. Not for use in underground coal applications. end. Wear is to be expected and is a normal part of
operations where explosive methane will always be present. operation. Service life can vary widely from days (if poorly
Corrosion resistant due to use of aluminium matched) to a few weeks, months or years. Ensure pump
and stainless steel parts, extremely hard- is not placed in an area of the excavation where mud will
wearing due to specially selected materials, accumulate or where pump can "pot-hole" itself.
simple installation, service-friendly, protection
against abrasive particles, plug and pump (no Contractor pumps
special equipment required), motor protection
for longer life.
DWM Extra heavy duty submersible pumping up to 11kW pumping from Low CAPEX and LCC. Portable. Extra heavy duty Not a slurry pump. Designed for water containing low
excavated sump and can be pumping from sump on lower level to sump rugged design with double mechanical hard concentration of solids up to a maximum of 5-10% by
on higher level and so on. Sumps collect runoff water from drilling and faced seals in an oil bath. Built in overload pro- weight. Service time between overhauls will be depend-
underground dust suppression operations or rain that has infiltrated the tection. Spherical solids handling up to 10mm. ent on operational hours and solids type, concentration
mine and where suspended solids are present. Water chemistry can be Adjustable stay bolt design allows impeller and therefore abrasion of hydraulic end. Wear is to be
mildly acidic pH 5.5-6 or slightly elevated pH 7.5-8 due to generous use adjustment after wear to maintain optimal expected and is a normal part of operation. Service life can
of 316 SS fasteners and fittings, 316 SS cooling jacket, rubber lined cas- pump performance. Indexable discharge, vary widely from days (if poorly matched) to a few weeks,
ing, diffuser and back plate & high chrome iron impeller materials. Not protective handle posts to reduce the risk of months or years. Ensure pump is not place in an area of
for use in underground coal operations where explosive methane will cable damage in gland area when lifting. Self- the excavation where mud will accumulate or where pump
always be present. centring SS lifting sling. can "pot-hole" itself.
CR Reliability, high efficiency, service-friendly, Multistage centrifugal pumps.
liquids.
SE/SL Service friendly, relaible and energy efficient, Heavy duty drainage pumps.
42 43
Grundfos pumps typically used in dust suppression

NGK Surface Available in a range of SS materials to suit a For fluids that are aggressive
mounted broad range of fluid chemistries. High flows and corrosive, confirm fluid
pumping and medium heads are achievable. Cast iron chemistry, range of concen-
and bronze materials available for more trations and temperatures.
general applications. Optimized hydraulics Correct mechanical seal selec-
in housing and impeller for unimpeded tion is critical. Consider fluid
liquid flow. Back pull out design for easy SG in P2 hydraulic power cal-
dismantling and service. O-ring between culation so that motor is sized
pump housing and cover means no risk of correctly. Carefully consider
leakage. NPSHa vs NPSHr including
ambient temp, altitude above
sea level and vapour pressure
of fluid.
CR Surface Available in a much broader range of Consider if duty is fixed or
mounted materials and configurations to suit a wider if it will vary in which case a
pumping range of fluid chemistries and tempera- Hydro MPC system may be
where very high tures. This range is able to meet a wide more suited.
pressures are range of flows and heads with superior
required to sup- energy efficiency via lower starting currents Multistage centrifugal
ply a single dust and accurate pump control of e-Saver pumps.
suppression motors.
nozzle network Reliability, high efficiency, service-friendly,
at a fixed flow space-saving, suitable for slightly aggressive
rate. liquids.
Hydro MPC Surface Available in a much broader range of Ensure duty varies as if it
mounted materials and configurations to suit a wider doesn't fixed speed CR pumps
pumping range of fluid chemistries and tempera- may be more suitable. Mining
where very high tures. This range is able to meet a wide operations can have highly
pressures are range of flows and heads with superior detailed electrical specifica-
required to sup- energy efficiency via lower starting currents tions not only with general
ply dust sup- and accurate pump control of e-Saver electrical items but also with
pression nozzle motors. Hydro MPC systems are capable of control panels. They can be
h. Dust suppression The resulting water can be filtered and treated networks at a meeting changing duty point requirements required to interface with
Dust suppression is an important aspect of for reuse in the mineral process, or for dust variable flow whilst optimizing energy efficiency. many different communica-
mining operations, and to reduce the volume suppression. rate. 2-6 pumps in cascade, east installation tion interfaces and protocols
and start-up, large user-friendly display, that exist on site. This can
of raw water required, recycled process water energy-optimized control, data communica- vary from company to com-
from settlement tanks is often used for this The Grundfos Hydro MPC range of multistage tion, perfect constant pressure, application- pany and also mine to mine
optimized software. within the same company.
purpose. Dust generation is an unavoidable pressure boosting systems means you can Ensure that we comply or
result of mining operations and can clog pipes manage your pressure zones with ease for the that we clearly communicate
where we dont comply.
and mechanical parts, creating additional optimum transporting of water from settlement
Dosing Dosing of Accurate dosing. Chemical cost saving Some surfactants are viscous.
maintenance and repairs. tanks, for the filling of tanks, and for delivering surfactants through not overdosing chemicals. Special High Viscosity pump
water to water spray systems. into water heads may be required. Slow
used for dust Large user-friendly display, energy-opti- mode pump running may be
Water spray systems remain the most efficient suppression mized control, data communication, perfect needed which will reduce the
and cost-effective means of dust control for both Solid construction with high-grade materials constant pressure, aapplication-optimized overall pump output.
software.
process and fugitive dust emissions. A Grundfos such as chromium steel and silicon carbide
Polydos PLC-controlled, Two or three chamber installations for prep- Dry material preparation
pumping solution can move a large amount of means the Grundfos AP range of dewatering fully automatic aration and dosing of liquid organic floc- systems
water in a short time, making it possible to use a pumps is ideal for pits, for temporary or fixed systems for culants out of dry or liquid materials. KD:
preparation and Single chamber installation for preparation
large nozzle configuration and minimize the need installation, and offers high-pressure pump the reliable dos- and dosing of solution (e.g. lime milk) out of
for filtration. performance unhindered by sand or other ing of organic dry materials. Includes dry material feeding
coagulants or system, Fully automatic systems with PLC
abrasives. Solid cast iron construction and narrow poly-electrolytes control, graphic display with multilingual
Settlement ponds are a cost-effective way of design characterizes the Grundfos DWK range user interface, preparation and ripening
reducing the size and cost of subsequent water of dewatering pumps, and this range can pump chamber with electric agitators(optional
for dosing chamber), ultrasonic sensor for
treatment by reducing the organic load in the small stones at greater flow than the Grundfos AP continuous level control, water apparatus
wastewater, by letting gravity remove impurities. range. See more under Wear (Chapter 4). with shut-off valve, solenoid valve (24 VDC),
pressure reducing valve and contact water
meter.
44 45
The Grundfos range of powerful wastewater dead zones. These products offer robust design
pumps is designed for handling drainage, with corrosion resistant materials, easy service
effluent and sewage from mining operations and and maintenance, and trouble-free operation in
mineral processing, as well as from the mining difficult environments.
town. With highly efficient, non-clogging S-tube
or SuperVortex impellers, Grundfos SE pumps A complete range of dosing pumps systems for
ranges in corrosion resistant materials ensure large or small volumes and based on different
free passage of large solids, reducing greatly the technologies is available, and Grundfos also
risk of clogging. supplies electronic and electrochemical
accessories for complete control as well as
Grundfos mixers and flow makers offer an PLC-controlled, fully automatic systems for dry
optimum, energy efficient solution for mixing material preparation and reliable dosing. See
in tanks of any size, creating a bulk-flow with an more under Grundfos products (Chapter 6).
almost uniform flow velocity and limited risk of
i. Wastewater handling In addition, complete monitoring, control, and

For mining applications, wastewater treatment remote management solutions are available as
is the process of removing contaminants from required.
water discharged from mining operations and
mineral processing as well as from premises and The process of wastewater treatment varies from
surface run-off. Wastewater treatment typically simple tanks, relying solely on sedimentation, to
utilizes mechanical, biological, and chemical the refined treatment processes with biological
processes to remove these contaminants. treatment that we know today. Treating process
water to re-enter leaching processes, for example,
Grundfos supplies a broad range of components is also a very important activity, reducing
for the transport, handling and cleaning of stored substantially the need for raw water supply.
wastewater and sludge, and for mechanical,
biological, and chemical wastewater processes.
46 47
4. Wear & corrosion

Grundfos pumps typically used in wastewater handling
All water utility Due to the mostly remote Available with S-tube high efficiency Consider wet well or
products and environmentally sensitive impeller technology and enhanced dry well application.
nature of mining operations, high efficiency motor technology. Consider use of
it is not uncommon for large Smart trim impeller adjustment to Grundfos dedicated
mining operations to have maintain impeller clearance and controls to enhance
their own dedicated waste- efficiency. Non-clogging impeller and optimize opera-
water treatment plants. These design means no jamming, blocking or tional performance.
plants depending on their ragging. Vertical mounted for reduced
design may employ some footprint
or all the same Grundfos
equipment that we see in use
within a typical city based
wastewater treatment plant.
See our complete range of
water utility-related products.
Dosing Dosing of Polymers or Alum Accurate dosing. Chemical cost saving Polymers are high
into wastewater for floc- through not overdosing chemicals. viscous liquids.
culation and coagulation, Diaphragm dosing
to improve the clarity and Large user-friendly display, energy-opti- pumps need spring-
reduce the suspended solids mized control, Data communication, loaded check valves
in the water. perfect constant pressure, application- and often have to
optimized software. run at only 25%
capacity to pump
the chemicals.
Polydos Preparing (mixing, aging and Correct preparation ensures 100% Water quality of
storing) polymer solutions for polymer chain yield to create the best fill water must be
the purpose of flocculation, filtration aid solution. Polydos systems of potable quality.
coagulation or sludge dewa- are fully automated, requiring only Treated wastewater
tering of wastewater. Polydos checking of the raw polymer supply often has too high
412 converts raw dry powder to function. Polydos units use a single a contaminant
polymers into liquid solution tank partitioned plug-flow gravity load and can cause
and matures them in accord- transfer flow, which has a very small the coagulation to
ance with the manufacturers foot-print and limits the volume of start in the Polydos
recommendation. Polydos 460 made up polymer. system. Water flow
prepares raw liquid polymers Two or three chamber installations must be sufficient to
into a diluted, aged polymer for preparation and dosing of liquid create mix batches
solution ready for dosing. organic flocculants out of dry or liquid in the time frame
materials. KD: Single chamber instal- required. Powder
lation for preparation and dosing of polymers are dif-
solution (e.g. lime milk) out of dry ficult to wet, hard
materials. Includes dry material feed- to mix and require
ing system, fully automatic systems slow agitation
with PLC control, graphic display with to form polymer
multilingual user interface, preparation chains. It cannot be
and ripening chamber with electric done manually.
agitators(optional for dosing chamber),
ultrasonic sensor for continuous level Dry material prepa-
control, water apparatus with shut-off ration systems
valve, solenoid valve (24 VDC), pressure
reducing valve and contact water
meter.
SE/SL Surface mounted pumping Service friendly, relaible and energy effi- Heavy duty drainage
where very high pressures are cient, AUTOadapt, S-tube or SuperVortex pumps.
required to supply dust sup- impellers.
pression nozzle networks at a
variable flow rate.
AMD/AMG Dosing of surfactants Easy to maintain and service without Submersible mixers.
into water used for dust use of special tools, electronic leak
suppression sensor in gearbox/shaft seal housing,
shaft seal protected against abrasive
materials, self-cleaning stainless steel
or polyamide propellers.
48 49
4. Wear & corrosion
Aggressive mine water and chemicals used in

mining may lead to wear. Wear can in general be
divided into erosion, abrasion and incrustation
problems on pipes, well screens, ponds, bridges,
water intakes and pumps.
Definitions of wear
Aggressive mine water and chemicals used in mining may lead to wear. Wear can in general be
divided into erosion, abrasion and incrustation problems on pipes, well screens, ponds, bridges,
water intakes and pumps.
Erosion
erosion corrosion is when the liquid velocity, air or particles in the liquid erodes and removes the
protective film of the metal and exposes the reactive metal to high flow velocity, thus accelerating the
corrosion process. It is also erosion if the particles impact so hard on the surface that you have wear.
Abrasion
abrasive wear occurs when hard particles are forced against and move relative to a solid surface.
The illustration below shows the three major types of abrasion Gouging, High Stress Grinding and
Low Stress Grinding. This is essentially what happens between the seal faces in a shaft seal when
there are small particles in the liquid.
GOUGING HIGH STRESS LOW STRESS

