CHAPTER 17: THE TELEPHONE CIRCUIT Bridge Tap

It comprised of two or more facilities, interconnected in tandem, to provide a A loss that allows signals to split and propagation down more than one wire
transmission path between a source and a destination. introduced by bridge taps.

Telephone Circuit Bridging Loss

The information transferred in a telephone circuit Weighting network introduced by AT & T to accomplish equal magnitude of
noise signals.
Message
C-Message Weighting
The circuit used in transferring information in a telephone circuit.
The most annoying frequency to human (i.e. the best frequency response).
Message Circuit
1000 Hz
The network bandwidth for a standard voice-band message channel.
The basic yardstick used for making power measurements in communications.
4 kHz
Decibel (dB)
Unused frequency bands located between information signals.
The optimum level of a test tone on a channel at some point in a
Guard Bands communications system. It is used for voice circuits.

Effective channel bandwidth for a voice-band message signal. Transmission Level Point

300 Hz to 3000 Hz (TLP)

The only facility required by all voice-band circuits, as it is the means by which The ratio in dB of the power of a signal at that point to the power the same
subscriber locations are connected to the local telephone company signal would be at 0 dBm transmission level point.

Local Subscriber Loop Transmission Level

The primary cause of attenuation and phase distortion on a telephone circuit. (TL)

Two components found on local loops: The reference for TLP.

Loading Coils 0 dBm

Bridge Taps A parameter equivalent to TLP except it is used as a reference for data
transmission.
The largest cable used in a local loop, usually 3600 pair of copper wire placed
underground or in conduit. Data Level Pint

Feeder Cable (F1) (DLP)

A cross-connect point used to distribute the larger feeder cable into smaller dBm reference to a zero transmission level point.
distribution cables.
dBmO
Serving Area Interface
dB reference value for noise reading.
A smaller version of a feeder cable containing less wire pairs.
reference noise (rn)
Distribution Cable
dB level of noise with respect to reference noise (- 90 dBm).
A device that serves as the demarcation point between local telephone
company responsibility and subscriber responsibility for telephone service. dBrn

Subscriber or Standard Similar to dBrn except it is the dB value of noise with respect to reference noise
using C-message weighting
Network Interface (SNI)
dBrnc
The final length of cable pair that terminates at the SNI.
Noise readings taken with a filter that has a flat frequency response from 30 Hz
Drop Wire to 3 kHz

That portion of the local loop that is strung between poles. dBrn 3 kHz Flat

Aerial The amount of noise in dBrnc corrected to a 0 TLP

The location where individual cable pairs within a distribution cable are dBrncO
separated and extended to the subscriber's location on a drop wire.
Identify when transitions occur in the data and whether that transition is from a
Distribution Cable and Drop Wire Cross Connect Point 1 to a 0 or vice versa.

Adding inductors periodically in series with the wire. Three-Bit Code

Loading Transmission parameters which include terminal impedance, in band and out of
band signal power, test signal power and ground isolation.
The inductor in loading technique.
Interface Parameters
Loading Coil

An irregularity frequently found in cables serving subscriber location.

 Transmission parameters which includes noise measurements, frequency The difference in phase shifts with respect to frequency that signals experience
distortion, phase distortion, amplitude distortion and non linear distortion. as they propagate through a transmission medium.

Facility Parameters Delay Distortion

The difference in circuit gain experienced at a particular frequency with respect The time delay encountered by a signal as it propagates from source to a
to the circuit gain of a reference frequency. destination.

Another names attenuation distortion: Propagation Time

Frequency Response, The delay measured in angular units.

Differential Gain Phase Delay

1004-Hz Deviation The actual time required for a particular frequency to propagate from a source
to a destination through a communications channel.
Attenuation
Absolute Phase Delay
Distortion
The time required to propagate a change in an AM envelope through a
An indirect method of evaluating the phase delay characteristics of a circuit. transmission medium.
Envelope Delay Distortion Envelope Delay
It satisfies the minimum line conditioning requirements The phase difference at the different carrier frequencies.
Basic Voice-Band Channel Envelope Delay Distortion
Another name for basic voice-band. It sets the minimum requirements for signal to noise ratio and nonlinear
distortion.
Basic 3002 Channel
D-Type Line Conditioning
Specifies the maximum limits for attenuation distortion and envelope delay
distortion. The data transmission rate when D type conditioning is mandatory.
Classifications of C-type: 9600 bps
C1 Telephone industry standard test tone frequency
C2 1004 Hz
C3 Measurement that determine the average weighted rms noise power.
C4 C-message Noise Measurement
C5 A communications term that indicates the presence of a signal power
comparable to the power of an actual message transmission.
C-type Conditioning
Loaded
Classification of C-type conditioning pertains to two point and multi point
circuits. Characterized by high amplitude peaks of short duration having an approximate
flat frequency spectrum
C1 and C2
Impulse Noise
C-type conditioning used for access lines and trunk circuits associated with
private switched networks. A sudden, random change in the gain of a circuit resulting in a temporary
change in the signal level.
C3
Gain Hit
C-type conditioning pertains to two point and multi point circuits with a
maximum of four stations A decrease in circuit gain of more than 12 dB lasting longer than 4 ms.
C4 Dropout
C-type conditioning pertains to two point circuits only A sudden, random changes in the phase of a signal.
C5 Phase Hits (Slips)
A relatively low-capacity switching machine where the subscribers are generally A form of incidental phase modulation a continuous, uncontrolled variation in
limited to stations within the same building or building complex. the zero crossings of a signal.
Private Branch Exchange Phase Jitter
(PBX) The presence of one or more continuous, unwanted tones within a message
channel.
The frequency response of a transmission medium referenced to 1004 Hz test
tone. Single Frequency Interference
Attenuation Distortion Unwanted tones within a message channel.
A requirement for error free data transmission. Spurious Tones
Linear Phase vs. Frequency
The frequency of the signal changes during transmission.

Frequency Shift

It occurs in coherent SSBSC systems when the received carrier is not reinserted
with the exact phase relationship to the received signal as the transmit carrier
possessed.

Phase Intercept Distortion

It occurs in coherent SSBSC systems when the received carrier is not reinserted
with the exact phase relationship to the received signal as the transmit carrier
possessed.

Phase Intercept Distortion

A four wire circuit an interface.

Hybrid Set

Another name for hybrid set.

Terminating Set

Any disturbance created in a communications channel by signals in other

communications channels.

Crosstalk

Annoying and objectionable because the listener senses a real or fancied loss of
privacy

Intelligible crosstalk

It does not violate privacy, although it can still be annoying.

Unintelligible crosstalk

A direct result of nonlinear amplification in analog communications system.

Nonlinear Crosstalk

Electromagnetic coupling between two or more physically isolated transmission

media.

Coupling Crosstalk

Interference caused by inadequate control of the transfer characteristics or

transmittance of networks.

Transmittance Crosstalk

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