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Bul]etin ofthe JSME, Vol. 20, Ne. 141, March,1977 257

Pa er No. 141- 1
539.43.014

An Explanation on FatigueL-mltunder Combined Stressde

By TomokazuMATAKEdede

'

Fatigue craek initiatesin the slip band and exists in it

also near
fatigue limit; many slip apt bands
te appear are in the directton of the
maximum shearing stress; propagates by the normal
erack tensile stress;

the maximum shearing stress on a plane at fatigue limit is reduced by

the effect of the normal stress on the same plane. From these results
of the experiment, a new criterion is proposed, whieh ceincides with

the Gough's emptrical formula fer the brittle materials under combined
stress. As the plane of the maximum shearing stress is varied by the
various combination of torsion-and bending, the isotropic material

should be used in the combined stress experiment. In this paper, the

results of experiments on three isotropie and one anisotropie materials

are discussed and compared with the criteria proposed up to the

present.

paper, it is assumed that the crack initi--

ation ocaurs en the plane where the maxi-
1. Intrddua,tl.crn mum shearing stress acts and this critical

stress to initiate craek is reduced line--

Actual working stress en the melchine arly by the normal tensile stress en its
member may be complex and formed by the plane.
various combinattons of stmpler stress In the experimental researches of
state, for example, the combination of eombined stress up to the present, the
torsion and bending in phase. In order to rolling matertals were used for the speci-

obtain the informatien of the fatigue en- mens having thetr axes coincide with the
durance of the machine under such stress rolling direction. However, such rolling

state. therefore, it must be praeticaUy ratio, and the direction of the maximum
tmportant to guess it from the known fa- shearing stress vartes by the modes of

tigue limits undeT much simpler stress eombination of torsion and bending. There-
states. Several criteria for fatigue fail- for, it should be regarded to use the
ure under combtned stress have already fairly isotropic materials in order to'in-
proposed{1)(2) some investigations between vestigate the intrinsic behavior under the
cornbined stress have appeared, in whtch eombined stress statte.

the endurance was obtatned with consider- In this paper, the fatigue experi-

ei:5:.:::,i::i'i
ing the repetition's of shearing stress be-
ing dhe substance of fatigueg3J The rela-

tion between torsional and bending fatigue

limits was also investigated from the rial, the specimens were chosen to have
direction
2,i.2:g:i:I?.i,gEi,{.lli,l":'iiE;,iigli::5,e,l:
the lowest strength in the of

the maximum shearing stress. The results

are compared and dtscussed with the em-

mean stress en the fatigue limit under pirieal
formulae in the previous re-
various combined stress staie was also searches.2.
discussedC6)
As the initiation of the fatigue Materials and spe imens
crack is eaused by the repetition of slip

in crystals, but its propqgation is caused The materials u$ed -are 7:3brass, high
by the normal tensile stress, the eritical. strength steel and nodular cast iron,
shearing stress on the presumed fracture which are censidered as tsetrepte. The 7;3
plane to tnitiate eraek, may be reduced brass is manufactured so as to have the
considerablly by the effect of nermal ten- same grain stze especially in the rolled,
sile stress acting on the same plane. In transverse and thtckness directions, and
polyerystalline tuetals, however, the ini- its mean size tn each direction is O.05mm.
tial eracks insually appear and propagate AfteT machined, the speeimens were an-
tn sltp bands and hence it is difficult to
nealed at 400eC for half an hour and re-
presume the fatigue plane. Then, in this
moved about 50u of their surface !ayers by
electro-polishing. The specirnehs from the
htgh strength steel(VIT80C), which was man-
k
Reeeived 26th Augu$t, 1974 ufactured and heat-treated by Nippon Steel
ft* ?rofessor, Faeulty of Engineering, Co., their
were polished on surfaces with