Large particles GRINDING SmalL particles
high stress, Impact Smaller particles low stress,
eg. Jaw and Gyratory high stress, Slidng eg. Screens Chutes
Crushers eg. Ball & Rod Mills
Incrustation
this results from the deposit of minerals in and outside the pumps. Acidic mine water typically
contains elevated concentrations of sulphate (SO4), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), aluminium (Al) and
other ions. Under certain circumstances (such as pressure, pH- and temperature changes) these
metals can precipitate from the solution. Incrustation can also result when pumping lithium brines
and other salt compounds.
50 51
a. Corrosion The risk of corrosion and subsequently leakage

Corrosion attacks on pumps are a critical issue in the mining and mineral processing industries. The is reduced if the pump runs continuously and is
most common form of corrosion is a uniform attack caused by sulphuric acid and localized corrosion even further reduced if the pump is fitted with
(pitting and crevice corrosion) caused by the presence of chloride. a double shaft seal (flushed) or a magnet drive.
Titanium is not a suitable pump material for

concentrated sulphuric acid. In order to get a
long service life when pumping concentrated
sulphuric acid, it is important to keep water
(including humid atmosphere) from diluting
the concentrated sulphuric acid, due to its
Oxices, Ore
(themodynamically stable) hygroscopic abilities, where dilution with water
renders the solution more corrosive. The density
"Extractive metallurgy in reverse" of concentrated sulphuric acid is about 1,830 kg/
m3 and the viscosity is about 25-30 cPs. Grundfos
recommends an oversized motor and that the
Corrosion pump curve is corrected if necessary.
Mining, Extractive Cycle
Metallurgy and Corrosion caused by diluted sulphuric acid Pump shaft from CRN in AISI 316 operating in
Metallurgical Processing Corrosion Processes
In mining (both metallic and non-metallic), rocks concentrated sulphuric acid.
are often rich in sulphide minerals, such as pyrite.
When the mining process exposes the sulphides
to water and air, they form sulphuric acid (H2S04),
because bioleaching also occurs naturally when
sulphides are exposed to air and water.
Metals and Alloys in Service
(thermodynamically unstable) Acid mine drainage can happen anywhere on
the mine where sulphides are exposed to air and
water, including waste rock piles, tailings, open
pits, underground tunnels and leach pads.
Corrosion of metallic materials in mine waters is Corrosion caused by concentrated
affected by: sulphuric acid In metal mining, the acid leaching solution
Corrosion attack on metals due to sulphuric often consists of highly diluted sulphuric acid
pH (acidity): lower pH increases the risk of acid is a very complex matter. The reason is that plus an oxidizing agent such as oxygen. The
corrosion sulphuric acid has both oxidising and reducing leach solution normally has a pH value of 1.5-
Sulphate content: higher sulphate decreases properties, depending on the concentration, 2.5, although in some cases it can be lower.
risk of corrosion meaning that different materials have to be Sufficiently high concentrations of oxidizing
Oxidizers (oxygen, Cu2+, Fe3+, H2O2): effect on used depending on the conditions. In mining, agents such as iron (III) sulphate and copper (II)
corrosion depends on pH and chloride content concentrated sulphuric acid is for example used sulphate will render common types of stainless
Temperature: higher temp. increases risk of for preparing leach solutions. Concentrated steel like EN 1.4301 (AISI 304) practically resistant.
corrosion sulphuric acid (above 90 wt. %) is, so to speak, If the water is very acidic with a low content of
Chloride content: higher chloride increases risk a weak acid and pump components made of these oxidizing components, it is practical to use
of corrosion cast iron, stainless steel EN 1.4301 (AISI 304) and molybdenum containing EN 1.4401 (AISI 316).
Added chemicals (used for leaching, froth EN 1.4401 (AISI 316) can be used in concentrated
flotation, solvent extraction, precipitation etc. sulphuric acid applications. However, in certain
Operating conditions parts of the pump such as the shaft seal the
presence of water or humidity means corrosion is
likely to occur.
52 53
Grundfos recommends this type of stainless chloride. Presence of chloride in leach solutions
steel when it is not clear whether the acidic increases the corrosiveness of water. Selecting
water is sufficiently oxidized or when the water the right pump materials is thus very important.
composition varies a lot. However, if the chloride Put another way, material selection is the most
content is very high, Grundfos recommends the important method of corrosion prevention.
use of stainless steel EN 1.4539 (AISI 904L) rather Choosing the right materials based on the water
than EN 1.4401 (AISI 316). As regards cast iron an composition (pH value, chloride, oxidizing species
increase in the corrosion rate must be expected and temperature) reduces the risk of corrosion and
in liquids with pH value lower then 6.5. Titanium, prolongs the equipment lifetime.
on the other hand, is superior to stainless steel
when the chloride content is so high that it causes
corrosion problems with stainless steel EN 1.4401 b. Erosion corrosion
(AISI 316) and EN 1.4539 (Aisi 904 L). The pH value Erosion corrosion is another critical issue.
of dewatering solutions from pit and waste Particulates are often carried in a corrosive
rocks is normally higher (pH of 3-7) than that of a medium through pipes, tanks and pumps. The
leach solution and the corrosiveness is therefore presence of these particulates erodes and removes
generally lower. the protective film of the metal and exposes
the reactive metal to high flow velocity, thus
Corrosion caused by chloride accelerating the corrosion process.
Depending on the geology of the mine sites
the ore or groundwater contains more or less
Examples of corrosion
The degree of erosive wear depends on: These many influences dictate the amount of
erosion, and there are broadly speaking only
Speed of the particles (velocity of liquid) three ways to avoid erosion:
Amount of particles
Shape of particles A pump in a harder metal
Hardness of the particles Lower flow in pipes and pump by using a slow
The pump material running pump with a 4 or even 6 pole motor
Impact direction Filter the particles away (normally not possible
because the idea is to transport them
somewhere with the liquid)
54 55
However, whatever is done to avoid wear/erosion, NBG/NKG stainless steel end-suction pumps
it may not be possible to avoid it completely. Wear Pump size (NB, NK) Pump size (NBG, NKG) Impeller passage (mm)
Impeller passage (mm)
can at least be limited to an acceptable level by
50 8 50 8
selecting the correct pump type.
50 7 50 7
50 4 50 4
Standard pumps supplied by Grundfos and this
50 8 50 8
is true for other manufacturers as well are not 50 7 50 7
built for pumping liquids containing particles. We 50 7 50 7
state that the CR and NBG/NKG pump ranges are 50 4 50 4
not suitable for pumping solids of any kind, but 65 8 65 8
Grundfos is aware that some customers need to 65 8 65 8
know what size and content of solids the pump 65 7 65 7
can handle. Although an exact value cannot be 65 6 65 6
given because this depends on the type of solids 65 5 65 5
and fibres, the tables below show the free passage 65 12 80 12
through the impeller of individual pump types, 65 10 80 10
showing the maximum solid size for trouble-free 65 10 80 10
operation. If pumping solids, the pump must be 65 7 80 7
maintained more often. 65 7 80 7
80 12 100 12
Impeller free passage 80 11 100 11
The values indicate the maximum size of solid 80 13 100 13
particles that can pass through the pump. 80 11 100 11
80 13 100 13
100 12 125 12
100 12 125 12
CR multistage centrifugal pumps
100 15 125 15
Pump type Impeller passage (mm) 100 18 125 18
CR 1s 2.38 100 11 125 11
CR 1 2.5 125 17 125 17
CR 2 2.7 125 20 125 20
CR 3 3.1 125 19 125 19
CR 4 2.9 125 17 125 17
CR 5 5.5 125 12 125 12
CR 8 4.4 150 17 150 17
CR 10 4.5 150 20 150 20
150 24 150 24
CR 15 6.5
150 14 150 14
CR 16 6.5
150 15 150 15
CR 20 6.8 200 23 200 23
CR 32 8.0 200 22 200 22
CR 45 9.5 200 31 200 31
CR 64 13.0 200 29 200 29
CR 90 16.0 200 18 200 18
CR 120 16.0
CR 150 24.0 c. Pump use and maintenance
In general, it is important to inspect and maintain pumps in mining applications on a regular basis.
Maintenance of the pump implies replacing the rotating parts such as impellers, shaft and shaft seal.
A combination of factors, such as corrosion, wear and incrustations, may also cause damage to the
pump, as mentioned above.
56 57
5. What to mine and how
58 59
c. Nickel
5. What to mine and how Nickel occurs in nature principally as oxides,
sulphides and silicates. Ores of nickel are mined
a. Copper The metallic copper that is left at the bottom of in over 23 countries and are smelted or refined
Copper ore is mined underground and from the converter is known as blister copper. It is very in 25 countries, most importantly Russia, Canada,
surface mines, with most of the copper ores pure, but further refining is necessary to remove New Caledonia, Australia, Indonesia, Cuba, China,
mined today being oxide or sulphide ores. From impurities consisting of small amounts of gold, South Africa, Dominican Republic, Botswana,
the mines, copper ore is taken to mills, where it silver and other precious metals. Columbia, Greece and Brazil. Important nickel
is crushed and finely ground in preparation for refineries also operate in Norway, Finland, France,
refining. The method of refining varies with the This refining is done electrochemically, using a Japan and the United Kingdom. Primary nickel is
type of ore. process similar to the one used with oxide ores. produced and used in the form of ferronickel,
In this case, however, the anode is moulded nickel oxides and other chemicals, and as more
For copper oxide ores, the copper is usually from blister copper and decomposes during or less pure nickel metal. Nickel is also readily
dissolved with heap leaching as described above. electrolysis. The direct electric current that flows recycled from many of its applications, and large
The copper can be recovered from the leaching between the electrodes placed in an electrolytic tonnages of secondary or "scrap" nickel are used
solution through electrolysis (electro winning). tank transfers the copper of the blister copper to supplement newly mined metal.
In this process, a direct electric current is set anode onto the cathode. The precious metal
up between positive and negative electrodes impurities collect at the bottom of the tank. Only about 1.4 million tons of new or primary
placed in the solution. The negative electrodes nickel are produced and used annually in the
cathodes are usually made of thin sheets of world, compared with over 10 million tons of
pure copper and the positive electrodes anodes b. Gold copper and nearly 800 million tons of steel.
are usually made of lead. The electric current How gold is mined depends on the deposits. Nickel is often extracted with acid heap leaching
causes the copper in the solution to be deposited Lode deposits are concentrations of gold found or froth flotation.
on the cathodes as a coating of pure copper. in solid rock. If the gold-bearing rock is located on
the earth's surface, the mining company will use
Copper sulphide rich ores are first treated by a open-pit techniques. First, miners drill a pattern d. Zinc
process called froth flotation. In this process, air of holes, which they then fill with explosives. Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, metallic element.
bubbles are produced in a mixture of ground Next, they detonate the explosives to break up Zinc is one of the most widely used of all metals
copper ore, water and chemical reagents. The the ground so it can be loaded into haul trucks. in industry. Zinc occurs in nature in a variety of
particles of copper-bearing minerals in the ore ores, the most common being sphalerite (zinc
stick to the bubbles and float to the top of the If the lode deposit is located beneath the earths sulphide). Canada leads the world in the mining
mixture, where they can be skimmed off. surface, underground mining is necessary. In of zinc, followed by Australia, Peru, and China.
this case, miners drill a shaft, or an adit, into The leading smelters of zinc are Canada, Japan,
The copper-bearing minerals are roasted to drive the ground to access the lode. Then long vertical and China.
off a part of the sulphur. The resulting product is tunnels are dug, known as stops, which extend
smelted, yielding a molten combination of copper from the top of the ore block to the bottom. After As part of the extraction process, zinc ores are
sulphate and iron sulphide called matte. Some drilling and loading explosives into the ore block, usually roasted to convert the zinc in the ore into
light impurities in the matte combine to form the miners detonate the explosives, causing zinc oxide. Most zinc produced today is obtained
slag, which is removed. The matte is then poured broken ore to fall to the bottom of the stops. from the oxide by an electrolytic process. In
into a converter, where air is forced through it to The ore is loaded into trucks and taken to the this process, the zinc oxide is dissolved in an
burn out the remaining sulphur and to oxidize surface. Cyanide leaching has been the dominant acid and the resulting solution pumped into an
the iron. At this stage, most of the remaining gold extraction technology since the 1970s. This electrolytic cell. An electric current is applied
impurities, including the oxidized iron, float to process is not described in this manual between the electrodes in the cell, causing
the top of the matte to form more slag, which is the zinc in the solution to be deposited on the
poured off. negative electrode (electrowinning).
60 61
6. Grundfos products
62 63
6. Grundfos products
Product matrix
Product Application
Pump size Peripheral Open pit Underground Heap Wastewater Settlement Dust Processing Spillage In-situ Raw water Water Lithium
(NB, NK) dewatering dewatering dewatering / leaching handling pond suppression control leaching intake treatment
drainage
NKG X X X X X X
HS X X X X
Vertical tur-
X X X X
bine pumps
SP X X X X X X X X X
SP motors X X X X X X X
DWK X X X X X X
DW X X X
DWM X X X
Fire pumps X
CR X X X X X
CR high
X X
Pressure
CRH X X X
Hydro MPC X X
Dosing X X X X X X
Polydos X X X X X
SE/SL X X X X X X X
AMD/AMG X
Controls X X X X X X x x x x x
64 65
NKG Industrial Norm pumps ISO 2858 Vertical Turbine Pumps
Qmax 1170 m/h APPLICATIONS: Qmax 4000 m/h APPLICATIONS:

