Dynamic Voltage Restorer Utilizing a Matrix
Converter and Flywheel Energy Storage
Bingsen Wang
General Electric Global Research Center
One Research Circle, K1-3C30
Niskayuna, NY 12309
wang@research.ge.com
Abstract A new series power conditioning system using a
matrix converter with flywheel energy storage is proposed to
cope with voltage sag problem. Previous studies have highlighted
the importance of providing adequate energy storage in order to
compensate for deep voltage sags of long durations in weak
systems. With the choice of flywheel as a preferred energy
storage device, the proposed solution utilizes a single ac/ac power
converter for the grid interface as opposed to a more
conventional ac/dc/ac converter, leading to higher power density
and increased system reliability. The paper develops the dynamic
model for the complete system including the matrix converter in
dual synchronous reference frames coupled to the flywheel-
machine and the grid, respectively. The dynamic model is used to
design a vector control system that seamless integrates functions
of compensating load voltage and managing energy storage
during voltage sag and idling modes. The numerical simulation
results and experimental results from a laboratory-scale
hardware prototype are presented to verify system performance.
Keywords-dynamic voltage restorer, flywheel energy storage,
indirect matrix converter, vector control, voltage sag
I. INTRODUCTION
As the reliability and availability of the power system
continue to improve, power interruptions have become rare
events in power distribution systems. However, voltage sags
arising from faults on parallel feeders are still a major power
quality concern in terms of the severity of the incurred
economic losses to sensitive loads. Due to the typical radial
structure, the distribution system is inherently vulnerable to
weather conditions, falling tree branches or animal contacts,
and insulation failures or human activity [1]. At the distribution
level, the voltage sags occur when a short circuit fault takes
place on a parallel feeder. In addition, the sag depth depends on
the distance from the fault location and impedance profile of
the system [2]. While power interruptions do occur when the
protection devices operate on the faulted branch, they do so at a
smaller frequency compared with the occurrence of voltage
sags (number of parallel branches vs. the faulted branch). Both
the Canadian Power Quality Survey over 550 customers
sites conducted by Canadian Electrical Associate (CEA) in
1991 [3] and the Distribution System Power Quality Survey
carried on 222 utility distribution feeders by EPRI between
1993 and 1995 [4] have shown that voltage sags are the most
common power quality events.
0197-2618/07/$25.00 2007 IEEE
Giri Venkataramanan
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Wisconsin Madison
Madison, WI 53706
giri@engr.wisc.edu
To cope with the voltage sag problem, a series
compensation device, commonly called dynamic voltage
restorer (DVR) has been applied as a definitive solution due to
the advantages of the series compensation over the shunt
compensation in terms of required power rating for typical
voltage stiff systems [5]. All of the DVR topologies discussed
in the literature have a dc link, where the energy storage,
typically capacitors, is connected. Although energy storage can
be minimal [13], the compensation capability in that case will
fully depend on the load power factor [5]. If there is a separate
energy storage device, a dc-dc converter is generally required
to regulate the dc bus, between the dc link and the energy
storage. If the energy storage is in ac form, the line interface
inverter and the energy storage management converter can be
integrated to an ac/ac converter, which leads to the proposed
scheme in this paper.
With the herein proposed topology, elimination of the dc
link stage leads to reduced maintenance and improved power
density. The PM machine driven flywheel is chosen to be the
energy storage based on the overall balance among the power
density, efficiency, cost and environmental friendliness. The
topology of the system is developed based on the functional
requirements and is particularly tailored to the series
compensation application. This paper is organized as follows.
The power architecture is proposed in Section II followed by
the modeling and controller design presented in Section III and
Section IV, respectively. The predicted system performance is
verified by detailed numerical simulation In Section V. The
selected experimental results are presented in Section VI.
Summary in Section VII concludes this paper.
II. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The system architecture is developed based on the operational
requirements. At the system level, three requirements have
been identified:
1. Bidirectional power flow is required to maintain and
recover the stored energy and mitigate voltage sags.
2. A wide range of power factor is desired at the converter
output connected to the grid through filter in order to
guarantee the system to function properly regardless of
the nature of the load.
208
3. The converter should operate in buck mode from the current ip and dc link voltage vp are related to the stiff currents
energy storage to the grid since the voltage injection level iu, iv, iw and the stiff voltage va, vb, vc by the following
may be very low while the machine terminal voltage is expressions.
much higher due to the fully charged flywheel. 1
These three requirements are represented in Fig. 1, where only ip = ( muiu + mviv + mwiw )
2 (1)
the key components of the system are explicitly shown.
v pn = ma va + mb vb + mc vc
where ma, mb, mc and mu, mv, mw are modulation functions for
the three phase-legs of the CSB and the VSB, respectively.