Nagasaki University, Nagasaki. Ot6 emery paper. The specimens from nodu-

lar east iron. which was manufactured by

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Mitsubishi Heavey lndustries Ltd., were As the testing machine mainly used ts
removed their surfaee layers for about 10v a Schenck type bending and torsion fatigue
by eleetro-polishing after machined.
.but (capacity:4 kg-m, 3500 cyclelmin)
machine
The rolled steel(Block D) is employed an Ono type rotary bendtng machine
as anisotropic material.(14) It has many (3500 rpm) ts used also for bending test
sulfide inelusions and the lowest strength of the high strength steel and nodular
plane is in the rolled section, then so as cast tron, and a Baldbifin type universal
to make this plane to be the ma.ximum fat gue machine (ctipacity: 2t. 2700 cyele/
shearlng stress plane, these specituens min) for combined stress of the' htgh
were cut sudh that the axis of specimen strength steel and thenodulaT east tron
directs w= OO, 78.750, 69.5" and 45e from and tersion of the latter material. So as
the To!led direction. As mentioned later ' to combine torsional and bending stresses,
these angles cor=espond to the cases ef the special grips(15) are employed, which
angle e=O", 22.5", 41e and 90" between the hold the specimen inclining to the axis of
axis of speeirnen and testing maahtne, re- the machine by e, so that e=O" corresponds
spectively. The surfaces of specimens were to torsion and e=90e to bending. In this
polished with O16 emery paper. expeTiment two combinations are adopted; e
Metallographie photographs taken on 422.5e and 410. .
the longitudinal and cross sections of the The dtmensiens of specimens are shown
specimens from four materials are shown in in Fig.3, and their diameters are 10 mm in
Fig.1, these chemteal composittons and de- the universal fatigue machine and rotary
gree of cleanness in Table 1, and these bending machine and 6 mm.. for torsion of
mechanical properties in Table 2 and Fig.2. the high strength steel, 8 mn for bending
(cross section) (longitudinal section)

eeesy"w-=';rm-fu.-=-;;;=..
dn...mu..... L:.

(a)7:3 brass

(b) High strengthsteel

(c) Nodular cast iren

eskrk
it.i.
"

keeX"
"
rwpa
-
-

t:
-

'

Z
J
nt =

Cd) Bloek D'

O.1mm
Ftg.1 Metallographic photographs of matertals U

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Table 1 and oflroncleanness

(a) 7:3 brassChemicalcornpositions(c) blodulardegree

cast

CuFePbzn qsiMn P s >[g

69.6O.OlTr.Bal.3.522.94O.64O.032O.O08O.060
(b) Highstrengthsteel

csiMn P s Cu CrN Mo v

O.21O.27O.95O.17O.O05O.26O.093O.04O.46O.O04

(d) Block D
Chemiealcomposition,7. Cleanness,Z(JISG0555)
dA6ox4oodB6ox4oodC60x400
csi}in P s

O.13O.17O.88O.O13O.183O.72O.05O,32

dA:A sertesinelusion,dB:B seriesincluston,dC:C seriesinclusion

Table 2Mechanicalproperttes oflsotroplcmateria!s

Ekgfmm2eo.2kg/mm2kg/l:tht2aTkgfmm2ip-/.te "%
Material

7:3brass 1.o2xlo411.532.610I.7'73.673,1
Highstrengthsteel2.Ilxlo477.682.5141.914.466.4
Nodularcastiron1.66xlo424.S48.654.414.910.6

to eo
o
)1'3
50si,.40s'.
gy lt l(tre.h"
o

x
pt eo-nJ
30c<."b20P.blO
''hx xsx=
''N (b)Rotarybending
)v'
NNTs machine

"
Vs W=04

o10 ZO 30 40 50 60 70 80 SO /s
a,IJ kgfmn2 o,ty% 'e
Fig.2 Mechanical properties of Bloek D 's!
(v= angle between the rolled direc-
tton and the axis of speeimen)
12 T224,S

s9
Z4.530
- 7S<D
combined
12

(i) torsion
f$tyt/t/resJ/t

xT --
s s-!
9
12
7S
(ii) combined 10soJ-To 1535
35-10
12e

gL p
(ii) torslon
s (c) Universal fatigue machine

(iii) bending
(a) Schenck type maehine Fig.3 Dimension of speclmens

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and 9 mm for torsion and combined stress