Hmax 160 m Water supply systems Hmax 550 m Water supply systems
Max casing pressure 25 Bar Booster systems Max casing pressure 25 Bar Booster systems
Single Mechanical seal double seals Cooling systems Corrosion / abrasion spec materials option available Cooling systems
Sealed for life bearings 17000 h standard Air-conditioning systems Robust Design Chiller systems
Din spec flanges Water treatment plants Standard or hollow shaft motors Raw water intake systems
Cast Iron casing, CI or bronze impellers Acid plants Engineered for the application Plant water systems
Full S/S or duplex S/S applications available Wastewater treatment plants Designed for superior functionality and performance Shaft dewatering applications
Raw water intake systems reliability Open pit dewatering applications
Processing plants Optional cast iron casing / impeller
Dewatering applications
HS Horizontal Split Case Pumps SP Borehole Submersible Pumps

Hmax 140 m Water supply systems Hmax 670 m Water supply systems
Max casing pressure 16 Bar Booster systems Max operating pressure 60 Bar Pressure boosting systems
DIN Spec flanges Cooling systems Full stainless steel construction offer a high Raw water intake systems
Robust design Chiller systems service life Plant water systems
Double suction volute design Water treatment plants High efficiency Shaft dewatering applications
Standard electric motor Acid plants Optional materials available for acid / brine Open pit dewatering applications
Wide range Run-off water plants water applications Irrigation systems
Removable bearing housing for easy maintenance Raw water intake systems Motors available in 525V. DOL or XY Peripheral dewatering
Optional material selections available Processing plants Rewinding of MMS motors possible Ground water lowering
Plant water systems Service kits easy to install In-situ leaching mining systems
66 67
SP Borehole Submersible Pump Motors DW Dewatering Submersible Pumps
Wide range of rewindable motors APPLICATIONS: Qmax 300 m/h APPLICATIONS:

Easily rewindable The Grundfos MMS motors can be fitted to all SP Hmax 100 m Shaft dewatering
Protection against up thrust and SPG pumps Oil filled seal chamber fitted with double Open pit dewatering
High efficiency Motor Sizes: mechanical cartridge seal) Spillage control
6 & 8 have standardised NEMA flange and shaft end 6 3.7 kW to 37 kW High efficiency Tunnel dewatering
Mechanical shaft seal ceramic / carbon or SiC / SiC 8 22 kW to 110 kW Durable aluminium / stainless steel / nitrile 380 / 690 V available
PVC or PE / PS windings 10 75 kW to 190 kW rubber design River water extraction
Material variances optional 12 147 kW to 250 kW Compact and lightweight Water supply applications
PT 100 /PT1000 temp sensor optional High Chrome S/S impeller / nitrile wet-end Tunnel dewatering
Series pumping adaptor optional; Building sites
Quarries
DWK Dewatering Submersible Pumps Fire Pump Sets

Hmax 102 m Shaft dewatering Hmax 125 m Fire fighting sets for fire fighting applications
Max operating depth 25 m Open Pit dewatering Electric motor or dual electric / diesel driven
Oil filled seal chamber fitted with moisture sensor Rock face dewatering applications FM approved and UL listed
(sensor optional) Flameproof models available Designed for superior functionality and
High efficiency Spillage control performance reliability
Durable Tunnel dewatering
Compact design 400 / 525 / 1000 V specifications available
High chrome S/S impeller optional River water extraction
Very low life cycle cost Water supply applications
High pressure capabilities
68 69
CR- Multistage Vertical Centrifugal Pumps CRH Horizontal Multistage Pumps

Hmax 330 m Wash systems Hmax 330 m Wash systems
Liquid temp - -40 to 120 C (180C option) Cooling systems Liquid temp - -30 to 120C (180C option) Cooling systems
Max pressure 30 bar Air-conditioning systems Max pressure 30 bar Air-conditioning systems
Renowned reliability Water treatment systems Renowned reliability Water treatment systems
High efficiency Firefighting systems High efficiency Firefighting systems
Small footprint Boiler feed systems Small footprint Boiler feed systems
In-line pipe connection Shaft water booster systems DIN flange specification Shaft water booster systems
DIN flange specification Process plant water booster systems Suitable for slightly aggressive liquids Process plant water booster systems
Suitable for slightly aggressive liquids Single pump solution enabling high pressure
Double seals and MAGdrive available Double seals and MAGdrive available
CR High Pressure Vertical Multistage Pumps Hydro MPC Muklti Pump Controlled Booster Pumps

Hmax 480 m Wash systems Hmax 155 m (Higher head as option) 2 6 pumps cascade
Liquid temp - -40 to 120 C Cooling systems Liquid temp - -25 to 60 C Easy installation
Max pressure 50 bar Air-conditioning systems Max pressure 16 bar User friendly
Renowned reliability Water treatment systems Renowned reliability Energy efficiency optimized operation
High efficiency Fire fighting systems High efficiency Data communication
Small footprint Boiler feed systems Small footprint Perfect pressure sustained
DIN flange specification Shaft water booster systems DIN flange specification Application optimized software
Suitable for slightly aggressive liquids Process plant water booster systems Suitable for slightly aggressive liquids
Single pump solution enabling high pressure Single pump solution enabling high pressure
70 71
Dosing Pumps SE/SL Drainage, Effluent pump
Qmax 4000 l/h APPLICATIONS: Hmax 70 m APPLICATIONS:

8000 l/h double head system Drinking water treatment Oil filled seal chamber fitted with moisture sensor Shaft dewatering
Liquid temp - 50 C max Wastewater treatment (settlement / sludge) High efficiency Open pit dewatering
Max pressure 16 bar Flocculent dosing Durable Rock face dewatering applications
Robust design Polymer dosing applications Compact design Flameproof models available
Stroke-length adjustment Acid plant dosing systems Stainless steel material selections optional Spillage control
Optional: Very low life cycle cost Tunnel dewatering
Pulse control Vortex impeller applications available River water extraction
Analogue control Water supply applications
Level inputs Raw sewage pumping applications
Motor frequency control
Polydos Polymer / Lime Preparation Plant AMD / AMG Mixers
Qmax 11 000 l/h APPLICATIONS: AMD APPLICATIONS:

Viscosity of prepared solution - max 2500 Mpa Preparation of poly-electrolyte, lime milk, Qmax 1435 m/h Sludge treatment systems in mining applications
2 or 3 Chamber installations for preparation and aluminium sulphate etc. for water / wastewater Propeller speed 635 710 RPM Very efficient and low operating cost
dosing of liquid organic flocculants out of dry treatment. Temp range 5 to 40 C
or liquid materials Flocculent dosing Material of construction Stainless Steel
Included dry material feeding system Lime dosing applications AMG
Fully automated system with PLC control Qmax 6985 m/h
Ultrasonic level sensors Propeller speed 325 354 RPM
Graphic display with user friendly interface Temp range 5 to 40 C
Material of construction Cast Iron
72 73
Grundfos Electronic Control Systems LiqTec MP 204, CU 300, CU 301
APPLICATIONS:
Monitoring and protection of pumps and processes. APPLICATIONS:
Monitoring and protection of pump
Features and benefits installations.
Protection against dry running
Protection against liquid temperatures exceeding Features and benefits
130 C 5 C Protection against dry running and too high motor
Protection against too high motor temperatures temperature
Manual or automatic restarting possible from a Constant monitoring of pump energy consumption.
remote PC
Simple installation (plug-and-play technology) Options
Robust sensor. Connection to large control systems via bus
communication
Connection of sensors enabling control based on
sensor signals.
Control and monitoring units Wireless remote control via Grundfos R100, MI 201,
Control and monitoring units MI 202 and MI 301.
CUE
Technical data
Mains voltage:
1 x 200-240 V
2 x 200-240 V
3 x 380-500 V
3 x 525-600 V
3 x 575-690 V.
Applications
Adjustment of the pump performance to
the demand. Together with sensors, the
CUE offers these control modes:
proportional differential pressure
constant differential pressure
constant pressure
Frequency converters for three-phase constant pressure with stop function
Pumps constant level
constant level with stop function
constant flow rate
constant temperature.
The CUE can also be controlled by an
external signal or via GENIbus.
Features and benefits

Adjustment of the pump performance to the demand,
thus saving energy.
Easy installation, as the CUE is designed for
GRUNDFOS pumps.
Short-circuit-protected output; no motor-protective
circuit breaker required.
Fault indication via display and a relay, if fitted.
External setpoint influence via three programmable
inputs.
74 75
7. Pump theory
76 77
SP A, SP
9
9. Table of head losses
Table of head losses

Head losses in ordinary water pipes
7. Pump theory Upper figures indicate the velocity of water in m/sec.
Lower figures indicate head loss in metres per 100 metres of straight pipes.
Quantity of water Head losses in ordinary water pipes
Nominal pipe diameter in inches and internal diameter in [mm]
The fundamentals m3/h Litres/min. Litres/sec. 1/2"

15.75
3/4"
21.25
1"
27.00
1 1/4"
35.75
1 1/2"
41.25
2"
52.50
2 1/2"
68.00
3"
80.25
3 1/2"
92.50
4"
105.0
5"
130.0
6"
155.5
When we discuss pumps in standard

0.855 0.470 0.292
0.6 10 0.16
9.910 2.407 0.784
1.282 0.705 0.438 0.249
application, only three major parameters are

0.9 15 0.25
20.11 4.862 1.570 0.416
1.710 0.940 0.584 0.331 0.249
1.2 20 0.33
generally of interest:
33.53 8.035 2.588 0.677 0.346
2.138 1.174 0.730 0.415 0.312
1.5 25 0.42
49.93 11.91 3.834 1.004 0.510
2.565 1.409 0.876 0.498 0.374 0.231
1.8 30 0.50
69.34 16.50 5.277 1.379 0.700 0.223
2.993 1.644 1.022 0.581 0.436 0.269
2.1 35 0.58
91.54 21.75 6.949 1.811 0.914 0.291
Flow Designation Q Unit m3/h Cubic meter per hour 2.4 40 0.67
1.879
27.66
1.168
8.820
0.664
2.290
0.499
1.160
0.308
0.368
2.349 1.460 0.830 0.623 0.385 0.229
3.0 50 0.83
Head (pressure) Designation H Unit m meters

41.40 13.14 3.403 1.719 0.544 0.159
2.819 1.751 0.996 0.748 0.462 0.275
3.6 60 1.00
57.74 18.28 4.718 2.375 0.751 0.218
3.288 2.043 1.162 0.873 0.539 0.321 0.231
Energy Designation P Unit kW Kilowatt

4.2 70 1.12
76.49 24.18 6.231 3.132 0.988 0.287 0.131
2.335 1.328 0.997 0.616 0.367 0.263
4.8 80 1.33
30.87 7.940 3.988 1.254 0.363 6.164
2.627 1.494 1.122 0.693 0.413 0.269
5.4 90 1.50
38.30 9.828 4.927 1.551 0.449 0.203
2.919 1.660 1.247 0.770 0.459 0.329 0.248
6.0 100 1.67
Basic Hydraulics 7.5 125 2.08
46.49
3.649
11.90
2.075
5.972
1.558
1.875
0.962
0.542
0.574
0.244
0.412
0.124
0.310 0.241
70.41 17.93 8.967 2.802 0.809 0.365 0.185 0.101
However, when dealing with the installation 9.0 150 2.50
2.490
25.11
1.870
12.53
1.154
3.903
0.668
1.124
0.494
0.506
0.372
0.256
0.289
0.140
and operation of pumps, there are a further two 10.5 175 2.92
2.904
33.32
2.182
16.66
1.347
5.179
0.803
1.488
0.576
0.670
0.434
0.338
0.337
0.184
parameters that are important:

3.319 2.493 1.539 0.918 0.659 0.496 0.385 0.251
12 200 3.33
42.75 21.36 6.624 1.901 0.855 0.431 0.234 0.084
4.149 3.117 1.924 1.147 0.823 0.620 0.481 0.314
15 250 4.17
64.86 32.32 10.03 2.860 1.282 0.646 0.350 0.126
3.740 2.309 1.377 0.988 0.744 0.577 0.377 0.263
18 300 5.00
1. friction loss in the piping system

45.52 14.04 4.009 1.792 0.903 0.488 0.175 0.074
4.987 3.078 1.836 1.317 0.992 0.770 0.502 0.351
24 400 6.67
78.17 24.04 6.828 3.053 1.530 0.829 0.294 0.124
2. elevation lift of the fluid. 30 500 8.33