Injection
No p.f. Grid Supply Load
Transformer
limit
Power

Buck

Fig. 1 System level requirements for DVR with ac/ac converter.

The system architecture shown in Fig. 2 fulfils the three Filter

requirements listed above. In this configuration, the matrix A B C
converter is connected to the voltage stiff source formed by the Matrix Converter
filter capacitor on the machine side, while the converter is
connected to the current stiff source formed by the inductor of

Boost Direction
the LC filter that interfaces the converter with the grid. If the
voltage across the capacitor of the LC filter is treated as voltage
source, then the configuration including the inductor of the LC a b c
filter, matrix converter, filter capacitor across the machine Filter
terminals and the machine indicated by the dotted box is the so-
called boost configuration. M/G

The matrix converter in Fig. 2 is realized using a particular

configuration of the indirect matrix converter (IMC) illustrated
Flywheel
in Fig. 3. The necessary bidirectional power flow capability is
realized by keeping dc link voltage vpn positive while allowing
the dc link current ip to be either positive or negative. The Fig. 2 Proposed architecture of the DVR system.
difficulty associated with commutation between any two four-
ip
quadrant switches in the current source bridge or CSB
(connected to the machine) is eased by the zero dc link current +
created by the voltage source bridge or VSB (connected to the
grid interface). To keep the dc link voltage positive, the
iu
displacement angle on the ac side of the CSB must be limited -
va
+ a u
to (-/6, /6), which can be readily handled by the control vb iv
vpn v
algorithm given the choice of PM machine in the application - + b

under study. Furthermore, there are no operational limitations vc w

iw
- + c
on the power factor of VSB.

III. DYNAMIC MODELING

A. State Space Averaged Model of the Matrix Converter
In order to model the system in Fig. 2, a suitable model for
the matrix converter is developed. A state space averaged
model of the IMC is a convenient description that is compatible
with the rest of the ac system. For the topology in Fig. 3, a
detailed description of the carrier-based modulation process has
been published in previous work [14]. The averaged dc link
-
Fig. 3 Realization of the matrix converter with bidirectional dc link
current and unidirectional dc link voltage.
By reciprocity, the averaged input current and output voltage
(referred to output neutral) may be expressed as

