Q. What are boiler losses?

A. Generally the boiler efficiency is considered as 85%,here are the

boiler losses considered as,
1. Heat loss in dry flue gas loss-10.7%.
2. Heat loss due to moisture in fuel - 2.2 %.
3. Heat loss due moisture in air - 0.38 %.
4. Heat loss due to formations of water from H2 in fuel - 4.4%
5. Heat loss due to conversion of C to CO- 0.53%
Q. what is critical point of steam?
Ans. It is the point at which all water vapor converts to steam .The
critical point occurs at a temperature of 374 deg & 224.6 kg/cm2
.The point is called critical point and the pressure, temperature at
this corresponding saturation temperature is known as critical
pressure and critical temperature.Here the density of steam and
water will remain same.
Q. What is evaporation ratio of Boiler?
Ans. It the ratio of quantity of steam generation in kg/hr to
quantity of fuel consumed in kg/hr.
Evaporation ratio = quantity of steam generation/quantity of fuel
consumed.For example quantity of steam Is 310 ton/hr and fuel is
55 ton/hr then the evaporation ratio is 5.63. Evaporation ratio is
also known as steam fuel ratio.A drop in evaporation ratio
indicates drop in boiler efficiency.Boiler evaporation ratio depends
on fuel quality. Higher calorific value of fuel having higher
evaporation ratio.
Value of evaporation ratio for different types of boiler is listed as-
a) Coal fired boiler- 4.0-6.0.
b) Oil fired boiler- 13.0-14.5 .
c) Gas fired boiler- 11.0-13.
Q. what is acid due point in boiler ?
Ans.The temperature at which the formation of sulfuric acid
in the boiler is known as acid due point,It is generally in
between 130-140 deg celsius. As fuel contain sulfur dioxide
(SO2) & H2O at certain temperature both are condense
together and sulfuric acid(H2SO2) is formed.
It will corrode the boiler tubes.To avoid acid due point we
can use,
1>FD fan re circulation system.
2> By using steam coil air pre-heater (SCAPH).
3> FD air bypass system.
Q. What is slagging or fouling in boiler ?
A.Slagging is the formation of molten or partially fused
deposits on the furnace surface or radiation zone . Fouling is
the deposition of fused particle on convection zone such as
super heater & re- heater.
Q. What is proximate analysis of coal ?
Ans.it is the analysis of coal in which we can find
moisture,volatile matter,fixed carbon & ash.we can found
above parameter as,
 moisture-Take 1gm of coal sample heat in a woven at 105
deg for 01 hr.
Moisture + volatile matter- Take 1gm of coal sample heat in
a woven at 950 deg for 07 minute.
Ash- Take 1gm of coal sample heat in a woven at 720 deg
until the coal is completely burnt.
Q. What is the ultimate analysis of coal ?
A. This is the most accurate method of coal analysis.In this
analysis we can found the components of the mass of
carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,sulfur,moisture,ash.
so (c+h+o+n+s+m+a)= 100% mass.

Q. What is gross calorific value and net calorific value of

coal?
Ans.
1.calorific value:- It is the amount of heat liberated with a
unit mass of coal for 1g Kcal.
2.Gross calorific value:-It is the amount of heat liberated by
the complete combustion of unit weight of fuel with
subsequent cooling of product(moisture/water vapor) .
G.C.V is more than N.C.V.
3. Net calorific value :- It is the heat produced in complete
combustion when the product of combustion are allowed to
escaped.

N.C.V = G.C.V - Latent heat of water vapor.

N.C.V = (G.C.V-0.09x587) cal/gm.
Q. What is circulation ratio of a boiler?
Ans.
It is the ratio of the quantity of water-steam mixture flowing
through the circuit to the quantity of steam produced in the
circuit , The circulation ratio of once through / super
critical boiler is one because all water Is converted to
steam.More circulation ratio means less efficient is the
Boiler.

The circulation ratios of,

1. Natural circulation industrial boiler - 10 to 25
2. Natural circulation utility boiler - 7 to 9
3. Assisted circulation boilers - 2 to 4
4. Forced circulation / once through boiler - 1

Q. What is turn down ratio of boiler?

Ans. It is the operating range of boiler from maximum
capacity to minimum capacity in which the boiler can run
efficiently without any external fuel support . The higher turn
down ratio greater the efficiency of boiler. For example if the
boiler is designed 80mw and can operate up to 20mw
without any external fuel support and any variations of
parameter then the turn down ratio is 80/20=4.

Q. What is boiler efficiency?

Ans.

It is the ratio of heat output to heat input of the boiler.

Boiler efficiency= Heat output / heat input *100.
=steam flow (enthalpy of steam -enthalpy of feed water) / coal
flow * gcv.

For example if there is a 80mw boiler with 540 dig centigrade of

main steam temperature, feed water temperature of 300 dig
centigrade , coal flow 56 ton, gcv 4000 kcal/kg then the boiler
efficiency will be =307(826.28-242.58)/56*4000=80%.

Q. What is foaming of boiler?

Ans. It is the generation of foam In boiler due to high
concentration of solids, organic matter, bubbles are build up
on the surface of boiler water and passed out with the
steam. This is generally caused due to high concentration of
solids in boiler.

Q. What is priming of boiler ?

Ans. It Is the carrying amount of droplet water in the steam,
witch leads to carryover of Salt crystals on the super heater
and turbines. priming may be caused due to sudden change
of load and maintaining of high level of water.

Prevention of priming and foaming :-

The best remedy for foaming and priming carryover is

the proper blow down of TDS. The continuous blow
down should be regulated to maintain the TDS at
3,000 to 4,000 ppm. More blow down means less TDS but
more blow down is the more loss of the boiler so the blow
down should be within control level.