3.848
36.71
2.295
10.40
1.647
4.622
1.240
2.315
0.962
1.254
0.628
0.445
0.439
0.187
4.618 2.753 1.976 1.488 1.155 0.753 0.526
36 600 10.0
51.84 14.62 6.505 3.261 1.757 0.623 0.260
3.212 2.306 1.736 1.347 0.879 0.614
The interaction between Q, H and P is: P = Q x H x 42 700 11.7
19.52
3.671
8.693
2.635
4.356
1.984
2.345
1.540
0.831
1.005
0.347
0.702
48 800 13.3
c, where c is a constant depending on the pump
25.20 11.18 5.582 3.009 1.066 0.445
4.130 2.964 2.232 1.732 1.130 0.790
54 900 15.0
31.51 13.97 6.983 3.762 1.328 0.555
efficiency, gravity and the fluid type. 60 1000 16.7
4.589
38.43
3.294
17.06
2.480
8.521
1.925
4.595
1.256
1.616
0.877
0.674
4.117 3.100 2.406 1.570 1.097
75 1250 20.8
26.10 13.00 7.010 2.458 1.027
4.941 3.720 2.887 1.883 1.316
With double flow, the power will also 90 1500 25.0
36.97 18.42
4.340
9.892
3.368
3.468
2.197
1.444
1.535
105 1750 29.2
double 120 2000 33.3
24.76
4.960
13.30
3.850
4.665
2.511
1.934
1.754
31.94 17.16 5.995 2.496
With double head, the power will also 150 2500 41.7
4.812
26.26
3.139
9.216
2.193
3.807
double 180 3000 50.0

3.767
13.05
2.632
5.417
If both flow and head doubles, then the

5.023 3.509
240 4000 66.7
22.72 8.926
4.386
power will be four times higher

300 5000 83.3
14.42
90 bends, slide valves 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.5
T-pieces, non-return valves 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
The table is calculated in accordance with H. Lang's new formula a = 0.02 and for a water temperature of 10 C.
Transportation of any kind of fluid in a piping The head loss in bends, slide valves, T-pieces and non-return valves is equivalent to the metres of straight pipes stated in the last two lines of the table.
To find the head loss in foot valves, multiply the loss in T-pieces by two.
system creates friction, and thereby losses. That Friction loss Friction loss depends on the viscosity of the fluid.
means loss of energy and loss of pressure. It is Friction losses occur in the water pipe, in the For our purposes, the only friction loss referred to
the velocity of the fluid that creates the pressure elbows, in Ts, in valves, and so on. The friction loss is for water. 97
loss. The higher the velocity, the higher the loss. is dependent on the flow and is a constant for the
device. Vapor pressure
The fluid velocity (v) in a given pipe can be Water boils at 100C, although this is only true as
calculated from the flow. Pipes are a special situation. Here the friction loss is long as the atmospheric pressure is normal. When
also dependent on the length and the surface of the the pressure drops below the atmospheric pressure,
v= Q A xc
pipe. All pipe manufacturers have their own pipe water will boil at much lower temperatures. As an
loss tables that they make available and friction example, if the pressure drops to 0.1 bar, water will
In order to minimize the pressure loss it is usually loss data can be obtained from the manufacturer start boiling already at 45C. The atmos-pheric
recommended to keep the velocity in a pipe of the equipment. An example is shown above pressure is also lower at higher elevation. This
below 2-4 m/s, depending on the situation. for water in plastic pipes. It is the sum of the phenomenon becomes an important issue when
friction losses from all components in a piping working with pumps.
system that determines the total friction loss.
78 79
8. Pumps and motors
80 81
Centrifugal pump main components Radial flow, mixed flow and axial flow pumps Surface/dry installed pumps and submersible
8. Pumps and motors pumps
Impeller types for different pressure and flow:
Usually a pump is installed in a dry environment.
Centrifugal pump types For outdoor use the motors must have an enclosure
The centrifugal pump has a stationary part and d2 class intended for an outdoor environment. These
a rotating part. The rotating part is called the are typically end suction pumps, split case pumps,
impeller. The impeller has a number of vanes and so on.
which force the water to rotate and creates flow.
d1
Radial flow Submersible pumps are pumps with the pump
The stationary part is called the pump housing, or Shaft seal
d2/d 1 = 3.5 - 2.0 impeller body submerged in the fluid it is supposed to pump
pump bowl. The bowl also has a number of vanes and there are two basic types, both for deep well
called guide vanes. Their function is to stop the Outlet applications:
waters rotation and to convert the d2
energy in the rotation to pressure. Inlet
Vertical turbine (VT) pumps have the pump body
submersed in the fluid, but the motor is installed
Single stage pumps versus multistage pumps above ground and connected to the pump body
d1
Mixed flow with a long shaft, the line shaft.
Single stage pumps have only one impeller and impeller
d2/d 1 = 2.0 - 1.5
one pump housing. The pressure is limited to what Submersible pumps, also called deep-well
that specific pump impeller type can produce. submersible pumps, have typically the same pump
d2
body as the VT pumps, but the motor is a special
Multistage pumps have several impellers and Outlet
design and installed beneath the pump. The
pump housings or bowls. If a single-stage pump Inlet
submersible motor has been designed to operate in
can generate 3 bar, then a two stage pump with d1 water under high pressure.
the same type of impeller and bowl can generate Mixed flow
6 bar, a three stage pump with the same type of d2/d 1 = 1.5 - 1.3 impeller
Cavitation
impeller and bowl will generate 9 bar and so on. Cavitation is a phenomenon caused by the water
d2 boiling. As described earlier, the
Deep-well submersible pumps are most often Impeller
water will boil at temperatures
multi-stage pump types. Besides generating a lower than 100 C, if the pressure
static pressure for the application, they have to Pump housing
drops below 1 atm. Cavitation
generate an additional pressure in order to lift d1 can be heard as a loud noise and
the water from deep underground. This requires Mixed flow
Bearing
vibration, and it is devastating for
typically a multi-stage pump. d2/d 1 = 1.2 - 1.1 impeller the pump.
Electric motor Impeller
d2 However, it is not the water boiling
Axial flow that does the damage. It is when
impeller the water is changing its state from
vapor to water that the damage
occurs. The vapor bubbles in the
Neck
water implode causing noise, and
rings
followed by a heavy mechanical
d1 impact, which will destroy the
d1 = d2 pump if cavitation takes place over
Pump
housing an extended period.
Shaft seal
In-line multi-stage centrifugal pump
82 83
Pump Performance [%]

When the water exits the impeller the pressure increases or reduces the flow. In the figure below
A pumps performance is typically illustrated has increased significantly, P2. That is the nature the usual pump curves (blue) is shown together
80
through a set of curves, or tables, which show the of the impeller. But inside the pump impeller, with the system curve (red).
most important data as a function of the flow.
70
between the inlet and the outlet, the pressure
60 will actually drop even further, depending on the H
[m] [%]
Head 50
design of the pump.
A pump delivers flow and head, or pressure. The 40
125
relation between flow and head is shown in the As described earlier, the situation where the
100
pump curve below.

30 lowest pressure is lower than the vapor pressure 70
20 will cause cavitation and thereby destruction of 75

Efficiency
60
50
m 10
the pump. How to compensate for this and avoid 50 40
cavitation is by increasing the inlet pressure P1 . 30
0 20
25
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 m3/h
H1 10
There are several ways to do that: 0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 m3/h
0
P2
Power curves lower the inlet and reduce the suction lift
NPSH
12 [kW]
Power consumption
The power curve below shows the hp or kW reduce friction loss in the suction pipe
10 100
H2 consumption for the pump hydraulic. This is the

8 80
reduce the flow 6 60
required shaft power or motor size. On the curve lift the suction water level
4
NPSH
40
2 20
below the maximum kW is 105, which is the shaft 0 0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 m3/h
power the motor must deliver. Minimum motor
p2
size is in this case therefore 110 kW.
Q1 Q2 m3/h
The system curve by definition starts at zero
kW
The duty point of the pump is typically a fixed and goes through the pumps duty point on the
Pressure [Pa]
a b
flow and head. From the pump curve the
110 pump curve. It is used to better understand what
100
corresponding flow and head can be read. A 80
will happen when we are trying to regulate the
certain flow Q1 will give a corresponding pressure 60 performance of the pump.
p1
H1, and the flow Q2, will give the pressure H2. 40
p
The pump can operate from zero flow (and max
20
Vapour pressure The definition mentioned above is different when
0
head) to max flow (and zero head). However, both 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 200 m3/h the pump has a static lift, as shown below.
extremes must be avoided for several reasons.
Impeller inlet Impeller outlet
Net Positive Suction Head, NPSH
Pump Efficiency Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is used as a
Pump efficiency is a term for how effective the Pumps at work, system curve
suction pressure safety limit, in order to avoid A pump is always part of a bigger system, such
pump is converting the absorbed energy to cavitation. When the water enters the impeller of
hydraulic energy. The higher efficiency a pump as a water supply system. That means there is a
a pump there is often already a vacuum, P1. pipe most often entering the pump (inlet pipe
has, the lower its energy consumption.
or suction pipe), and there is always a pipe going Q
Q1
A typical efficiency curve is shown below. The m out of the pump (outlet pipe or discharge pipe).
curve has a maximum point, which is typically
NPSH Friction loss occurs in the pipes, and in the piping In those situations the zero point starts on the
12
the pumps duty point. In the example below the 10
system there are often elbows, tees, valves, filters, y-axis at the head h, which is the static lift of the
duty point is at 165 m3/h. As soon as the flow is 8 and so on, all of which adds friction to the water water. These situations always apply when deep-
changed to either more or less, the efficiency of
6
flow. The friction loss increases with the flow in well submersible pumps or turbine pumps are
4
the pump goes down, and it drops to zero at both 2
the 2nd power. used. Q Q
1
ends. 0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 200 225 m3/h
Each pumping system has a unique system curve,
Operation outside bold line limits (75 m3/h and which is constant, as long as the friction is not
215 m3/h) is not recommended. changed, for instance by using a valve, which
84 85
Performance regulation Bypass control Change of impeller

The performance of pumps can be regulated Bypass control reduces resistance in the system Instead of machining the impeller smaller, some
in several ways. The most common approaches thus reducing the system curve, and ensures a pump companies manufacture and offer smaller
for centrifugal pumps are throttling, operation certain minimum flow through the pump. diameter impellers intended to reduce the
in parallel, operation in series, bypass control, head of a full size impeller. These impellers are
modifying impeller diameter, change of impeller
Bypass valve designed to meet a specific lower duty point and
and change of speed. Not all these approaches QBP will always match the rest of the pump.
are necessarily advisable, as discussed below.
QP QS System Speed regulation
Throttling
HP Variation of the pump speed, or rpm, is the most
Throttling increases the friction in a pumping effective way to regulate a pumps performance.
system and raises the system curve to a higher When the speed is changed the parameters
H [m] changes as shown below:
position. Energy consumption is typically the Bypass valve
same as before throttling, but with a reduced Hmax
flow. Smaller
pump System
This approach for performance regulation Qs QBP Resulting characteristic
wastes energy. The same performance could HP
have been obtained with a smaller pump. Pump
Operation of two pumps in parallel Operation of two pumps in series

Hp Two pumps of the same size will perform as QBP QS QP Q l/h
Throttle valve shown in the curve below. The total flow will be
the same as for one pump, while the pressure is
increasing to the double at zero flow. Energy consumption is typically the same for the
System pump, but since some of the water is recirculated,
Hv Hs
the overall efficiency of the system goes down.
Modifying impeller diameter

If the pump is giving too much pressure or flow
H [m]
the diameter of the pump impeller can be reduced
Pump
without any major consequences. The reduction
Resulting characteristic is done by machining, and is fairly costly. When
Smaller pump
System the diameter is reduced the flow, head and power
Hv
is affected the following ways:
Throttle valve
Hs
Q The use of variable frequency drives (VFD) is