209
 mu v pn
ia = ma i p vu =
2
; mv v pn
ib = mb i p vv = (2)
ic = mc i p
2 vi 3
4
(
mi mo io ) 3
(
m0 mi vi ) io
mw v pn 4
vw =
2
It is convenient to transform these variables represented in
the a,b,c and u,v,w phase coordinates into a synchronously
rotating phasor coordinates. First, the three-phase variables on
the VSB side are transformed to the dq reference frame as Fig. 4 Averaged model of IMC in synchronous reference frame
follows. The space vectors of the modulation functions and the
currents on the VSB side (output side) are defined as.
B. Model of the Complete System
2 The state equations for the ac quantities in the system can
m o = ( mu + mv + 2 mw ) e jot
3 be formulated in synchronous reference frame (SRF) in the
(3)
2 complex vector domain [15]. In the proposed SRF
i o = ( iu + iv + 2iw ) e jot formulations, the q-axis is aligned with the positive real axis
3
where o is the output fundamental frequency (VSB side). and the d-axis is aligned with the negative imaginary axis.
2 Since the frequency on the grid side is typically different from
j
=e 3 the machine side, two SRFs are used. On the grid side, the SRF
The dot product of these two complex vectors is rotates at the grid frequency o with the q-axis aligned with the
2 voltage vector at PCC. On the machine side, the SRF rotates at
mo i o = (mu iu + mviv + mwiw ) (4) the rotor frequency r with q-axis aligned with machine back-
3 emf vector.
In a similar manner, the space vectors of the modulation
function and the voltage on the CSB side (input side) are The complete system may be represented in the form of a
defined as single-line equivalent circuit. The matrix converter is
represented by the compact vector model as shown in Fig. 5.
2
mi =
3
( ma + mb + 2mc ) e jit The state equations of the system can be consequently
expressed using complex space vectors [15]. It can be observed
(5)
2 that the states on the grid interface side (iLf, vinj) are coupled
vi = ( va + vb + 2 vc ) e ji t
3 with the state variables of machine (ipm, vpm) through the
where i is the fundamental frequency associated with the modulation index mi and mo. The system can also be
quantities on the CSB side. represented by the complex state block diagram as shown in
Fig. 6. The block diagram is divided to two subsystems, the
With assumption of va + vb + vc = 0 , the dot product of the grid side LC filter and the flywheel, SPM machine and filter
modulation space vector and the voltage space vector of the capacitor across machine terminals. These two subsystems are
CSB is determined to be coupled to each other through the matrix converter. For the
overall system, there are two manipulated control inputs, mi
2 and mo, and two uncontrollable inputs (that may be considered
mi vi = (ma ia + mbib + mc ic ) (6)
3 as disturbances): system load current iload and flux linkage
The averaged dc link current and voltage can be expressed in created by the permanent magnets pm. Two outputs of the
terms of space vectors by substituting (4) and (6) into (1). system are vinj, the target injection voltage to compensate
3 voltage sags/swells, and rm, the mechanical speed of the
ip = mo io
4
(7) machine/flywheel.
3
v pn = mi v i d i pm
2 L pm
dt
(
= prm pm v pm R pm + jr L pm i pm )
The synthesized input current space vector and output voltage
space vector are C pm
d v pm
dt
3
( )
= i pm m i m o i Lf jr C pm v pm
4
3
i i = m i (m o i o )
4
3
(8) Lf
d i Lf
dt
=
3
4
( ) (
mo mi v pm v inj R f + jo L f i Lf ) (9)
v o = m o (m i v i )
4 d v inj
Cf = i Lf i load jo C f v inj
Due to the absence of passive components in the matrix dt
converter, the input and output are related by the algebraic drm 3
equations (8). This is in stark contrast to the ac/dc/ac converter Jm = p pm i pm TL Bmrm
dt 2
case where dynamic equations are involved between the input
and output variables due to the presence of dc link capacitor. where p Number of pole pairs.
Equations (8) can be pictorially represented by the equivalent
circuit in .
pm Flux linkage of the PM machine

210
 ipm Stator current space vector regulation of the flywheel is deferred if the active power needs
vpm Stator terminal voltage space vector to be drawn from (or supplied to) the flywheel.
iLf Filter inductor current space vector Grid Interface LC Filter
vinj Injected voltage space vector
mi Modulation index space vector for the Rf +joLf joCf

bridge connected to the machine vpcc

mo Modulation index space vector for the - -

1 1 iLf
-
1 1 +
vload
bridge connected to the grid interface + Lf s +
-
Cf s +

Jm Momentum of inertia of the flywheel vo

iload vinj Magnitude of cross
Bm Damping coefficient product of two vectors
mo
Rpm Stator resistance of the SPM machine 3 Dot product
Lpm Stator inductance of the SPM machine 4
Matrix
of two vectors
Product of vector and
TL Load torque, TL = 0 3
Converter scalar

rm Mechanical speed of the machine/flywheel mi

4
pm

vpcc - vinj + iload

ii Epm
p
Ls Lload Rload - vpm + ipm rm
Cf 1 1 1 1 3p 1 1
+ Lf iLf
Cpm s - Lpm s 2 + Jm s
+ - - -
vs
- vo
jrCpm Rpm+jrLpm Bm
+
-

Converter
ii
vpm Flywheel, SPM Machine and Filter Capacitor
- +
Cpm
Fig. 6 Complex vector state block diagram of the overall plant.
Lpm ipm
iload vpcc
Machine
Rpm

- +
E
+
AC Interface
LC Filter vinj + vload
- +
Te Jm rm

Flywheel * * mo
vload vinj
Bm Injection Reference Injection Voltage Matrix
Generator Controller Converter
- mi
TL +

rm
Fig. 5 A single-line equivalent circuit of the proposed system. PM machine
Flywheel