grams, it is found that the order of mag-
of the 7:3 brass. Such varieus diameters nttude of the time enduranee limits does
of the specimens are decided by consider- not always coincide with the one of e, but
ing the the fatigue
strength of materials and ca-- the value of limits at N =
107 (N=
pactties of maehines. 2xl07 for 7:3 brass) are
the ordered by
cases e=OO, and 22.5",
900, narnely 41e the
3. Results of experiments fatigue strength is reduced by increasing
t. the ndrmal stress on the plane ef the max-
The results of the fatigue testing on imum shearing stress. Table 3 indtcates
four materials under various stress the results fatigue
states ef limits by torsion
are shown with S-N diagrams in Fig.4. In and bending, and further the value of tbe
these ftgures the ordtnates are the maxi- maximum shearing stress and the norma!
mum shearing stress and the diagrams in stress acting on the same plane.
various stress states' are drawn in one These restilts are plotted in Fig. 5
figure for every material. From these dia- where the abseissae bending
are stresses

Table 3 Fatigue lin,its under combined stress (kg!nm2)

(a) 7.3 brass (b) High strength stbel

eoTaTmaxUn eoT aTmaxUn

TorsionO7.SOo7.50o TorsionO28.0o28.0o
22,5 22.5
Combined415.543.774.646.566.005.002.303.28 Combined4124.017.4!9.030.226.023.09.915.1

Bending90o8.504.254.25 Bending90o47.023.523.5

(e)Nodulareast lron (d) Block D

eoTeTmaxUn eoT aTmaxan

Torsiono19.oo19.0:o Torsionolt,.oo14.oo

Combined22.S41129.9,81017.8.o14,O13.0s8..4s Comh,ine(122.541128.o,710.015.01311.o.557.o.5

Bendtng90o20.o;o.o10.o Bending90o22.011.o11.o

11N:(10ipm

HS
d
Eiv
s

5
4
3
1 e
10S loE le: N
(a) 7:3 brass (b) High strength steel10fi

26NEE24xpmx
1'"-'' nSeeo-
.e=oee-22oe;"ee-sa
-f
22gS20
o'
/-o

2e T ---
h k 1.e.oh
IS E
"..le
'o etei - ' ee-22.sh-
oe-41ee1-e=sooIl
16 Ft g16
14 t.t..t e14
E

l
12 Axis 12
machinel.ote''iAxisotseclmen1 tsisefmachin-.'ISLeANisofspecLmen
le 10 -".i
B 8
los loS lo7 N lo8 blle
le+loS loF 10"NS.1
(c) Nodular cast iron (d) Bloek D

Fig.4 S-N diagrams under eombined stress

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and the ordinates sheartng stresses in the normal stress at fatigue limit as shown in
same manner as before, and the curves fit Fig.4 and Table 3. From these facts, the
'{ocuses followimg thaybe
well the arc of ellipses with on relation proposed as the
the abscissae. first approximation,

4. Discussion Tmax=To-aUn (1)

where, Tmax is the maximun shearing. stress
As above mentioned, the fatigue at fatigue limit; crn is the normal stress
cracks initiate in the slip bands and pro- acting on the same plane; To is the
pagate to the neighbour gratns and grow to fatigue limit in the case of reversed tor-
macroscopic size; many slip bands appear sion; ais the positive constant.
in the direction of the maxtmum shearing Equation (1) is sim lar as the case

stress and the miero-eracks exist a!so of Stuhlen et al.(7) andFindley et al.S8)
near fattgue limit; the maximum shearing but math difference frorn them is to decide
stress is reduced by the effeet of the the plane on which erack initiates as the

8"E<6xdiiv

30teE2ox"e
"oPdm

4or 'e
4 Sts'

q{51f
e'ss g.tux"
10
2
e-so e-so
e 24 6S 10 o lo ze 3o 4o se
d k31mm2 d k}hnl

(a) 7:3 brass (b) Htgh strength steel

20NgEX..15xP

lsNEEXexlON
do11osi

si
..o'"
10

b:L' "e
". 5 ".
5
die-so
e-so
o 5 10 15 20 25 o S 10 15 2e 25
d k}lmml ti k31mrre