Q1 Q2 Q3 l/h
becoming increasing popular as an effective tool
to vary the speed of a pump and thereby the
Two pumps of the same size will perform as Two pumps in series work as a multi-stage pump
H
[m]
pump performance. One of the major benefiits
shown in the curve below. The total head will with two stages. By adding stages, each stage is of this type of regulation is that the efficiency
Hn
be the same as for one pump, while the flow contributing with a certain pressure to the total D Hx Dn
remains more or less unchanged over a wide
is increasing to the double at zero head. The and very high pressure can be obtained. A good Dx performance range. This gives significant energy
regulation is done by turning one or two pumps example is deep-well submersible or turbine savings by reduced speed.
on or off. pumps, which are always multi-stage pumps. Qx Qn Q l/h
On the curve to the right is shown the change in

flow and head.
86 87
Comparison of performance regulation Power considerations and efficiencies energy that comes out of the pump as a product
The chart below shows the main differences between the various approaches to pump performance Electric motors convert electrical energy into of head and flow.
regulation. mechanical energy, which is used to drive the
pump. Motor protection
Method Continuous The resulting performance Overall efficiency Relative power In order to avoid unexpected breakdowns, costly
adjustment curve will have of the pump consumption by 20% P1 is the energy consumed by the motor. This can repairs and subsequent losses due to motor
possible? system reduction in flow
be read on the meter, and is the amount of energy downtime, it is important that the motor is fitted
Throttle control Yes Reduced Q Considerably 94% the power company is charging for. with some sort of protective device.
reduced
H [m]
H [m]
H [m]
H [m]
76
76
76
70
70
70
Throttle valve P2 is the motor shaft power, and this number For external protection against short circuits
Throttle valve
is always lower than P1, because there is a in the whole installation, external protection
55
55
55
certain electrical loss in the windings, and some devices are normally different types of fuses or
Q
Q
P Q
P222
P Q
P
100%
100%2
mechanical friction losses. P2 is also referred to as short circuit relays. This kind of protection device
100%
94%
94%
94%
Hn Hx Valve
50
50
50
60
60
60
l/h
Q [m
Q [m 33/h]
/h]
Q [m 3/h]
motor size. How big is your motor? means: how is compulsory and legal and placed under safety
Bypass control Yes H [m]
H
H
[m]
[m]
Reduced H and changed curve Considerably 110% much is your P2 of the motor? regulations.
H [m]
reduced
Bypass valve
Bypass valve The ratio between P2 and P1 is the motor efficiency, External protection against overload of specific
70
70
70
55
55
55
P2
P 110%
Q
Q
Q
where both P1 and P2 are in W or kW or hp. equipment is important to avoid the overload of
P
the pump motor and thereby prevent damage and

2
2 110% Q
P2
100% 110%
100%
100%
50 60 81 Q [m 33/h]
l/h
If the motor
Hn
sizeValve
Hx
is listed in hp, the formula for breakdown of the motor. This type of protection
Q [m /h]
motor efficiency is . . P2 is now in hp and P1 is in kW. reacts on current.

50 60 81
50 60 81 Q [m 3/h]
Modifying impeller No H
H [m]
H [m]
[m]
H [m]
Reduced Q and H Slightly reduced 67%
diameter
70
70
70
P3 is the shaft power input required to drive the
pump and is usually the same as P2. But in cases
55
55
55
D P
P222
P
P2
100%
Q
Q
Q
Q
D where pumps have a long shaft such as a vertical
turbine pump, the friction in the long shaft
100%
100%
67%
67%
67%
50
50
50
60
60
60
Q [m
Q [m 3/h]
/h]
Q [m 33/h] bearing can be significant, and P3 is therefore
l/h
Hn H
lower than P 2. x
Speed control Yes H
H [m]
H [m]
[m]
H [m] Reduced Q and H Slightly reduced 65%
70
70
Speed controller Phyd, or P4, is the hydraulic power. This is the
Speed controller 70
55
55
55
Q
Q
Q
Q Q
Q
P2
P Q
P2
2 Q
P
100%2
100%
P1
100%
65%
65%
65%
50
50
50
60
60
60
Q [m
Q
l/h
[m 33/h]
/h]
Q [m 3/h]
Hn Hx Hy
Electric motors
An electric motor converts electrical power to mechanical
power.
P2
Motor components P3
An electric motor has a stationary part, the stator, and a
rotating part, the rotor. The stator is built of laminated steel
plates with slots on the inner diameter, in which are inserted
Built-in motor protection with thermal overload-
copper wire. The rotor is also built of laminated steel plates
protection avoids damage and breakdown of
with slots or holes on the outer diameter in which are inserted
motor. The built-in protector always requires an
copper or aluminum bars. Phyd
external circuit breaker, while some built-in motor
protection types even require an overload relay.
An electric field induced in the stator forces the rotor to rotate.
88 89
What to protect against Dedicated pump protection devices

Problems with the power supply quality can Motor protection offers surveillance of the
be issues such as overvoltage, undervoltage, motor as well as protection. Shown below is an
imbalanced voltages/currents and frequency example of a dedicated pump protection device,
variation. the Grundfos MP204, with the parameters for
monitoring and protection listed.
Installation, supply and motor failures should of
course be avoided and usually result from either
slow or rapid temperature increases in the motor
windings.
In cases of slowly-developing temperature

increases, causes can be:
Insufficient cooling
High ambient temperature Insulation resistance
High altitude operation
Motor temperature incl. PT and PTC
High liquid temperature
Too high viscosity of the pumping liquid Current true RMS
Frequent starts
Too big load inertia (not common for pumps) Current unbalance
Voltage, true RMS
In cases of quickly-developing temperature (less
than one minute from ambient temperature to Power consumption
Monitoring
breakdown), causes can be:
Locked rotor Phase sequence
Phase breakage Harmonic distortion
Fuses and circuit breakers Power factor
Fuses:
1-ph start and run capacitors
Fuses prevent short circuits from damaging the Operating hours, since reset and accumulated
installation and in worst case causing a fire.
It is essential that the fuse trips out before Number of starts, since reset and accumulated
thermal damage of other parts of the
Energy consumption, kWh, since reset and accumulated
installation occur because of short circuits.
Overload relays:
Make it possible for the motor to handle harmless The monitored data can be transmitted to a Heat
temporary overloads without interrupting the central controller, which can then control the Underload/dry run
circuit, i.e. motor starting. pump. This device can be used on any AC electric
motor up to 999A, or approximately 700 hp Over voltage
Protection
Trip and open a motor circuit, if the current depending on the voltage.
Under voltage
exceeds its limits and might damage the motor.
Are reset either automatically or manually once Phase unbalance/loss
the overload situation has passed.
Overload
Faulty capacitors
90 91
-2-A
GRUNDFOS
60
-2-AA
MINING MANUAL GRUNDFOS MINING MANUAL
400 40 -1
-1-A
Pump sizing The customer informs that the duty point required To calculate how much head the pump must Installation pit
20 pump supplier will normally select a pump
The will be around 210 m3/h. The Grundfos submersible produce, consideration must be given to the four
with the highest efficiency for the operating pump type SP215 can give 210 m3/h, which is close elements of pressure a pump has to overcome:
conditions. To find out if the operating conditions to the maximum efficiency, and this pump is
0 are0 stable, the process for calculating the relevant therefore selected (see the curve below). Pressure needed for the application devices
data 0could be as40
follows: 80 120 160 200 240 280 Q [m/h] (sprinklers, spray heads, drippers, and so on) Static
Friction loss in the piping system, pipes, water
screens, valves, elbows, tees, and so on level
0 20 40 60 80 Q [l/s]
p H Eta Elevation lift Dynamic
[kPa] [m] [%] Suction lift Drawdown water
160 16 Eta 80 Cone of level
For a deep-well pump, such as a submersible or depression
120 12 60
a vertical turbine, another consideration is the
80 8 40
drawdown of the static water level. The static
TM00 8785 4702

40 4 NPSH 20 water level is defined as the depth to water when
0 0 0
no water is being pumped from the well.
Aquifer
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 Q [m/h] As soon as the pump starts pumping, the water
nation ofEfficiency
efficiency level will start to go down. The water level will
andcurve, pleaseforsee
NPSH curves theCurve
Grundfosconditions, page
submersible 4. type 1100S. The pumps nameplate
pump
continue to go down until equilibrium is reached,
typically notes the pumps flow at best efficiency. Another number typically refers to the number of
and that is when the friction loss in the aquifer
bowls and thereby how much pressure the pump can produce.
and the casing screen (meter of friction) is the
same as the drawdown (meter of head). The
dynamic water level is defined as the depth to
water when the pump is running at its operating
capacity.
When the total head for a ground water pump

is calculated, two things are different from a
surface pump:
1. there is no suction lift

2. the drawdown has to be added to the elevation
Elevation lift lift
The other components in the calculation are

unchanged.
Suction lift
Screen losses
92 93
Lets return to the calculation and calculate the right on one of the curves. Lets assume that the Installation pit some sand and silt in the beginning, and well
required head the pump must produce. Lets head requirement had only been 100 m. In that development is the process of pumping a new well
assume case there is no curve matching the duty point, free from sand and silt. It is done by pumping with
which is between two curves. a very high flow, which draws the fine particles in
the application device use 0.5 bar of pressure or the aquifer into the filter of the well. This slowly
5 m head The solution is to select one of the two curves: Sealing
makes the filter more effective. After approximately
the friction loss in the pipes, elbows, valves and if the upper curve is selected there is a bit more one day of pumping, the well is normally pumped
tees has been calculated to 2.5 bar, or 25 m head reserve in the pump, if the lower one is selected clean, and is ready for normal operation.
Borehole
lets assume the elevation lift is only 20 m head the pump will run marginally for a longer time.
Static water level is 50 m (this corresponds to In both cases it has no practical influence on the The pump used for well development wears out
suction lift for a surface pump) performance or the efficiency, which can be seen relatively quickly because of the high sand content,
the drawdown in the well is 3 m from the efficiency curve. Well casing and it should therefore always be replaced with a
Total head requirement to the pump is therefore new pump as soon as the well does not produce
5+25+20+50+3=103 m. Groundwater wells any more sand.
A well is an opening stretching from the ground
We earlier calculated the flow and found a surface to the underground aquifer, where the The submersible pump must always be installed
Grundfos submersible pump SP215 meets this groundwater is located. The depth of the well may Aquifer above the screen area of the casing. This is to ensure
requirement. Looking at the pump performance vary from a few meters to several hundred meters. that the water is forced past the motor, providing
curves we can see that a 4 stage pump can meet adequate motor cooling. If the pump cannot be
the head requirement of 103 m. Wells are typically drilled with special drilling installed above the screen filter, a cooling sleeve is
equipment able to penetrate the various layers of recommended to create the necessary flow along
Gravel pack/
The pump curve below shows that a 4 stage pump the ground, such as sand, clay, bedrock, and the like. Sand filter the motor for proper cooling.
will give exactly thedata
flow and head required. The SPInside the drilled hole a casing (pipe) is typically
4 Performance curves and technical A, SP
pump is a submersible pump, type SP215-4 (4 installed, which prevents the well from collapsing The drawdown for each specific well can be tested
stages or bowls) with a 75 kW motor. around the pump. Screen filter using a test pump with the same flow rating as
the production pump, which is installed in the
SP 215
SP 215
In this example the performance requirement was
Performance curves
Below the casing and in line with the aquifer is well and the pump started. The groundwater
another casing with fine slots. This is the well level is recorded, and the equilibrium point has
p H
[kPa] [m]
SP 215 screen, where the slots allow the water to enter the been reached when the water level has become
2400
240
-6
50 Hz
ISO 9906:2012 Grade 3B
well. It holds back sand and larger particles trying To improve the filtering function, the borehole constant. This level is the dynamic water level. The
220
-6-A
to enter the well. typically features a diameter that is 2-3 larger drawdown is the difference between the static and
than the casing. A fine sand gravel pack filter is the dynamic water level.
-6-AA
2000
placed between the casing and the aquifer. Some