Plant
IV. CONTROLLER DESIGN
There are two control objectives: to control the injected
voltage to the system and to regulate the speed of the flywheel Fig. 7 Block diagram of overall control structure.
during idling. Under the voltage sag (or swell) condition, the
speed of the flywheel is allowed to vary to supply (or absorb) A. Injection Voltage Controller (the Inner Controller)
the required active power. During the startup and idling
One of the control objectives for the inner controller is to
operating mode, the flywheel speed is regulated so that enough
spinning energy storage is ready for the voltage sag regulate the injected voltage vector vinj by manipulating the
converter output voltage vector vo. However, the manipulated
compensation. A control structure to realize these two
objectives is illustrated in Fig. 7. inputs of the system are mi and mo, which are coupled to the
states that affect the output voltage. The modulation inputs mi
The injection voltage controller in the inner-loop takes the and mo may be algebraically decoupled in favor of an
injection voltage reference as the input and outputs the alternative control input vo* and ii* using feedback of the state
modulation function vectors for the matrix converter. The key vpm as follows:
function of this controller is to force the injected voltage vector *
vinj track the reference vector v*inj. The injection reference mo =
vo
generator takes the reference of the load voltage amplitude 3 *
v pm e j ii (10)
|v*load| as input and generates the injection voltage reference 4
v*inj. Under idling conditions, the speed of the flywheel is mi = e j ii*

regulated. Under voltage sag (or swell) conditions, speed

211
The algebraic decoupling process is also illustrated in the 1
0 o 0
block diagram in Fig. 8. where
Cf
;
Input 1
vo iLf o 0 0
Decoupling
Cf
A11 =
1 Rf
vo
* mo 0 o

Lf Lf
3 R f
4 0 1
o
Matrix Lf L f
Converter
3 3
( f
)
Voq* I Lq + Vod * I Ld cos 2 ( *ii )
f
r
1
0 d
Vpm


4 mi 4 C (V q cos * V d sin * ) 2 C pm
ejii* pm pm ii pm ii


r
(V o
q* q
ILf )
+ Vod * I Ldf sin 2 ( *ii )
0
1
V pm
q

C pm (V cos *ii V pm
q d
sin *ii )
2
C pm
pm
ii
vpm A22 = 1 Rpm pm
0 r I dpm
Lpm Lpm Lpm

1 R pm
Fig. 8 Input decoupling for injection control.
0 r q
I pm

Lpm Lpm

3 p pm
2
B
In terms of these new control inputs, the converter output 0 0
2 Jm
0 m
Jm

voltage and input current vectors are related to the system
variables as: Since the A matrix is a block-triangular matrix, its determinant
may be factored into the following form [16]:
det ( A) = det ( A11 ) det ( A22 )
*
vo = vo (15)
*
v o i Lf * (11) where det() denotes the determinant of a matrix. Due to this
ii = * e jii factorial decomposition, the eigenvalues of A are the union of
e j ii v pm
the eigenvalues of A11 and the eigenvalues of A22. Therefore,
Substituting (10) into (9) results in a system described by the design of a stable controller with desirable dynamic
(12) with vo* being the new manipulated input. performance of the states and inputs corresponding to the
d v inj partitioned sub-matrix A11 may be attempted independently, so
Cf = i L f i load jo C f v inj long as the resulting partitioned sub-matrix A22 is verified to
dt
d i Lf represent a stable subsystem as well. The controller design is
= v o v inj ( R f + jo L f ) i L f
*
Lf
dt
based on the reduced-order plant model (LC filter), and the
d v pm voq *iLfq + vod *iLfd
stability of the overall system is ensured by subsequently
(12) examining the eigenvalues of A22.
*
C pm = i pm q e jii jr C pm v pm
dt v pm cos ( ii* ) v dpm sin (ii* )
d i pm The structure of the system is well documented in literature,
Lpm = jr pm v pm ( Rpm + jr Lpm ) i pm suggesting a complex state feedback controller as illustrated in
dt
d rm 3 Fig. 9 [17]. The controller employs a classic inner current
Jm = p pm i pm TL Bmrm loop/outer voltage loop structure. The inner current regulator
dt 2
Clearly, the system described in (12) features various with a proportional regulator Kip is designed to yield necessary
nonlinearities. In order to examine its behavior in terms of bandwidth of the inner current loop. In this design, the
stability and design suitable controllers, it may be linearized bandwidth of the inner loop is chosen to be 500 Hz. The outer
around a desired steady state operating point. The linearized voltage regulator is a classical PI regulator Kvp + Kvi/s, which
system, in its scalar form (where the real and imaginary generates the current command for the inner current loop. Kvp
components of the complex vectors are separated) may be and Kvi are chosen to shape the loop gain of the outer loop,
yielding zero steady state error and acceptable bandwidth,
described in the form of
while maintaining adequate stability margin. In addition to the
dx inner current loop gain and the outer voltage loop PI
= Ax + Bu (13)
dt coefficients, the regulator also incorporates complex state
where x is the vector of state variables given by feedback terms that are used to compensate for the coupling
T that is present between the d and q axis quantities. They
x = vinj

