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2
Analysis of Statically
Indeterminate Structures
by the Matrix Force
Method
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Lesson
11
The Force Method of
Analysis: Frames
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Instructional Objectives
After reading this chapter the student will be able to
1. Analyse the statically indeterminate plane frame by force method.
2. Analyse the statically indeterminate plane frames undergoing support settlements.
3. Calculate the static deflections of a primary structure (released frame) under
external loads.
4. Write compatibility equations of displacements for the plane deformations.
5. Compute reaction components of the indeterminate frame.
6. Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the frame.
7. Draw qualitative elastic curve of the frame.
11.1 Introduction
The force method of analysis can readily be employed to analyze the indeterminate
frames. The basic steps in the analysis of indeterminate frame by force method are
the same as that discussed in the analysis of indeterminate beams in the previous
lessons. Under the action of external loads, the frames undergo axial and bending
deformations. Since the axial rigidity of the members is much higher than the
bending rigidity, the axial deformations are much smaller than the bending
deformations and are normally not considered in the analysis. The compatibility
equations for the frame are written with respect to bending deformations only. The
following examples illustrate the force method of analysis as applied to indeterminate
frames.
Example 11.1
Analyse the rigid frame shown in Fig.11.1a and draw the bending moment diagram.
Youngs modulus E and moment of inertia I are constant for the plane frame.
Neglect axial deformations.
Now compute the horizontal deflection L at D due to externally applied load. This
can be readily determined by unit load method. Apply a unit load along R Dx as
shown in Fig.10.1d.
D
M v M
L = dx (2)
A
EI
L =
6
(12 x x )x dx
2
+
(36 9 x)6
6 6
0( x )
0
EI 0
EI
dx +
0
EI
dx
864
L = (3)
EI
In the next step, calculate the displacement a 1 1 at D when a real unit load is
applied at D in the direction of RDx (refer to Fig.11.1 d). Please note that the same
Fig. 11.1d is used to represent unit virtual load applied at D and real unit load
applied at D . Thus,
D
m v m
a11 = dx
A
EI
6 6 6
x 2 dx 36dx x2
=
EI 0 EI
+ + dx
0 0
EI
360
= (4)
EI
L + a11 R Dx = 0 (5)
Solving,
The minus sign indicates that the redundant reaction R Dx acts towards left.
Remaining reactions are calculated from equations of static equilibrium.
M D = 0 RAy = 9 kN (dowwards)
RDy = +9 kN (upwards)
2268
= (1)
EI
3056
( L )2 = (2)
EI
6
x2 72
a11 = dx = (3)
0
EI EI
x(4)
6
a12 = a 21 = dx + 0
0
EI
72
= (4)
EI
and
6 4
16 ( x) 2
a 22 = dx + dx
0
EI 0
EI
117.33
= (5)
EI
In the actual structure at C, the horizontal and vertical displacements are zero
.Hence, the compatibility condition may be written as,
( L )1 = a11 R1 + a12 R2 = 0
Substituting the values of ( L )1 , ( l ) 2 , a11 , a12 and a 22 in the above equations and
solving for and R1 , R2 we get
The remaining reactions are calculated from equations of statics and they are shown
in Fig 11.2e. The bending moment and shear force diagrams are shown in Fig. 11.2f.
.
Example 11.3
A rigid frame ABC is loaded as shown in the Fig 11.3a, Compute the reactions if the
support D settles by 10 mm. vertically downwards. Assume EI to be constant for all
members. Assume E = 200 GPa and I = 104 m 2 .
2052
( L )1 = (1)
EI
Therefore,
( L )1 = 0.1026 m
( L ) 2 = 0.1635 m
72
a11 = (3)
EI
72
a12 = a 21 = (4)
EI
117.33
a 22 = (5)
EI
( L )1 + a11 R1 + a12 R2 = 0
( L ) 2 + a 21 R1 + a 22 R2 = 10 10 3 (6)
Solving which,
(12 x)(4)dx
3
( L )1 =
0
EI
(span DA, origin at D)
216
= (Downwards) (1)
EI
4 6
x2 16
a11 = dx + dx
0
EI 0
EI
117.33
= (2)
EI
216 117.33
+ R1 = 0 (3)
EI EI
Solving,
R1 = 1.84 kN (4)
The remaining reactions are calculated from static equilibrium equations. They are
shown in Fig.11.4d along with the bending moment diagram.
12( x)(1) 54
3
BL = dx = (5)
0
EI EI
(12 x)(1) 54
3
CL = dx = (6)
0
EI EI
12 x(3 + x)
3
270
CL = dx = (7)
0
EI EI
Next, calculate the joint rotations and displacements when unit value of redundant is
applied (Fig.11.4c). Let the joint rotations and displacements be BR , CR and CR .
6
4dx 24
BR = = (8)
0
EI EI
( x)(1) (4)(1)
4 6
32
CR = dx + dx = (9)
0
EI 0
EI EI
(4) x 72
6
CR = dx = (10)
0
EI EI
Now using the principle of superposition, the actual rotations and displacements at
the joints may be obtained.
B = BL + BR R1 (11)
54 24 1.84 9.84
= + =
EI EI EI
(Clockwise rotation)
C = CL + CR R1 (12)
54 32 1.84 4.88
= + =
EI EI EI
(Counterclockwise rotation)
C = CL + CR R1 (13)