200
-5
-5-A
180
-5-AA
casings come with a pre-made gravel pack filter. All the water the well is producing is pushed
1600
160 -4
Made correctly, this filtering method prevents sand through the aquifer and the well screen by the
-4-A and silt from entering the well. pressure differential there is between the static
140
-4-AA and the dynamic water level. The higher the flow is,
1200
120 -3 The US EPA and National Water Works Association the bigger the drawdown will be. For this reason it
-3-A are recommending the following sand limits in is often better, considering operating costs, to use
100 -3-AA
well water: two or more smaller pumps (and wells) instead of
800 80 -2
one large one. With smaller pumps the drawdown
60
-2-A
1 ppm in water for drip and microspray is limited, and the elevation lift is reduced.
-2-AA
application.
10 ppm in water for sprinkler irrigation systems. Some aquifers have so much resistance that the
400 40 -1
-1-A
20 15 ppm in water for flood irrigation. water flow to one well is not enough to cope with
the irrigation need. A second and third well may
0 0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 Q [m/h] Before the well can be put into operation, it must be the only solution to get the amount of water
0 20 40 60 80 Q [l/s] be developed. A new well will always produce required.
p H Eta
[kPa] [m] [%]
160 16 Eta 80
120 12 60
80 8 40
TM00 8785 4702
94 040 4
0
NPSH 20
0
95
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 Q [m/h]
Pump performance installing another pump should be considered. Wear from sand and other abrasive materials in device. Grundfos submersible motors have a
Maintaining pump performance is fairly simple the water built-in temperature transmitter that sends a
and requires monitoring of just three parameters: 2) The water or pressure requirements have Sand will over time destroy the pump signal to an above-ground protection device
changed completely, and already from very early in the with no extra wires, thus making the installation
1. flow If another section of irrigated land has been process a loss of efficiency can be seen. A deep very simple.
2. pressure added, or taken out, or the flow requirements well designed correctly will not produce sand
3. power consumption have changed significantly, a change of pump of significant quantities. But in many cases the General overload
must be considered; also if the irrigation system well has not been made properly, and it will A general overload of the pump and motor will
From the three parameters the pump efficiency can has been changed to a less water consuming continue to produce sand for as long as it is in cause the temperature in the motor to increase
be calculated: application. use. In such cases, the only way to avoid sand and eventually destroy the motor. It is therefore
entering the pump is effective filtering before important always to install a good overload
HxQ
Pump efficiency = 367 x P1
3) The pump is losing efficiency and needs repair or the pump inlet. device, such as the MP204 described in Chapter
replacement 8 above. This device will protect against all the
where Pumps losing efficiency typically occur for the possible disturbances that may occur, including
H is the pump head in meters (m) following reasons: Bad Power Supply overload.
Q is the flow in cubic meters per hour (m3/h) A bad power supply may destroy the electric
P1 is the motor power consumption in Water hammer motor.
kilowatts (kW) Water hammer is a problem that can occur over voltage or in particular under voltage
when water is flowing in a pipe and a valve above + / - 10%
Please note that the formula above calculates is closed too quickly. The longer the pipe, the phase unbalance with more than 3%
both motor and pump-end efficiency as one total worse the impact; and water hammer happens deviation between phase voltage
number. A comparison with the pump literature because water cannot be compressed. This can voltage spikes from other equipment
can therefore not be made, as this data is pumps- be compared with a long train in motion, which starting and stopping, and in particular from
only efficiencies. also needs some time to come to a complete lightning.
stop. If it is forced to stop in a split second it
When checking the pressure, remember to add the destroys itself and everything that is trying to Grundfos offers a special overload device that
elevation lift and friction loss from the discharge stop it. takes care of all of the above.
to the gauge, if the pressure gauge is not installed
directly at the pump discharge. This must always When water hammer happens it can be High temperatures
be done for a deep well pump. identified as a loud noise, as when someone High temperatures can occur because of too
is hammering on the pipes. Water hammer high ambient temperatures, or because the
If these parameters are recorded right after the can destroy both the pump, pipes, valves and cooling is not good enough. Electric motors
pump has been installed, they can be checked other components in the system. normally have their maximum ambient
at regular intervals, or even better, with on-line temperature shown on the nameplate. Make
monitoring equipment that can be set to give A way to avoid water hammer is by introducing sure that is not exceeded and that the motor
alarms if some of the parameters are changing, or an air buffer somewhere in the pipeline. This can get rid of the heat generated.
exceeding a pre-set limit. could be a pressure tank containing air, and
since air is compressible the energy in the Submersible pump motors are cooled by the
If deviations from the pre-set conditions occur flowing water can be absorbed by the air water that is being pumped, and if that water
there are typically three main reasons why: volume. Another way to avoid water hammer is is not removed quickly enough it will slowly
to introduce a soft start and stop of the pump. If heat up and exceed the maximum allowable
1) The pumps operating conditions have changed the pump is equipped with a variable frequency temperature for that motor.
For example, if the water table in a well drops and drive (VFD), it will also have a soft start and
the pump has to deliver a bigger head; the duty probably also a soft stop. Since VFDs are good Some motors come with built in temperature
point is actually moving to the left on the pump for general pump performance regulation, it sensors which will stop the motor whenever a
curve. Perhaps a valve in the system is throttling is the recommended approach to avoid water pre-set temperature has been exceeded. Others
more or less than previously. If the conditions hammer. require a separate signal wire is to transmit the
could be changed back, they should. If not, temperature signal to a temperature overload
96 97
9. General guidelines
98 99
9. General guidelines
Flow sleeve on
SP pumps horizontally installed
pump.
When installing and using SP pumps there are
some things to remember, and these are listed
below with drawings.
If the liquid pumped contains high amounts

of chloride, sacrificial zinc anodes are maybe
needed.
Submersible Submersible
motor fitted with pump set with
Vortex baffle plate on
anode strimgs sacrificial zinc
horizontally-installed
anodes
pump (seen from
above)
If the SP pumps are installed horizontally,

Grundfos always recommends that you include
a flow sleeve and baffle plate at low water levels.
Vortex baffle plate on
horizontally installed
pump (cross-section)
100 101
With horizontal installation, using a flow sleeve Corrosion influenced by Impact on corrosion resistance:
is recommended in the following situations:
Product form of material of construction (sheet/ Corrosion resistance of cast stainless steel is
plate or cast components) usually lower that the corresponding milled
stainless steel quality (plate/sheet/strip).
An example is EN 1.4401 and EN 1.4408.
Thickness of material Perforation by corrosion will take longer and
thereby increase the lifetime.
Frequency drive to ensure min.
flow of 0.15 m/s around to motor Surfaces with heat transfer (such as SP and The higher surface temperature will decrease
To avoid scaling deposit around S-pumps) the corrosion resistance.
the motor if iron or manganese is present Fabrications methods, such as welding If not properly welded the corrosion resistance
Avoid solids and silt to built up around the can be reduced
motor which will damage the shaft seal Design of pump The resistance to corrosion is markedly affected
If feeding above motor by the design.
Lifetime of a pump in chloride

In general the lifetime of a pump in chloride
containing waters depends on structural factors
(listed below):
If gas/air bubbles are present the pump must Corrosion and material
be equipped with either a gas sleeve or the The Likelihood of corrosion depends on:
water level must be minimum 30 m above the The grade of material used
pump inlet (GG-AISI 304 - AISI 316 - AISI 904L)
Chloride concentration in the water
Electrochemical potential of the metal
exposed to media
Temperature
Oxygen concentration
Velocity of the media in contact with the
metalic surface
The pH value
102 103
Corrosion resistance of pumps to chloride containing liquids (FOR GUIDANCE ONLY):
Pump type Drinking water 500 -1000 1000-2000 2000-5000 5000- 10000 Seawater Corrosion Impact on corrosion
Chloride [mg/l] Chloride [mg/l] Chloride [mg/l] Chloride [mg/l] influenced by resistance:
pH value > 6.5 pH value > 6.5 pH value > 6.5 pH value > 6.5 Product form of Corrosion resistance
CR (cast iron, EN 1.4301) () material of construc- of cast stainless steel
tion (sheet/plate or is usually lower that
CRI (EN 1.4301) ()
cast components) the corresponding
CRN (EN 1.4401) (max. 30C) () () () ()
milled stainless steel
CRT (titanium) (max. 80C) (max. 80C) (max. 80C) (max. 80C) (max. 80C) quality (plate/sheet/
NB/NK cast iron () strip).
NB/NK (cast iron, EN 1.4401 impeller) () () An example is EN
1.4401 and EN 1.4408.
NB/NK N (EN 1.4408) (max. 50C) (max. 35C) (max. 10C) () ()
Thickness of material Perforation by corro-
NB/NK R (EN 1.4517) (max. 45C) (max. 35C) (max. 30C) (max. 25C)
sion will take longer
SL (cast iron) () and thereby increase
SL (cast iron, EN 1.4401 impeller) () () the lifetime.
SE (cast iron) () Surfaces with heat The higher surface
SE (cast iron, EN 1.4401 impeller) () () transfer (such as SP- temperature will
and S-pumps) decrease the corro-
SE R (EN 1.4408) (max. 40C) (max. 25C) () () ()
sion resistance.
SE D (EN 1.4517) (max. 35C) (max. 30C) (max. 25C) (max. 20C)
Fabrications meth- If not properly
SP standard (EN 1.4301) ()
ods, such as welding welded the corrosion
SPN (EN 1.4401) (max. 50C) (max. 35C) () () () resistance can be
SPR (EN 1.4539) (max. 45C) (max. 36C) (max. 30C) (max. 25C) reduced
Design of pump The resistance to
: Suitable (): Limited (reduced lifetime must be expected) : Poor corrosion is marked
affected by the
Comments: design.
1. At chloride contents above 1000 mg/l longer periods of standstill must be avoided in order to reduce
the risk of corrosion
2. As regards cast iron an increase in the corrosion rate must be expected in liquids with pH value lower
then 6.5.
3. At pH values above 10 the corrosion resistance of cast iron and stainless steel towards chloride will
increase
4. A high sulphate (SO4--) content will decrease the corrosivety of chloride to stainless steel, but increase
the corrosivety to cast iron. This is very often the case within mining and in such cases the resistance
curves on the next pages should be used
104 105
Corrosion resistance of pumps to chloride containing liquids (FOR GUIDANCE ONLY): Chloride 1) Find the chart that includes the relevant pump
Corrosion resistance charts for SP and NB/NK version and temperature.
pumps in mine water (acid leaching, dewatering,
Pump type Acids reducing Acids Alkalis and mine wastewater) 2) In this chart mark the point that represents the
oxidising chloride and sulphate concentrations in the
HCl H2SO4 H3PO4 HNO3 NaOH In some acid mine waters (especially sulphuric water for which the pump is to be used.
acid leach solutions) there is a high sulphate
CR () content compared to many other types of 3) Choose the curve that represents the actual
CRI chloride containing waters like brackish and pH-value of the water.
seawater.
CRN () If the marked point is located at or to the left of
CRT () () High sulphate content will exert a corrosion the curve the pump will be suitable for the water.
inhibiting effect as regards crevice corrosion If the marked point is located to the right of the
NB/NK cast iron () and pitting on stainless steel, which means that curve the pump will have limited resistance to the
NB/NK cast iron + SS () the pump can be used for a higher chloride/ water and a reduced lifetime must be expected.
temperature combination in case the sulphate Below the start point of a curve the sulphate
impeller
content is high as well. The following chart takes content is without any effect and the pump
NB/NK N () this effect into account. can be used without any considerations about
NB/NK R () the sulphate content (at this specific pH-value).
The diagrams should be used as follows: Above the end point of a curve the pump is not
SL () suitable for the specific pH-value represented by
SL SS impeller () this curve.
SE cast iron ()
SE cast iron SS impeller ()
N-version (SP, CR, NB/NK) + R-version (S) < 20C
Sulphate mg/l
40000
SE R ()
Poly. (N-version pH 1-3)
SE D ()
35000 Poly. (N-version pH 3-5)
SP standard () ()
Poly. (N-version pH>5)
SPN () () () 30000
SPR () () ()
25000
: Suitable (): Suitability depends on conc. and temp. : Poor
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Chloride mg/l
106 107
N-version (SP, CR, NB/NK) + D-version (S) 20-30C R-version (SP, NB/NK) + D-version (S) < 20C
Sulphate mg/l Sulphate mg/l
40000 70000
Poly. (N-version pH 1-3) R-version pH 3-5
35000 Poly. (N-version pH 3-5)

60000 R-version pH >5
Poly. (N-version pH>5)
Poly. (R-version pH 1-3)
30000
50000
25000
40000
20000
30000
15000
20000
10000
10000
5000
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Chloride mg/l
Chloride mg/l
N-version (SP, CR, NB/NK) + R-version (S) 30-40C R-version (SP, NB/NK) + D-version (S) 20-30C
Sulphate mg/l Sulphate mg/l
70000
40000
Poly. (N-version pH 1-3) Poly. (R-version pH 1-3)
Poly. (N-version pH 3-5)

60000 Poly. (R-version pH 3-5)
35000
Poly. (N-version pH >5)
Poly. (R-version pH>5)
30000 50000
25000
40000
20000
30000
15000
20000
10000
10000
5000
0
0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Chloride mg/l
Chloride mg/l
108 109
R-version (SP, NB/NK) + D-version (S) 30-40C Vapour pressure p and density of water at different temperatures
Sulphate
t[C] T[K] P[bar] [kg/m3] t[C] T[K] P[bar] [kg/m3] t[C] T[K] P[bar] [kg/m3]
90000
Poly. (R-version pH 1-3) 0 273.15 0.00611 0999.8 138 411.15 3.414 927.6
1 274.15 0.00657 0999.9 61 334.15 0.2086 982.6 140 413.15 3.614 925.8
80000 Poly. (R-version pH 3-5) 2 275.15 0.00706 0999.9 62 335.15 0.2184 982.1 145 418.15 4.155 921.4
3 276.15 0.00758 0999.9 63 336.15 0.2286 981.6 150 423.15 4.760 916.8
Poly. (R-version ph>5) 4 277.15 0.00813 1000.0 64 337.15 0.2391 981.1
70000 5 278.15 0.00872 1000.0 65 338.15 0.2501 980.5 155 428.15 5.433 912.1
6 279.15 0.00935 1000.0 66 339.15 0.2615 979.9 160 433.15 6.181 907.3
7 280.15 0.01001 999.9 67 340.15 0.2733 979.3 165 438.15 7.008 902.4
60000 8 281.15 0.01072 999.9 68 341.15 0.2856 978.8 170 443.15 7.920 897.3
9 282.15 0.01147 999.8 69 342.15 0.2984 978.2 175 448.15 8.924 892.1
10 283.15 0.01227 999.7 70 343.15 0.3116 977.7
50000 180 453.15 10.027 886.9
11 284.15 0.01312 999.7 71 344.15 0.3253 977.0 185 458.15 11.233 881.5
12 285.15 0.01401 999.6 72 345.15 0.3396 976.5 190 463.15 12.551 876.0
40000 13 286.15 0.01497 999.4 73 346.15 0.3543 976.0 195 468.15 13.987 870.4
14 287.15 0.01597 999.3 74 347.15 0.3696 975.3 200 473.15 15.50 864.7
15 288.15 0.01704 999.2 75 348.15 0.3855 974.8
30000 16 289.15 0.01817 999.0 76 349.15 0.4019 974.1 205 478.15 17.243 858.8
17 290.15 0.01936 998.8 77 350.15 0.4189 973.5 210 483.15 19.077 852.8
18 291.15 0.02062 998.7 78 351.15 0.4365 972.9 215 488.15 21.060 846.7
20000 19 292.15 0.02196 998.5 79 352.15 0.4547 972.3 220 493.15 23.198 840.3
20 293.15 0.02337 998.3 80 353.15 0.4736 971.6 225 498.15 25.501 833.9