(c) Nodular cast iron (d) Block D

Fig.5 un diagrams at fatigue limit

A'A A' A A' A

-a'S`'-

tl
rit
)L ttr"")EINLII'l"
tt

:B'Ca}
N
'l Lx
lk v Ls. Nx
NX
N t ia
NN
N
su ', xN i-1
N

B B'stressstressB- B'
Torsion Cb)[ombhned L[)Bendine

Fig.6 Mohr's circles

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plane on whieh the maximum shear ng stress presses an ellipse wtth focuses on the
acts, beeause of the observatien that al- normal stress axis.
most all the first fatigue crack initiates Now, Eq.(1) can be transformed easily
in the slip band having the same direction to Eq.(2) by using the Mohr's stress
as one of the maximum shearing stress. circles(se'e appendi)c). Namely, Eq.(1) and

The Mohr's stress circles for these Eq.(2) are the same. As shown in Table 2,
crystals under repeated stress are shown the materials used in this paper are not
in Fig.6; the full line circles indieate brittle, but their results satisfy Eq.(1),
the maximum stress states, the slender, i.e. Eq.(2). Therefore, it is considered
the arbttrary states and the broken, the that stnce conibined stress was applted on
reveTsed states. And every locus ef the the speeimens which had the axes coineided
points of Tmax during the stress repett- with the rolled direction tn the former
tion draws a Btraight line through the researches, these results with the ductile
ortgin. materials had not satisfted Eq.(2) and
Altheugh Eq.(1) is the straight line rather the brittle but lsotropic materials,

;:,E9? ::g:rd::ag::l,::
:XggA'r::
in the a-T
,:e6yai.
co-ordinates, shown n Fig.5
ltke as east
. In order
test
iron, were
to make
is carried
sure
adapted
of this
to Eq.(2).
cens d-
as eration, a out with' the
by the transformation. It is obvious that severe anisotropie material (Bloek D) hav-
both diagrams from Eq.(1) agree with the tng the lowest strength
plane including
results of experiments. many sulfide inclustens as shown in Figs.
Gough has proposed the following am- 1(d) and 2. These speeimens were made so
pirieal formula(2) being well adequated that the maximum shearing stress plane may
for the brittle matertals, whiah was in- 6oincide with the weakest plane. The
duaed from the vast results of experiments cracks prapagate along the inelusions and
with many materials, the results of this expertment also satis-

' fy Eq.(1) as shown in Table 3(d)and Figs.

}2+(2-k){g }1
{!TO },2+(k-1){g
uo ue
(2) 7(d) and 8.
Thus, the relation of Eq.(1) holds
where, To and ao are the fatigue 1 mit in generally under any complex stress state

the ease of torsien and bending respec- conibining various 3imple stresses. There-
tively, and k = go/To. This equation ex- fore, if the fatigue limit in the case of

.SE).b

Q 30
H6,".. NE

xdeE
o
x20
4
g
E
N

2 10

i
o 24 0
' 1
6 10 20 30
d" k}ftnmt dn len.1inm2

(a) 7:3 brass (b) High strength steel

20"gEX.ti
15NeEso
f v.

at-

1 5xge.fi1O o
N=5xlo3 ,..
o 10g.E5 tt.
t'

N=lo5
5

05 le 15 o 5 10 15
ofR kgfo"Li dn k}lmml
No. 62
Tmax=12.S kglrm2
<c)Nodular cast iron (d) Block D
e=41e, tu=69.50

N=lo4 O.Olmm
Fig.7 Un-Tmax diagrams at fat gue iimit u
Fig.8 Crack propagation -of Block D

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reversed torsien and cr are obtained, the On the Mohr's stre$s circle, the following
relatiens are obtained,
fatigue ltmit under an arbitrary stress

be guessed.
;,
state may
Tmax = V[{;}2 + T2], un =

5. Conclusions
then, the above equation becomes
As the results of experiments with
three isotroptc and severe anisotropic ma- /[{;}2+ T2:, = To-{lyo-1};'

terials under combined stress, the follow-

tng subjects becorne clear;
,{;}2+T2='T: -To{2::-1}a+{2iee}2{;}2,
(1) Considering the plane on which the
crack initiation oceurs as the plane and now, dividing both sidgs of this equa-
the maxtmum shearing stress
on whtch
tion by To and replacing by k=g.olTo,we get
acts. the relation between that stress
and the normal stress on the same

plane is repr6sented well by Eq,(l). {io}2+[1'{2::ml}2]{g}2{+o}2'{Zl}9o'-1}9o=1'

(2) Equation (1) is essentially the same

Eq.(2), is the Gough's empir--

as

ieal formula
which

fer a brittle material.