q d
vinj iLq iLd v qpm v dpm i pm
q
i dpm r .
f f introduce correction terms that compensate for the voltage
The A matrix is determined by computing the Jacobin of at across the transformer series impedance by measuring the
the operating point of interest. The A matrix is block- transformer current and for the current through the filter
triangular, given by capacitor by measuring the injected capacitor voltage. A virtual
A 0 resistance Rv is added in parallel with the capacitor Cf, which
A = 11 (14) can make the controller less sensitive to the accuracy of the
A
21 A22 parameter estimation and improve the controller robustness.
The according PI regulator zero should be designed to match
the pole formed by Rv and Cf.

212
 Grid Interface Filter - Reduced-Order Plant Model |vpcc|
Voltage Sag Compensation FF
Kvi -
s iload vinj2*
|vload*|
+ + +
v*inj vo 1 1 i Lf - 1 1
vinj
Kvp Kip 1 cos-jsin +
+ - + + + Lf s + - Cf s
- - + + - - v inj*
-
+
Rf +joLf joCf Ksi
s
v q* vinj1*
rm* + = -acos *inj +cos
v vinj1d*
Ksp load -j +
R^f +jo^Lf + + +
- v d* q*
inj = v inj tan - +
2
rm
vinj1q*
1 ^
-joC
Rv f

Energy Restoration FB

Fig. 9 Block diagram of the voltage controller with complex state

feedback in SRF. Fig. 11 Block diagram of the injection reference generator.

B. Injection Voltage Reference Generator C. Converter and Machine Interactions

During a voltage sag, the voltage reference v*inj is set to be As mentioned before, the stability of the overall system can be
in phase with the voltage at PCC vpcc, which can be measured. examined separately on the partitioned subsystems formed by
This choice maximizes the compensation voltage range the grid interface LC filter (represented by A11) and the
possible at a given flywheel speed. On the other hand, to subsystem consisting of the machine filter capacitor and the
regulate the flywheel speed during idling mode, it is desired to machine/flywheel set (represented by A22). The stability of A11
keep the load voltage undisturbed, or at least the amplitude of subsystem has been guaranteed by the proper controller
the load voltage should be kept at the desired level. By utilizing design. . The stability of the A22 subsystem will be examined
the reactive nature of the loads, which is typical in the by the eigenvalues.
distribution systems, real power may be drawn from the system It is desired to orient the converter input current in phase
while the load voltage v*load being kept equal the voltage at with the machine back emf for maximum available voltage on
PCC vpcc as shown in Fig. 10. The amount power drawn from the grid side, and the q axis of the SRF is aligned with machine
the system is determined by the q-axis component of injected back emf. With these choices, the phase angle of the machine
voltage vq*inj. This injection voltage reference for the idling input current is *ii = 0, which result in the A22 matrix from
mode is obviously different from the injection voltage (14) being the following format.
reference for sag compensation mode as expressed. The
injected voltage references under two different operating Voq* I Lqf + Vod * I Ld f 1
r 0 d
V pm
C pm (V pm )
2
modes are actually seamlessly merged together by exploiting q C pm

the fact that the bandwidth requirement for speed regulation is 1
r 0 0 V pm
q
much slower than the voltage sag compensation mode. A C pm

complete block diagram of the injection voltage generator is 1 R pm pm
illustrated in Fig. 11. A22 = 0 r I dpm (16)
Lpm L pm L pm
1 R pm
Locus of load voltage and vpcc 0 r I pm
q

L pm Lpm

3 p pm
2
B
0 0 0 m
2 Jm J m
vload vinj
Detailed numerical studies over a range of parameters
indicate the large positive element in (1,1) potentially leads to
the eigenvalues in the left half plane. The conditions for
stability under typical range of design parameters have been
studied empirically and are presented in the form of an
Injected voltage
impedance matching criterion described further.
real component
For operating points when the flywheel is supplying power,
vpcc i.e. Voq* I Lq + Vod * I Ld > 0 , A22 has been found to have all its
f f

eigenvalues on the left half plane if

1
load > Z c Qn (17)
Ym
q 2
where Ym defined as Ym (Voq* I Lfq + Vod * I Lfd ) 2Vpm is the
Load current
incremental admittance looking forward into the matrix
Fig. 10 Phasor diagram of the injection voltage reference vector during the converter. Characteristic impedance Zc and quality factor Qn
idling mode
are given by Z c = L pm C pm and Qn = Zc / Rpm. Furthermore,

