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ON THIKA SUPERHIGHWAY
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19) Principles of Foundation Engineering By Braja M. Das
20) Joints in Concrete Construction by ACI Committee
224 of 2001
For class XC4, cyclic wet and dry Cover to Reinforcement.
Minimum Cover for decks =30 mm For Durability and Fire
Minimum Cover for other members=40 Resistance
BS EN 1992-1
Dead General Loading Data
Unit weight of concrete = 25kN/m3 BS EN 1991: 1
Deck finishes = 1.5kN/m2 BS 648(unit weights)
Services = 0.25kN/m2
Pedestrian Live Load
Pedestrian Loads on ramps/deck = 5kN/m2
Wind
Basic Wind Speed (NAIROBI KENYA)= 28m/s BS EN 1991:4
Bases to be founded on soft rock with safe bearing Soil Condition
pressure = 200kN/m2 at approximate Depth of 2.0 meters
below ground
Pad foundation = for piers Foundation Types
Structural steel sections used for Truss, Concrete for piers, Material Properties
foundations and decking
Steel strength class, S275
Concrete class 30/35 for all structural elements
Reinforcement steel to be High yield Ribbed bars with fy =
460kN/mm2.
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2 Introduction
2.1 Layout:
0 1784
1784 0
C3
C3
343
5
343
5
C3
C3
a C2
C2 a
a C2
C2 a
8022
8000
00
75
75
00
C1 C1
C4
C4
12001
12001
12
0
50
120x120x8mm Thick Equal
50
12
0
angle bracing
C5 C6 C6 34
00 Girder Truss T1 Girder Truss T1 Girder Truss T1 C5 00
34
3
2.2
383
400
Typical Cross-Sections
1300
381
118
175
750
750
575
3650
SECTION 5-5
SCALE 1 : 25
4
polycarbonate sheeting
250x250x8mm SHS
Top Chord of Girder Truss
150x150x6mm SHS
Internal Members of Girder Truss
3600
8mm thick Balustrade
to Arch.s specification
1100
150mm Thick solid slab with
25mm Thick AC surface finish
100
300
Y Y
6000
1950 1950
X X
2000
TYPICAL SECTION
SCALE 1 : 25
2.3 Location:
The proposed Mangu footbridge is to be located across Thika superhighway at Mangu
Road Junction, Chainage Km 39+350.
2.4 Configuration:
The foot bridge consists of climbing ramps and a highway crossing through-truss both
carried by concrete piers bearing on pad foundations.
The climbing ramps are175mm thick, 3.65 m width by 6.0 m span totaling to a length of
52 m. They are supported on secondary peripheral beams
The highway crossing through truss structure includes a 150mm thick, 4m wide, 3
spans deck totaling to a length of 64m. The deck bears on cross beams spaced at 2.375 m
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c/c which are carried by two truss bottom chords. The truss system is carried by tapered
reinforced concrete piers.
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3 LOADING CALCULATIONS
The footbridge through-truss, deck and ramps are designed to transfer the
permanent and variable actions to the substructure in accordance with BS EN
1990:2002, BS EN 1991: 1, 2, 4 and 5. Situations critical to the structure and
considered for design are the persistent and transient situations and accidental
situations
The load model considered is the crowd load, gr1, since service vehicles are not
specified in the bridge, in accordance with BS EN 1990 A2.2.3 and BS EN 1991-2
section 5 (Actions in footbridges). An accompanying horizontal force (Qfk) equal to
10% of the total udl is considered to act at the Bottom chord/deck level on the bridge
simultaneously as a horizontal load for longitudinal stability (BS EN 1991-2: 5.4).
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GROUP LOADS IN FOOTBRIDGES TO BS EN 1991-2 Section 5
b. Wind Actions
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iii. Wind Pressure Factors in X direction
To get wind forces, multiply with the reference Areas for Deck and Piers
fkwz =Cs.Cd.Cfz.qp(ze) where Cfz= 0.9, Cs.Cd are the structural size and
8.3.3 dynamic factors = 1
fkwz =0.38 kN/m2 fkwz =0.38
kN/m2
vii. Wind in the y-direction
For Truss Bridges, take Fkwy = 50%the wind forces in the x-direction
wherever required
8.3.4
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3.3 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS
The considered actions are combined in accordance with BS EN 1990:2002 to give the
most onerous cases adopted for the local elemental design and the global/entire
structural system design.
Includes the effects of self-weights, pedestrian loads, wind, thermal and construction loads.The
combinations of actions are expressed as follows and the least favourable case adopted for
design.
Or
where:
Gk,j represents the characteristic value of the j-th unfavourable permanent action
Qk,1 is the characteristic value of leading variable action ('main accompanying action' in 6.10a)
Qk,i represents the characteristic value of the i-th accompanying variable action (i > 1)
G, Q are representations of the factor F according to the type of action to which they relate
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Note: An expansion joint is designed to relieve thermal restraints as a result of
temperature range and fluctuations. This action will be accommodated by shear in the
elastomeric bearing and will be considered in bearing design. Again it is important to
note that the temperature range expected at the site is minimal.
Note: A traffic restraint system will be designed to protect the piers of the structure. The
structure is also built with an adequate clearance against collision by under-passing
vehicles with a horizontal action equal to 10% of the pedestrian vertical load also
considered to be acting on the deck level.
In these situations, the structural deformation behavior of the deck structure will be
verified including deflections and vibrations using the following combinations:
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BS EN 1990 Table A1.2A and A1.2B
Combination factor Values for variable actions in Footbridges (BS EN 1990: Table
A2.2)
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Only characteristic combination is relevant to steel structures and is given as follows
with partial factors of actions taken as 1.0
Live Load
Imposed (Maintenance) =0.25kN/m2
Total qk = 0.25kN/m2
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Live Load
Wind uplift on deck is a favourable action in this case and is not considered
Imposed (Foot bridge) =5.0 kN/m2
Total 1.0 Qk =5.0 kN/m2
Permanent Leading Accompanying Actions
Actions Action
EQN 1.35Gk 1.5Qk 1.5o,Qk,o 1.5o,Qk,1 1.5o,Qk,2 Design
=0.925 o Action
kN/m2
Live Load
Wind uplift on deck is a favourable action in this case and is not considered
Imposed (Foot bridge) =5.0kN/m2
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ii. SYSTEM ANALYSIS COMBINATIONS
These combination are for the analysis of an entire structure for persistent and
transient situations.
Permanent loads, Pedestrian Live load as main Variable, Horizontal Load and
wind as accompanying Variables (eq. 6.10)
Permanent Loads with Pedestrian Live Loads, Horizontal Load and wind
loads as combination and accompanying variables (eq. 6.10(a) and (b))
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3.6 VIBRATIONS OF THE BRIDGE
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