10000
21 294.15 0.02485 998.1 81 354.15 0.4931 971.0 230 503.15 27.976 827.3
22 295.15 0.02642 997.8 82 355.15 0.5133 970.4 235 508.15 30.632 820.5
0
23 296.15 0.02808 997.6 83 356.15 0.5342 969.7 240 513.15 33.478 813.6
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
24 297.15 0.02982 997.4 84 357.15 0.5557 969.1 245 518.15 36.523 806.5
25 298.15 0.03166 997.1 85 358.15 0.5780 968.4 250 523.15 39.776 799.2
Chloride mg/l
26 299.15 0.03360 996.8 86 359.15 0.6011 967.8 255 528.15 43.246 791.6
27 300.15 0.03564 996.6 87 360.15 0.6249 967.1
28 301.15 0.03778 996.3 88 361.15 0.6495 966.5 260 533.15 46.943 783.9
29 302.15 0.04004 996.0 89 362.15 0.6749 965.8 265 538.15 50.877 775.9
30 303.15 0.04241 995.7 90 363.15 0.7011 965.2 270 543.15 55.058 767.8
275 548.15 59.496 759.3
31 304.15 0.04491 995.4 91 364.15 0.7281 964.4 280 553.15 64.202 750.5
32 305.15 0.04753 995.1 92 365.15 0.7561 963.8
33 306.15 0.05029 994.7 93 366.15 0.7849 963.0 285 558.15 69.186 741.5
34 307.15 0.05318 994.4 94 367.15 0.8146 962.4 290 563.15 74.461 732.1
35 308.15 0.05622 994.0 95 368.15 0.8453 961.6 295 568.15 80.037 722.3
36 309.15 0.05940 993.7 96 369.15 0.8769 961.0 300 573.15 85.927 712.2
37 310.15 0.06274 993.3 97 370.15 0.9094 960.2 305 578.15 92.144 701.7
38 311.15 0.06624 993.0 98 371.15 0.9430 959.6 310 583.15 98.700 690.6
39 312.15 0.06991 992.7 99 372.15 0.9776 958.6
40 313.15 0.07375 992.3 100 373.15 1.0133 958.1 315 588.15 105.61 679.1
320 593.15 112.89 666.9
41 314.15 0.07777 991.9 102 375.15 1.0878 956.7 325 598.15 120.56 654.1
42 315.15 0.08198 991.5 104 377.15 1.1668 955.2 330 603.15 128.63 640.4
43 316.15 0.08639 991.1 106 379.15 1.2504 953.7 340 613.15 146.05 610.2
44 317.15 0.09100 990.7 108 381.15 1.3390 952.2
45 318.15 0.09582 990.2 110 383.15 1.4327 950.7 350 623.15 165.35 574.3
46 319.15 0.10086 989.8 360 633.15 186.75 527.5
47 320.15 0.10612 989.4 112 385.15 1.5316 949.1
48 321.15 0.11162 988.9 114 387.15 1.6362 947.6 370 643.15 210.54 451.8
49 322.15 0.11736 988.4 116 389.15 1.7465 946.0 374.15 647.30 221.2 315.4
50 323.15 0.12335 988.0 118 391.15 1.8628 944.5
120 393.15 1.9854 942.9
51 324.15 0.12961 987.6
Vapour table 52 325.15 0.13613 987.1 122 395.15 2.1145 941.2
This table shows the vapour 53 326.15 0.14293 986.6 124 397.15 2.2504 939.6
54 327.15 0.15002 986.2 126 399.15 2.3933 937.9
pressure p [bar] and the density 55 328.15 0.15741 985.7 128 401.15 2.5435 936.2
[kg/m3] of water at different 56 329.15 0.16511 985.2 130 403.15 2.7013 934.6
57 330.15 0.17313 984.6
temperatures t [oC]. Likewise, 58 331.15 0.18147 984.2 132 405.15 2.8670 932.8
the table shows the correspond- 59 332.15 0.19016 983.7 134 407.15 3.041 931.1
60 333.15 0.19920 983.2 136 409.15 3.223 929.4
ing absolute temperature T [K].
110 111
Orifice
Unit conversion tables Orifice
The conversion tables for pressure and flow show The duty point of a pump is adjusted by adding a
the most commonly used units in connection resistance in connected series with the pump. In practice,
with pumping systems this is normally done by placing an orifice in the outlet d Q DN
flange of the pump.
Pressure The following graph provides the orifice diameter d

[mm] based on the pipe/port dimension DN [mm], the DH
Pascal bar Kilopond Metre Technical Physical Pound per flow Q [m3/h] and the required head loss H [m].
(=Newton per square Water atmosphere atmosphere square ince
per square metre Column
metre) 1000
63 25 10 4
Pa, (N/m2) bar kp/m2 mWC at (kp/cm2) atm psl (lb/ln2) H= H= H= H=
1 00 =40 =16 =6.3 =2.5
H= H H H H
1 Pa 1 10-5 0.1020 1.020 x 10-4 1.020 x 10-5 9.869 x 10-4 1.450 x 10-4 1 Pa
100
1 bar 10 5
1 10197 10.20 1.020 0.9869 14.50 1 bar
Q [m3/h]
1 kp/m2 9.8067 9.807 x 105 1 10-3 10-4 0.9678 x 10-4 1.422 x 10-3 1 kp/m2
1 mWC 9806.7 0.09807 10 3
1 0.1 0.09678 1.422 1 mWC 10
1 at 98067 0.9807 104 10 1 0.9678 14.22 1 at

1 atm 101325 1.013 10333 10.33 1.033 1 14.70 1 atm
1 psl 6895 0.06895 703.1 0.7031 0.07031 0.06804 1 1 psl 1
1000
Flow (volume)
Cubic metre Cubic metre Litre Gallon (UK) Gallon (US)

per second per hour per second per minute per minute Dn=300 Dn=250
Dn=200
Dn=150
m /s
3
m /h
3
1l/s UK GPM US GPM Dn=125
100 Dn=100
1 m3/s 1 3600 1000 1320 15651 1 m3/s Dn=80
Dn=65
1 m3/h 2.778 x 10-4 1 0.2778 3.667 4.403 1 m3/h Dn=50
Orifice [mm]
1 l/s 10-3 3.6 1 13.2 15.85 1 l/s Dn=40
Dn=32
1 UK GPM 7.577 x 10-5 0.02728 0.07577 1 1.201 1 UK GPM
1 US GPM 6.309 x 10-5 0.02271 0.06309 0.8327 1 1 US GPM Example:
The head of a pump, with an outlet flange of 125 mm,
10
has to be reduced by 25 m at a flow of 150 m3/h.
DN = 125 mm, H = 25 m, Q = 150 m3/h

It is necessary to install an orifice with a diameter of 59 mm.
112 113
Appendix 1 - Mine titles and Process Personnel C

Anyone who is in charge of a particular part Community Development Environmental Incidents
definitions of the process. An example of this would be the Health, infrastructure, education and business Events or releases that have occurred where there
Refiner. He/she is responsible for refining the development programs that enhance and sustain has been a loss of control. Categorized on five
Mine Engineer gold. It could be that they would require a pump host communities. levels, based on their potential environmental
They are consulted for every stage of the mine to move high temperature cyanide from one impact (from Level 1 with no or very low potential
from discovery to closure/remediation. Their basin to another. Community Engagement impact, through Level 5 with potentially severe
services required for design as well as process Interactions among our company, local community impact).
flow. They also help with mine efficiency, the less Terms members and other local stakeholders affected by
it cost to produce the ore the more money the A our mines. Environmental Management Systems
mine makes. Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) Processes and procedures that guide Newmont in
When certain types of rocks are exposed to air, Concurrent Reclamation managing impacts to air, water and ecosystems,
Mine Planer they oxidize and become acidic. Water passing Disturbed land that is reclaimed progressively and the efforts we take to ensure our mines are
They assist in laying out and coordinating the over acid-generating rocks can leach potential during the mine life. successfully reclaimed and land is restored for
work that needs to be done. This is done for all contaminants that could adversely affect beneficial reuse.
locations, not just the mine but the mill, shops, surface water, affect plant growth, corrode pipes Crushing and Grinding
refineries even maintenance. and equipment, and harm the surrounding The process by which ore is broken into small Erosion
ecosystem. pieces to prepare it for further processing. The breaking down and subsequent removal of
Mine Superintendent This person is the hands either rock or surface material by wind, rain, wave
on manager, the person who actually delegates Activated Carbon Cyanide action, freezing and thawing, and other processes.
the work that needs to be done. Chemically treated and heated carbon, which has A chemical used to dissolve gold and silver from
the ability to absorb gold and other metals. ore. Exploration
Operations Staff Prospecting, sampling, mapping, diamond drilling
These are the crews that actually perform the Autoclaving D and other work involved in searching for ore.
work from the electricians to the mechanics to A process of adding heat and pressure to extract Decant Water
the equipment operator. gold from ore. Water recovered from the tailing storage facilities. E
Maintenance They not only repair the Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA)
equipment when it is broke but do the B Deposit An analysis of all the environmental impacts
preventative maintenance as well. Backfill An area where gold or other metal has been found. associated with a plan of development including
Material used to fill the space in a mine after ore De-water Removing groundwater that saturates beneficial and detrimental impacts.
Supply Chain has been extracted. the orebody to safely excavate the ore.
Buyer, Purchasing Agent, Procurement, Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
Warehouse, etc. anyone that is involved making Barren Solution Dor A description of the potential impacts associated
sure that the mine has all of the equipment and The solution from which the gold has been Unrefined gold and silver bullion bars usually with a development plan, mitigation measures
parts they need and in stock. Often times they extracted. consisting of approximately 90 percent precious to address impacts and a selected preferred
are overlooked, but are the group that will do metals that will be further refined to almost pure alternative.
large quantity as well as repeat stock orders on Biodiversity metal.
spare parts, pump ends, etc.. The richness and variety of living things - animals, Environmental Incidents
plants and the ecosystems that support them. E Events or releases that have occurred where there
Contracts Administrator Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA) has been a loss of control. Categorized on five
This group is in charge of account setup Bullion An analysis of all the environmental impacts levels, based on their potential environmental
and management, without them you cant do The product of smelting or refining precious associated with a plan of development including impact (from Level 1 with no or very low potential
business with the mine. metals, usually in the form of bars or ingots. beneficial and detrimental impacts. impact, through Level 5 with potentially severe
impact).
Fixed Equipment By-product Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
This group is similar to Operations but they A metal or mineral product recovered in the milling A description of the potential impacts associated
typically have a more specific scope of work that process in addition to the target product (gold). with a development plan, mitigation measures to
they do, they may only operate a certain type of address impacts and a selected preferred alternative.
equipment such as a ball mill or a SAG mill.
114 115
Environmental Management Systems gold mining sector through its life cycle, from O S
Processes and procedures that guide Newmont in manufacturing to transport to use and disposal. Open Pit Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
managing impacts to air, water and ecosystems, A mine where the minerals are mined entirely from A study undertaken to understand the potential
and the efforts we take to ensure our mines are International Organization for Standardization the surface. or actual social and economic impacts and
successfully reclaimed and land is restored for (ISO) opportunities (of exploration, mining, closure and
beneficial reuse. A global network that identifies what international Ore body rehabilitation) on communities.
standards are required by business, government A sufficiently large amount of mineral and rock
Erosion and society; develops them in partnership with the that can be mined economically. Sodium Cyanide
The breaking down and subsequent removal of sectors that will put them to use; adopts them by A chemical used in the processing of ore to dissolve
either rock or surface material by wind, rain, wave transparent procedures based on national input; Oxidation gold and silver.
action, freezing and thawing, and other processes. and delivers them to be implemented worldwide. A chemical reaction caused by exposure to oxygen
that result in a change in the chemical composition Sustainable Development
Exploration ISO 14001 of a mineral. Industrial development that does not detract from
Prospecting, sampling, mapping, diamond drilling An internationally accepted specification for the potential of the natural environment and
and other work involved in searching for ore. Newmont's environmental management system. P provides benefits to future generations.
It specifies requirements for establishing an Pregnant Carbon
F environmental policy; determining environmental Carbon that has fully adsorbed all the gold it can T
Feasibility study aspects and impacts of products/activities/ hold. Tailing
A comprehensive study undertaken to determine services; planning environmental objectives and Residual sand/rock that remains after ore is
the economic feasibility of a project; the conclusion measurable targets; implementing and operating R crushed and commodity has been extracted.
will determine if a production decision can be programs to meet objectives and targets; checking Reclamation
made and is used for financing arrangements. and corrective action; and management review. The process by which lands disturbed as a result of Tailing Storage Facility
Footprint The land area that is disturbed through mining activity are restored to support beneficial An engineered, constructed facility for the long-
the construction and operation of a mine. L land use. term storage of tailing. Usually referred to as
Leaching tailings dams
G A chemical process used to extract the commodity. Refining
Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG) The final stage of metal production in which W
Provides accounting and reporting standards M impurities are removed from the molten metal. Waste Rock
and guidance for companies and other types Mercury Rock within, around or above the orebody with
of organizations preparing a greenhouse gas A naturally occurring element that can be present Reforestation insufficient concentrations of metal for economic
inventory. in ore bodies, often in the mineral form of mercury Planting new trees to absorb carbon dioxide from recovery.
sulphide (HgS), called cinnabar. the atmosphere, provide habitats for animals and
H protect against soil erosion.
Heap Leaching Mill
A process whereby gold / silver / copper is extracted A processing facility where ore is finely ground Risk Assessments
by "heaping" crushed ore on sloping impermeable and thereafter undergoes physical or chemical The overall process of risk analysis and risk
pads and continually applying a weak cyanide treatment to extract valuable metals. evaluation using a systematic process to determine
/ sulpheric acid solution that dissolves the how often a specific event occurs or has the
commodity. The commodity-laden solution is then Milling potential to occur, the magnitude of the event's
collected for recovery. Sorts the ore by size, crushes the rock and extracts consequence, as well as prioritizing those events.
the gold. Roaster Heats ore to extract gold-bearing
High Grade sulphide concentrate.
Rich ore; the best ore in a deposit. N
NGOs Rock Armour
I Nongovernmental organizations Large rocks and vegetation that prevent erosion.
International Cyanide Management Code (ICMC)
A voluntary certification program that focuses
on the responsible cyanide management in the
116 117
Appendix 2 - Reference cases