213
when the flywheel is absorbing power, i.e. Voq* I Lq + Vod * I Ld < 0 , the SPM is below typical speed of flywheels, it is adequate to
f f
validate the power conditioning concept and the control
the (1,1) element of A22 is negative and the eigenvalues of A22 algorithm with this setup. The control algorithm presented in
are on the left half plane. In addition to the eigenvalue has been implemented with the floating-point DSP
analysis, extensive time-domain simulations have been TMS320C31. The sag correction performance of the system is
conducted to validate of the stability condition. illustrated by the load voltage response to the voltage sag from
the source in Fig. 14.
V. NUMERICAL VERIFICATION
The time-domain performance of the whole system is
verified in detailed numerical simulation using a SimuLink
model. Selected waveforms during the voltage sag and swell
period and plotted in the abc reference frame as shown in Fig.
12(a) and Fig. 12(b). It can be observed that the injected
voltage after sag/swell decrease slowly, but the load voltage is
still equal to the voltage at the PCC. This demonstrates the
effectiveness of the phase angle control in the control
algorithm.
200
(V)

0
pcc
v

200
1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.35
100
(V)

0
inj
v

100
1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.35
200
(V)

0
load
v

200
1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.35
t (s)

(a)
200
(V)

0
pcc
v

200
5.95 6 6.05 6.1 6.15 6.2 6.25 6.3 6.35
100

Fig. 13 A photograph of the experimental setup.

(V)

0
inj
v

100
5.95 6 6.05 6.1 6.15 6.2 6.25 6.3 6.35
200
(V)

0
load
v

200
5.95 6 6.05 6.1 6.15 6.2 6.25 6.3 6.35
t (s)

(b)
Fig. 12 Simulated results: load volage response to (a) voltage sag; (b)
voltage swell; from top to bottom traces are source voltage, injection voltage,
load voltage

VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The hardware validation of the proposed system are being
conduced and on laboratory scale prototype, as shown in by the
photograph in Fig. 13. The power supply 345-ASX, with the
rating of 4.5 kVA, is capable of generating three-phase
balanced voltage sags that emulate the voltage sag events in at
PCC. The energy storage used in the experiment is realized by
a SPM machine coupled to the rotor of an induction machine.
During the final experimental test, the induction machine is not Fig. 14 Three-phase voltages at PCC with 60% voltage sag (0.6 pu left)
energized and only the rotor is utilized to increase the total lasting for 0.2 second and three-phase voltages measured at the load (bottom
three traces).
moment of inertia of the system. . The 4-pole SPM is rated at
3.7 kW at rated speed of 1500 rpm. Although the rated speed of

214
 VII. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has presented a DVR system employing matrix
converter and flywheel energy storage. The overall proposed
system is modeled in two SRFs that are synchronized with the
grid and the machine back emf, respectively. The resulting
system model is challenging for controller design due to the
time-varying modulation and nonlinearity caused by the matrix
converter coupling. To overcome the control design challenge,
a non-linear input decoupling strategy is put forth which allows
application of classical servo-control design methodology to
the reduced-order subsystem, namely the grid interface LC
filter. The non-linear time-varying input decoupling approach
may be employed as very useful methodology in dealing with
power conversion systems with ac/ac power converters.
For the proposed system, a stability criterion is identified
and empirically validated through the eigenvalue analysis and
time-domain simulations. With the stability criterion, the
overall system stability is guaranteed by properly sizing
component parameters on the machine side. Consequently, the
stability criterion assures the validity of the controller design
around the subsystem. Furthermore, the stability criterion has
extended the impedance matching criteria commonly utilized in
dc/dc converter systems to the field of ac/ac systems.
The overall system encompassing the voltage injection
controller and the plant is simulated via detailed Simulink
model and tested with laboratory-scale prototype system. The
time domain waveforms from both simulation and experiment
demonstrate the acceptable dynamic response of the injected
voltage.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge support from the
Wisconsin Electric Machine and Power Electronics
Consortium (WEMPEC) at the University of Wisconsin-
Madison. The work made use of ERC shared facilities
supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under
AWARD EEC-9731677.
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