Name : Muhammad Hilmi Bin Roosli

NIM : 141501228

Topic 1 : Sinusitis

(a) What is Acute Sinusitis?

Acute Sinusitis is acommon problem and is often associated with a viral or bacterial upper
respiratory infection that spreads to the sinuses.

(b) How to diagnose the chronic sinusitis

The Diagnosis of chronic sinusitis is usually made on the basis of a medical history.Examination ,X-
rays, or CT scan help to reveal thickened mucosa, blocked sinus openings, and obstructions such as a
deviated septum, polyps, and inflamed turbinates that can interfere with drainage

Topic 2 : Pharyngitis

(a) Explain the clinical manifestations of acute pharyngitis ?

- fiery-red pharyngeal membraneand tonsils, lymphoid follicles that are swollen

- flecked with white-purple exudate

- enlarged & tender cervical lymph nodes

- Fever & malaise

- sore throat also may be present

(b) What is pharmacological therapy ?

- Assesment of choice : Penicillin Most recommended

- Only allergy with penicillin will be give alternative antibiotics such cephalosporins and macrolides

- It is administered for at least 10 days to eradicate the infection from the oropharynx.

- Severe sore throats can also be relieved by analgesic medications, as prescribed.

For example, aspirin or acetaminophen can be taken at 3- to 6-hour .

Topic 3 : Anaemia

(a) What is Reticulocyte count?

- Reticulocyte count is the percent of immature RBCs (released earlier in anemia from the marrow)

- Normal levels 0.5-1.5% for non anemic stages

<1% means Inadequate Production

>/equal to 1 means increased production (hemolysis)

- Corrected reticulocyte count compares anemic to non-anemic counterparts to assess response as

reticulocyte count may overestimate response

- Corrected Reticulocyte Count = % Retic X HCT/45

(b) What is a gold standard therapy for diagnosis of anaemia?

Bone Marrow Biopsy

Prussian Blue staining shows lack of iron in erythroid precursors and macrophages

Topic 4 : Hemophillia A

(a) What is clinical features / phenotype of hemophillia A

The severity and frequency of bleeding in hemophilia A is inversely related to the amount of residual
factor VIII. The most effected parts of the body are the joints causing swelling, pain, decreased
function, and degenerative arthritis.

Similarly, muscle hemorrhage can occur leading to necrosis. Hematuria would be present
occasionally which is usually painless.

Bleeding from tongue or lip is persistent.

Prolonged bleeding from wounds.

(b) Explain Mutations and protein function

Its been well known that point mutations in the factor VIII gene are responsible for most cases of
hemophilia A and only a small proportion of these mutations can be recognized by restriction
endonuclease analysis, PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were used to
characterize single nucleotide substitutions.

A GC clamp was attached to the 5-prime PCR primer to allow detection of most single base changes
in DNA fragments ranging in size from 249 to 356 bp. (A 'GC clamp' is a sequence rich in G and C such
that it is relatively resistant to melting by heating).
Topic 5 : Hemorrhoids

(a) What is complications of hemorrhoids ?

The blood in the enlarged veins may form clots and the tissue surrounding the hemorrhoids can die
(Necrosis)

This causes painful lumps in the anal area.

Severe bleeding can occur causing iron deficiency anemia.

(b) What is a symptoms of haemorrhoids ?

Rectal Bleeding
Bright red blood in stool
Pain during bowel movements
Anal Itching
Rectal Prolapse
Thrombus

Answer from The question

1. Grade II (B)
2. C (40 Million)
3. B (Heavy Lifting)
4. (A) An internal examination of the rectum, distal colon and large bowel using a type of small
camera.