{i,}2+[2'-{ft'}2E2'{g,}2'{:'1}k{:,}=1'
(3) In the combined stress expertment, the
finally,
isotropie material should be used, be-
the
{! }2+(k-i){gUo }2+(2-k){g
maximum
eause the p!ane acting
}-i. a)
shearing stress varies with various Te uo

combination of simple stress states.

Referenues
Acknowledgments
(1) Nishihara,T. and Kawamoto,M., Trans.
The authoT heartfelt
offers his Japanese),
Japan Soc. Mech. Engrs.(in
thanks to Prof. H. Nakazawa, Tokyo Insti-
Vol.7,(1941), p.I-85.
tute of Technelogy, for his better advice Inst. Meeh. Engr.,
And the
(2) Gough,H.J., Proc.
on the expressien of this paper. vol.16e(1949), p.417.
his appreciation to Nip-
author expresses
(3) Nakanishi,F., Trans. Japan Soc. Mech.
Pon Steel Co. and Mitsubishi Heavey Indus- Engrs.(in Japanese), Vel.18, No.65
tries Ltd. for their ktndness to give the (1952), p.I04.
to Assistant K. Fujimura Fatigue
materials, and

Mr. T. Yanagihara. Nagasaki Univ., for (4) Peaterson,R.E., Colloquim on

and
Int. Union of Theoretica! & Appl.
their aids on the fatigue testing.
Mech.,(1956), p.186.
(S) Isibast,T., Trans. Japan Soc. Mech.
Append x
Engrs.(tn Japanese), Vol.32, No.242

The transformation of Eq.(1) to Eq.

(1966-10),p.1451.
(6) Kawata,Y. and Sonobe,K., Rept. of
(2); - Committee of Fatigue of See. Mat.
Tmax= To aUn C) '
O). (1) Sci. Japan(tn Japanese), (1965).
The co-or"nates of torsion and bend-
(7) Stuhlen,F.B. and Curming,H.N., Proc.
ASTM. Vel.54(1954), p.822.
ing in the un-Tmax diagram are (O, To) and (S) Findley.W.N. et al,, Proc. Int. Conf.
(uo12, ao12) (as shown tn Fig.9), then the
Fatigue of Metals,(1956), p.ISO.
inelination of staight line in Eq.(1) is Lecture, Japan
(9),'Matake,T., Preprtnt of

Soe. Meeh. Engrs.(in Japanese), No.

atT-g
uof2
' 67-1(1967-5), p.6S.
(10) Matake,T., Preprtnt of Lecture, Japan
then, Soc. Meeh.
Engrs.(in Japanese), No.

' {ig - !}Un' 69-1(1969-5), p.33.

t
TD Lecture,'Japan
Tmax
(11) Matake,T., Prep'rint of

Soc. Mech. Engrs.(in Japanese), No.

700-3(1970-4), p.85.
(12) Matake,T., Preprint of Lecture, Japan

'E CO,T.) Soc. Mech. Engrs.(in Japanese), No.

-Epm!utiEN
720-9(1972-8), p.205.
(13) Matake,T., Trans. Japan Soc. Meeh.
e,g) Engrs.(in Japanese), Vol.33, No.254
(1967-10), p.IS42;
(14) Matake.T., et al., Tech. Rept. of
Kyushu Upiv.(in Japanese), Vel.36,
No.3(1963-11), p.171
(15) Matake,T., Trans. Japan Sec, Mech.
6n k?,hm! Engrs.(in Japanese), Vol.34, No.259

line Eq.(l)
(i968--3), p.383.
Ftg.9 Straight of

in On'Tmax eo-ordinates

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