Open pit dewatering road map: In-Situ leaching road map:
TALVIVAARA Nickel/Zinc/Copper/ "Kazatomprom", Inkay Uranium CRN
AP
SOTKAMO OY Kobolt "Kazatomprom", Inkay Uranium HydroMPC
TALVIVAARA Nickel/Zinc/Copper/ "Kazatomprom", Inkay Uranium SPM
AP
SOTKAMO OY Kobolt "Kazatomprom",
Uranium MTR
TALVIVAARA Nickel/Zinc/Copper/ Budenovsk-Kartau
DW
Uranium Hydro2000
TALVIVAARA Nickel/Zinc/Copper/ Budenovsk-Kartau
KP
Uranium SPM
Jiangxi Copper Copper S Budenovsk-Kartau
TALVIVAARA Nickel/Zinc/Copper/ Navoiysk mining enterprise Uranium/gold SPM
S
SOTKAMO OY Kobolt "Kazatomprom", Inkay Uranium CRN Mag
TALVIVAARA Nickel/Zinc/Copper/ "Kazatomprom", Inkay Uranium AP
S
SOTKAMO OY Kobolt SE/SEV
TALVIVAARA Nickel/Zinc/Copper/
S Kazatomprom
SOTKAMO OY Kobolt
TALVIVAARA Nickel/Zinc/Copper/
SE Heap Leaching road map:
SOTKAMO OY Kobolt
CRT
VETP
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Dosing H2SO4 DME
Jiangxi Copper, China TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Dewatering DW
Drinking water
Underground dewatering road map: TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Hydro Solo E
booster
AP TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Firefighting HydroMPC
Semirara Coal/Underground Motor cooling and seal
Boreline TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY HydroMPC
Water flushing
Philsaga Gold CRN TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Drainage KP
Philsaga Gold KDEH MTR
Philsaga Gold SP TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Drainage pumps S
Energy Ressource Coal SP TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Drainage pumping pit S
Shivee Ovoo Coal SP Emergency pond
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY S
Sepon Gold/Copper drainage
Gold/Copper SP
Laos Metal recovery feed
Phu Bia Mining Ltd. Gold/Copper/Silver SP pump
Coal/Underground TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Heap irrigation for PLS S
Semirara SP N
Water TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Drainage SE1
Philsaga Gold SP N TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Feed pump SP
Shivee Ovoo Coal TP PLS transfer pump at
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY SQ
VETP Pilot
PLS transfer pump at
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY SQE
Pilot
Talvivaara
118 119
Heap Leaching road map: Raw water intake road map:

Dry pumping pit Tak Province Thailand Pure Zinc HS
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY AP
drainage Sepon Gold/Copper Laos Gold/Copper HydroMPC
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Drainage AP Coal/Underground
Semirara NK
Dumper washing Water
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY CR
booster Ivanhoe Mines Gold/Copper/Silver NK
Drinking water Nickel/Zinc/Copper/
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY CR TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY S
booster Kobolt
Heating recovery SE1/SEV
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY CR
system Nickel/Zinc/Copper/
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY SP
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Purified water CR Kobolt
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY NAoH Mild CRN PT. Indominco Coal SP
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Purified water CRN Pilbara Iron (Rio Tinto) Iron SP
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY Purified water CRN Tak Province Thailand Pure Zinc SP
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY NAoH and H2SO4 CRN MAG Energy Ressource Coal TP
Pilot test site PLS Nickel/Zinc/Copper/
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY CRNE TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY TP
irrigation Kobolt
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY R&D laboratory CRNE Tak Province Thailand Pure Zinc VTB
Talvivaara Ivanhoe Mine, China
Processing road map: Water treatment road map

Lepanto Gold CR Hydro 2000
PT. Newmont NT Gold/Copper
KGHM POLSKA MIEDZ S.A. Copper CR ME
PGNiG S.A. Natural gas CR PT. Inco Indonesia Nickel CR
"Gidromed", Gumeshevsk mine Copper CRN PT. Kaltim Prima Coal Coal CR
CRT Semirara Coal CR
Kaz Zink Zink DME/DMH Tak Province Thailand Pure Zinc CR
KGHM POLSKA MIEDZ S.A. Copper Hilge Sepon Gold/Copper Laos Gold/Copper CR
Sepon Gold/Copper Laos Gold/Copper HydroMPC Phu Bia Mining Ltd. Gold/Copper/Silver CR
KGHM POLSKA MIEDZ S.A. Copper HydroMPC Tak Province Thailand Pure Zinc CRN
MTR Sepon Gold/Copper Laos Gold/Copper CRN
KGHM POLSKA MIEDZ S.A. Copper NB PT. Kaltim Prima Coal Coal DMM
KGHM POLSKA MIEDZ S.A. Copper NK PT. Inco Indonesia Nickel DMX
Boroo Gold Gold SP Phu Bia Mining Ltd,
Xianjiang 737 Uranium SP Thailand
Tongliao Uranium SP
KGHM POLSKA MIEDZ S.A. Copper SP
"Gidromed", Gumeshevsk mine Copper SPR
"Geoprid", Deposit "Dolgiy Mys" Gold SPR
Kaz Zink, Kazakhstan
(3000 unit)
120 121
Wastewater handling road map:

AMD/AMG
PT. Newmont NT Gold/Copper AP
DMX/DMH
Coral Bay Nickel KP
PT. Kaltim Prima Coal Coal KSE
PT. Kaltim Prima Coal Coal KWO
Sepon Gold/Copper Laos Gold/Copper S
Nickel/Zinc/Copper/
Kobolt
Nickel/Zinc/Copper/
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY SEG
Kobolt
Sepon Gold/Copper Laos Gold/Copper SEV
PT. Newmont NT,
Indonesia
Settlement pond/dust suppression road map:

Nickel/Zinc/Copper/
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY SP
Kobolt
Nickel/Zinc/Copper/
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY AP
Kobolt
Sepon Gold/Copper Laos (Lane
Gold/Copper AP12
Xang Mineral Ltd.)
Sepon Gold/Copper Laos (Lane
Gold/Copper AP50B
Xang Mineral Ltd.)
DW
HydroMPC
Nickel/Zinc/Copper/
TALVIVAARA SOTKAMO OY KP
Kobolt
VETP
Talvivaara, Finland
122 123
124
Tel: +45 87 50 14 00
www.grundfos.com
DK-8850 Bjerringbro
Poul Due Jensens Vej 7
Grundfos Holding A/S
The name Grundfos, the Grundfos logo, and be think innovate are registered trademarks
owned by Grundfos Holding A/S or Grundfos A/S, Denmark. All rights reserved worldwide. 98787183/0914/GRUNDFOS INDUSTRY/11589-D&I

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grundfos mining

Introduction Metal mining is the process of digging into the

Minerals are solid elements or compounds found

1. Grundfos and mining

1. Grundfos and mining Grundfos offers mining companies a true

Grundfos can supply equipment for all processes

2. Mining methods a. Open pit mining

Open pit dewatering

b. Underground mining falls onto an armoured face conveyor for removal.

c. Recovering from brines

World production of lithium reached 22,800 t Li

Key resources extracted from lithium include:

The Salar was formed as a result of

3. Applications in mining i. In situ leaching process (ISL)

a. Main Mining Process their ore (leaching, precipitation, cementation,

Grundfos pumps typically used in ISL

Acid heap leaching

As acid permeates through the heap, it dissolves

ii. Heap leaching

Open pit heap leaching

Example of bio heap leaching where a huge Leach solution

General considerations for acid and bioleaching

Grundfos pumps typically used in heap leaching

Grundfos pumps typically used in brine deposits

b.Important factors as regards extraction processes c. Raw water intake

Grundfos pumps typically used in raw water intake

DW Corrosion resistant due to use of aluminium Contractor pumps

Grundfos can supply pumping solutions for solids

Grundfos pumps systems range from

Correct material selection for pumps is the most

Grundfos pumps typically used in water treatment

Grundfos pumps typically used in water treatment (continued)

Service friendly, relaible and energy efficient,

e. Open pit drainage

Solid cast iron construction and narrow design

Grundfos supplies dewatering pumps for durable

Grundfos pumps typically used in open pit drainage

Grundfos pumps typically used in peripheral dewatering

Grundfos pumps typically used in underground dewatering

4", 6", 8", 12" submersible pumps.

Grundfos pumps typically used in dust suppression

i. Wastewater handling In addition, complete monitoring, control, and

4. Wear & corrosion

4. Wear & corrosion

Aggressive mine water and chemicals used in

GOUGING HIGH STRESS LOW STRESS

a. Corrosion The risk of corrosion and subsequently leakage

Titanium is not a suitable pump material for

5. What to mine and how

NKG Industrial Norm pumps ISO 2858 Vertical Turbine Pumps

Qmax 1170 m/h APPLICATIONS: Qmax 4000 m/h APPLICATIONS:

HS Horizontal Split Case Pumps SP Borehole Submersible Pumps

Qmax 2500 m/h APPLICATIONS: Qmax 470 m/h APPLICATIONS:

SP Borehole Submersible Pump Motors DW Dewatering Submersible Pumps

Wide range of rewindable motors APPLICATIONS: Qmax 300 m/h APPLICATIONS:

DWK Dewatering Submersible Pumps Fire Pump Sets

Qmax 432 m/h APPLICATIONS: Qmax 1500 m/h APPLICATIONS:

CR- Multistage Vertical Centrifugal Pumps CRH Horizontal Multistage Pumps

Qmax 180 m/h APPLICATIONS: Qmax 180 m/h APPLICATIONS:

Qmax 180 m/h APPLICATIONS: Qmax 1080 m/h APPLICATIONS:

Dosing Pumps SE/SL Drainage, Effluent pump

Qmax 4000 l/h APPLICATIONS: Hmax 70 m APPLICATIONS:

Polydos Polymer / Lime Preparation Plant AMD / AMG Mixers

Qmax 11 000 l/h APPLICATIONS: AMD APPLICATIONS: