MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

ON

EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE &

COARSE AGGREGATES BY WASTE GLASS & WASTE
CERAMIC TILES

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

OF

Er. ARUN GOYAL (HOD, CIVIL DEPTT.)

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

PROF. ARUN GOYAL CHANDER PRAKASH (BT301582)

HOD, CIVIL DEPTT. ANOOP KUMAR (BT301579)

ANKUSH THAKUR (BT301578)

SURYAKANT NEGI (BT301630)

JOMDE BOGO (BTL4010097)

MEENAKSHI THAKUR (BT301587)

NIRMLA DEVI (BT301613)

RAHUL KUMAR (BT301620)

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certified that major project entitled Effect of Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate &
Coarse Aggregate by Waste Glass and Waste Ceramic Tiles embodies the original work carried
out by Ms. Meenakshi Thakur, Nirmla Devi, Jomde Bogo, Chander Prakash, Rahul Kumar, Anoop
Kumar, Ankush Thakur and Suryakant Negi, B.Tech Civil (VIII Semester) under my supervision and
guidance. It is being submitted by them in partial fulfilment for the requirement of Bachelors
Degree in Engineering and Technology of this institute.

I wish them all success in future endeavour.

(Prof. Arun Goyal)

Supervisor

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We owe many thanks to many people who helped and supported us during this project.

We are grateful to our Supervisor Prof. Arun Goyal for his guidance and overall supervision. He
had go through the project and made necessary corrections when needed.

We express our special thanks to Dr. Gulshan Kumar, Director Of Himalayan Institute of
Engineering and Technology Kala-Amb for extending his support.

Our deepest gratitude to all the staff, lab assistants and teachers for their support and informatory
guidance.

Last but not least, this work would have certainly been a distant reality without the moral and
financial support of our families.

@H.I.E.T KALA-AMB, SIRMOUR (H.P) iii

 ABSTRACT
As we probably aware India is a creating nation, subsequently there are different businesses like
development enterprises, generation ventures and so on. This business creates an enormous measure
of waste material. These squanders from the businesses is should have been securely arranged off in
landfills or should have been reused or reused. The protected transfer of these squanders is a major
issue nowadays and a portion of the waste from these ventures can't be reused or reused (like waste
glass, squander earthenware tiles and so on.). Henceforth, this waste ought to be used at an
appropriate place or work.

In this venture, we are using the Waste Glass (WG) and Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) in the creation
of M30 review concrete. The Waste Glass (WG) and Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) are utilized as
building material by supplanting (by some %age) the regular sand and totals separately.

An exploratory examination was completed on concrete containing waste glass and waste ceramic
tiles in the range 0%, 25%, half and 75% by weight of natural aggregate for M30 review concrete.
Concrete was tried for workability, compressive strength and split tensile strength. These tests were
done on standard specimens for 7 and 28 days to decide the properties of concrete. In this venture,
we likewise analyzed the quality (compressive and split tensile strength) of the regular concrete to
the concrete with replacement of sand and aggregates. The point of this venture is successful usage
of Waste Glass (WG) and Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) as fine total and coarse totals will transform
this waste material into an important asset and to know the conduct and mechanical properties of the
solid for its eco-accommodating and practical utilize.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Content Page no.

Certificate 1

Acknowledgement 2

Abstract 3

Table of Contents 4

Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Chapter-3
MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter-4
RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Chapter-5
CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
The word concrete has been derived from the Latin word concretus which means to
grow together. It is a rocklike material that is produced by mixing fine and coarse
aggregates. British Engineer John Smeaton made the first modern concrete in the year
1756.

Concrete is a very strong and versatile mouldable construction material. It consists of cement,
sand and aggregate (e.g., gravel or crushed rock) mixed with water. The cement and water
form a paste or gel which coats the sand and aggregate. When the cement has chemically
reacted with the water (hydrated), it hardens and binds the whole mix together. The initial
hardening reaction usually occurs within a few hours. It takes some weeks for concrete to
reach full hardness and strength. Concrete can continue to harden and gain strength over
many years.

Types of Concrete:-
There are various types of concrete used in construction projects. These are:-

1) Regular Concrete
2) High Strength Concrete
3) Self -Compacting Concrete
4) Reinforced Concrete

In this project, experimental investigation can be carried out on concrete to investigate the
effect of waste glass and waste ceramic tiles as partial replacement of fine aggregate and
coarse aggregate respectively on mechanical properties of concrete such as strength,
workability, etc. of ordinary concrete.

Concrete consists of cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates. In this project, we have
replaced fine aggregates and coarse aggregates by waste glass and waste ceramic tiles. We
have following constituents to make M30 concrete:-

A. Cement
B. Aggregates
C. Waste Glass (WG)
D. Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT)

These can be described as follow:-

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A. Cement:-
A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other
materials, binding them together. There are various types of cement used in construction
work:-

1. Rapid Hardening Cement

2. Quick setting cement
3. Low Heat Cement
4. High Alumina Cement
5. White Cement
6. Pozzoland Cement
7. Portland Cement

B. Aggregates:-
Fine Aggregates:-
The fractions ranging from 4.75mm to 150 micron are termed as fine aggregate. The river
sand as fine aggregate conforming to the requirements of IS:383 is used for the concrete mix.
Sand is screened to eliminate deleterious materials and over size particles.
Coarse Aggregates:-
The fraction ranging from 20mm to 4.75mm are used as coarse aggregate. The coarse
aggregates from crushed basalt rock, conforming to IS:383 is being used.

C. Waste Glass(WG):-
Glass is a transparent material produced by melting a mixture of materials such as silica ,
soda ash and CaCO3 at high temperature followed by cooling where solidification occurs
without crystallization. Glass is widely used in our lives through manufactured products such
as sheet glass, bottles, glassware and vacuum tubing. Glass is an ideal material for recycling.
The use of recycling glass saves lot of energy and the increasing awareness of glass recycling
speeds up focus on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its
significant contributions is the construction field where the waste glass was reused for
concrete production. The application of glass in architectural concrete still needs
improvement. Several study have shown that waste glass that is crushed and screened is a
strong, safe and economical alternative to sand used in concrete. During the last decade, it has
been recognized that sheet glass waste is of large volume and is increasing year by year in the
shops, construction areas and factories.

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Using waste glass in the concrete construction sector is advantageous as the production cost
of concrete will go down. The amount of waste glass is gradually increased over the years
due to an ever-growing use to glass products. Most of the waste glasses have been dumped
into landfill sites. The land filling of waste glasses is undesirable because they are not
biodegradable which makes them environmentally less friendly. Crushed glass if properly
sized and processed, can exhibit characteristics similar to that of gravel or sand.

Chemical composition of cement is shown in the table1:-

Table 1. Chemical Composition of Glass

Oxides SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO Na2O K2O

%age 70.4 1.9 1.2 10.3 14.0 0.4

P ICTURE 1:- P ICTURE SHOWS THE WASTE GLASS P OWDER (WG)

D. Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT):-

Tiles are a mixture of clays that are pressed into shape and fired at high temperatures which
gives the hardness. Ceramic tile aggregates are hard having considerable value of specific
gravity.

CHAPTER-2

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

TOMAS U. GANIRON JR (2013) This experiment study aimed to design a concrete with
recycled bottles as an alternative fine aggregates for housing projects that will meet the
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) requirements in order to help contribute
to the industry in saving the experiment , to encourage the government to find solutions
regarding the disposal to landfills of waste materials and provide new knowledge to the
contractors and developers on how to improve the construction industry methods and services
by using recycled bottles, and to sustain good product performance and meet recycling goals.
A conventional concrete products was compared to concrete with recycled bottles of the same
properties. Observations from the tests performed were conducted in the laboratory where
precise data were gathered and completely attained.

Ankita V. Ahire1, Leena D. Pawar2, Ravindra N. Patil3 (2016) From the last few years
various researchers had done work in concreting and invent various techniques and methods
to produce concrete which has desired properties. Concrete is one of the most vital material
used in the construction field. The current area of research in the concrete was introducing
waste foundry sand (WSF) and waste ceramic tiles in the ordinary concrete. Waste foundry
sand is the byproduct of metal casting industries, which causes environmental problems
because of its improper disposal. Construction industries requires huge amount of ceramic
tiles and others ceramic for architectural appearance, the production of which are drastically
increased, due to this waste is also produce during handling and usage of ceramic tiles. Thus,
its usage in building material, construction and in other fields is essential for reduction of
environmental problem. This research was carried out to produce an eco-friendly concrete.
This paper recommends the effective use of waste foundry sand as partial replacement for
fine aggregate and waste ceramic tiles as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in
concrete. Ingredients for concrete are cement, coarse aggregate, waste ceramic tiles, fine
aggregate and waste foundry sand. An experimental investigation was carried out on concrete
containing waste foundry sand and waste ceramic tiles in the range 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and
40% by weight for M25 grade concrete. Concrete was produced, tested and compared with
conventional concrete in plastic state as well as in harden state for workability, compressive
strength & split strength. These tests were carried out on standard cube, cylinder for 7 and 28

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days to determine the properties of concrete. The aim of this research was to know the
behaviour and mechanical properties of concrete for its eco-friendly and economical use.

S.P. Gautam, Vikas Srivastava and V.C. Agarwal (November 2012) Glass is widely used
in our lives through manufactured products such as sheet glass, bottles, glassware, and
vacuum tubing. Glass is an ideal material for recycling. The use of recycled glass helps in
energy saving. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up inspections on the use
of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its significant contributions is to
the construction field where the waste glass was reused for concrete production. The
application of glass in architectural concrete still needs improvement. Laboratory
experiments were conducted to further explore the use of waste glass as coarse and fine
aggregates for both ASR (Alkali-Silica-Reaction) alleviation as well as the decorative
purpose in concrete. The study indicated that waste glass can effectively be used as fine
aggregate replacement (up to 40%) without substantial change in strength.

K.Rubini, Liya Sara Joy, Sanjana (March 2016) The experimental study reported in this
paper deals with the performance of concrete containing crushed glass material as partial
substitution for natural sand. In this project, natural sand is partially replaced by 5%, 8%,
10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of crushed glass material. The compression tests and split tensile
tests are carried out on cubes and cylinders of conventional cement concrete and designed
concrete for 7, 14 and 28 days. The results for designed concrete and conventional concrete
are obtained and compared to determine the optimum value for the replacement of natural
sand in cement concrete. This experimental study deals with prevention of environmental
degradation, economic profits, development in strength and also enhances durability
characteristics. As a sustainable solution to glass storage, its a potential way to reuse the
glass in concrete.

Punit Malik, Jatin Malhotra, Arjun Verma, Piyush bhardwaj , Akhil Dhoundiyal and
Nitin Yadav (2014) Due to the increasing demand of construction material and degradation
of environment, there is need to explore alternative construction material from industrial as
well as household waste and recyclable materials. Ceramic tiles are often dumped as waste
material after it becomes useless. But it can e recycled and can be used as a construction

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material in present world which is seeking for alternative construction materials which are
economical, environment friendly as well as provides same quality as that of a normal
aggregate made of stones. The main objective is to encourage the use of these seemingly
waste products as construction materials in low-cost housing. It is also expected to serve the
purpose of encouraging housing developers in investing these materials in house
construction. A simple method of concrete mix design based on compressive strength of
normal weight and crushed coconut shell aggregate concrete mixes is described in this paper.

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 CHAPTER-3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this project, the building materials and process used for the production of M30 grade
concrete are discussed below:-

Building materials:-
A. Cement

In this project, we have used Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade was used. Its specific
gravity is 3.15. In this work, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of Birla (43 grade) brand
obtained from a single batches was used. The cement satisfies the requirement of IS: 8112-
1989. The specific gravity was 2.96 and fineness was 2800 cm2/g. (as reference to J. Acad.
Indus. Res. Vol. 1(6) November 2012).

B. Aggregates:-
Aggregates are classified in two categories as follow :

Fine Aggregates:-
The fractions ranging from 4.75mm to 150 micron are termed as fine aggregate. The river
sand as fine aggregate conforming to the requirements of IS:383 is used for the concrete mix.
Sand is screened to eliminate deleterious materials and over size particles.
Coarse Aggregates:-
The fraction ranging from 20mm to 4.75mm are used as coarse aggregate. The coarse
aggregates from crushed basalt rock, conforming to IS:383 is being used.
The physical properties of aggregates are shown in table 2 below:-

P ICTURE 2:- P ICTURE SHOWS THE COARSE AGGREGATES

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The physical properties of aggregates as tabulated in the table2 below:-

Table 2. Physical Properties of Aggregates

Sr. No. Properties Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate

1. Specific Gravity 2.605 2.882

2. Water Absorption (%) 1.23 0.93

3. Moisture content (%)

C. Waste Glass Powder:-

Glass is widely used in our lives through manufactured products such as sheet glass, bottles,
glassware, and vacuum tubing. Glass is an ideal material for recycling. The use of recycled
glass helps in energy saving. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up
inspections on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its
significant contributions is to the construction field where the waste glass was reused for
concrete production. The study indicated that waste glass can effectively be used as fine
aggregate replacement without substantial change in strength. The chemical composition of
glass is shown in table 3 below:-

Table 3. Chemical Composition of Glass

Oxides SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO Na2O K2O

%age 70.4 1.9 1.2 10.3 14.0 0.4

P ICTURE 3:- P ICTURE SHOWS THE SIEVED WASTE GLASS P OWDER (WG)

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D. Waste Ceramic Tiles:-
Tiles are a mixture of clays that are pressed into shape and fired at high temperatures which
gives the hardness. Ceramic tile aggregates are hard having considerable value of specific
gravity. In this project, we have used the Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) of company named
Ramco Vertified Tiles certified to ISO 9001: 2008.
The picture of Waste Ceramic Tiles and its company used in this project is shown in the
picture 4 below:-

P ICTURE 4:- P ICTURE SHOWS THE WASTE CERAMIC TILES (WCT)

Mix Design Process:-

Mix design is a process of selecting suitable ingredients for concrete and determining their
proportions which would produce as economically as possible, a concrete that satisfies the
job requirements. In pursuit of the goal of obtaining concrete with desired performance
characteristics, the selection of component materials is the first step, the next step is a process
called mix design by which one arrives at the right combination of the ingredients. The mix
proportion was modified by replacing fine aggregate by waste glass (WG) and coarse
aggregate by waste ceramic tiles (WCT) in the range of 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%. Mix design
was carried out manually conforming to IS10262:2009.

Concrete mix proportion for M30 grade concrete is tabulated in the table 4 below:-

Table4. Concrete Mix Proportion (M30)

Water (Lit.) Cement (kg/m3) Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)

160 380 712 1285

0.42 1 1.89 3.38

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Modified mixed proportion after replacement of Fine Aggregates by Waste Glass (WG) and
Coarse Aggregates by Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) is shown in the table 5 below:-

Table5. Modified Mix Proportion for Replacement of Fine Aggregate by WG and Coarse
Aggregate by WCT

Sr. No. Coding % Concrete mix design proportion

replacement
w/c C FA CA WG WCT
ratio

1 A 0 0.42 1 1.89 3.38 0 0

2 B 25 0.42 1 1.4175 2.535 0.4725 0.815

3 C 50 0.42 1 0.945 1.69 0.945 1.69

4 D 75 0.42 1 0.4725 0.815 1.4175 2.535

C = Cement, FA= Fine Aggregates, CA= Coarse Aggregate, WG= Waste Glass, WCT=
Waste Ceramic Tiles

Mixing of the building materials:-

All the building materials are mixed according to the design mix calculated for this project.

The mixture is made up for individual specimens. All the building materials are hand mixed
(according to the proportion as per the design mix). No mechanical mixture is used for the
mixing of the materials.

P ICTURE 5:- P ICTURE SHOWS THE HAND MIXING OF THE BUILDING MATERIALS

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 Casting of the mixture:-
After preparing the mixture as per the design mix, the mixture is casted into the specimen
moulds (oiled internally) in three layers. The each layer is tampered by the tampering rod
about 25 times.

P ICTURE 6:- P ICTURE SHOWS THE CASTING AND TEMPERING OF THE MATERIAL IN THE
MOULD

P ICTURE 7:- P ICTURE SHOWS THE CASTEDD SPECIMEN IN THE MOULDS

Curing of the concrete specimen:-

After casting the mixture into the moulds, they are kept for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the
partially harden specimens are carefully removed from the moulds and kept in fresh water for
the curing.

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 P ICTURE 8:- P ICTURE SHOWS THE REMOVING AND CURING OF THE SPECIMEN

Testing of the specimens:-

The specimens were removed from the water before testing (near about two hours) and kept
in sunlight for two hours to gain strength. The cubes (150mm X 150mm X 150mm) were
tested on the compression testing machine for compressive strength test and cylindrical
specimen (150mm X 300mm) were tested on split tensile testing machine for split tensile
strength.

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CHAPTER-4 RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Keeping in mind the gap in research area, the objective of this study was to determine the
strength of concrete containing Waste Glass (WG) as partial replacement of fine aggregates
and Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) as partial replacement of coarse aggregates. For this
purpose, different tests on harden concrete were conducted at the age of 7 and 28 days like
compressive strength on 150mm X 150mm X 150mm size cube and splitting tensile strength
on 150mm X 300mm size cylinder. The cubic and cylindrical specimens are shown in picture

PICTURE 9:- PICTURE SHOWS THE CASTED CUBIC SPECIMEN AND HARDEN
CYINDERICAL SPECIMEN

In this project, total 16 number of specimen were tested. Results for the compressive strength
and split tensile strength are tabulated as below:-

A. Compressive strength:-
Compressive strength tests were performed on cube samples of size 150mm X 150mm X
150mm using compression testing machine. The samples were tested with compressive
strength values tabulated in table6 below:

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 PICTURE10:- PICTURE SHOWS THE SPECIMEN AT COMPRESSION TEST MACHINE

Table-6:- Compressive Strength Test Results

Ultimate Compressive Strength

Sr. %
No. replacement Designation At 7 Days At 28 Days
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

1 0 A

2 25 B

3 50 C

4 75 D

B. Splitting Tensile Strength:-

Splitting tensile strength tests were performed on flexural testing macine using cylindrical
samples of size 150mm X 300mm. The samples were tested with the tensile strength values
tabulated in table7 below:-

Table-7: Splitting Tensile Strength Test Results

Sr. No. % Tensile Strength

replacement Designation At 7 Days At 28 Days
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

1 0 A

2 25 B

3 50 C

4 75 D

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PICTURE11:- PICTURE SHOWS SPECIMEN AT SPLITTING TENSILE TEST MACHINE

C. Workability :-

Workability is most important regarding the flow of concrete. As coarse aggregates are
replaced by Waste Ceramic Tiles (WCT) absorbs water because of pours surface. Waste
Ceramic Tiles (WCT) gives an advantage here due to its one polished surface and hence
absorbs less water content as compared to coarse aggregates therefore provide more workable
concrete.

Results of workability test is tabulated in the table8 below:-

Table-8 : Workability of concrete at conventional and replaced stages

Sr. % Water added W/C ratio Slump Degree

No. Replacement of
Workability

1 0

2 25

3 50

4 75

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CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION
Depending upon the results and methodology adopted, following conclusion were made
regarding

Properties of concrete using Waste Glass (WC) and Waste Ceramic Tiles.

It is also found that split tensile strength increases with the increase in percentage of
waste glass and ceramic tiles.
As Waste Glass is waste from the industries, construction sites and other places and waste
ceramic tiles is a waste from construction industries, therefore, both can be effectively
used in concrete mix. Hence its an eco-friendly construction material.
By using the waste glass and waste ceramic tiles, problems like safely disposal are
reduced.
The use of powdered waste glass as an alternative of fine aggregates for concrete mix
decreases the water-cement ratio depending on the amount present in the mixure.
The use of waste glass powder as fine aggregate decreases the unit weight of concrete.
The use waste glass powder as an alternative for the fine aggregates is not recommended
for the structural members such as columns, beams and suspended slabs.
The use of waste glass as an alternative of fine aggregates decreases the amount of
material cost for concrete.
It is found that compressive strength of concrete mix increase with the increase in
percentage of waste glass and waste ceramic tiles as compared to regular concrete.
Workability of concrete mix also increases with the increase in percentage of waste glass
and waste ceramic tiles as compared to regular concrete.

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 REFERENCES
1) International Joural of Advanced Science and Technology, Vol. 61;(2013), pp.17-28
2) International Journal of Current Trends in Engineering & Research (IJCTER), Volume
02, Issue 03, March 2016, pp. 96-102, Mechanical Properties of Concrete Incorporating
waste Ceramic Tiles.
3) Punit Malik, Jatin Malhotra, Arjun Verma, Piyush Bhardwaj, Akhil Dhoundiyal and Nitin
Yadav , Mix Design for Concrete with Crushed Ceramic Tiles as Coarse Aggregates.
4) Hemanth Kumar, Anand Ramakrishna, Sateesh Babu, Guravaiah, Naveen, Jani, Effects
of Waste Ceramic Tiles in Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates of Concrete,
International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology.
5) IS:456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice.
6) IS:516-1959 Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete.
7) IS:2386 (Part 1,2,3&4) -1963- Methods of testing of Aggregates for Concrete.
8) IS:1199-1959 Method of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete.
9) IS:7320-1974 Specification for Concrete Slump test apparatus.
10) IS:5816-1970 Method of test for split tensile strength of concrete cylinders.
11) IS:579-1959 Method for strength of concrete.
12) IS:10262-2009 Recommended guidelines for mix design.
13) IS:383-1970 Indian Standard Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural
sources for concrete.
14) J. Acad. Indus. Res. Vol. 1(6) November 2012, Use of glass wastes as fine aggregate in
Concrete.
15) Egosi, N.G. 1992. Mixed broken glass processing solutions. In Proc. Utilization of waste
materials in civil engineering construction conf., USA. p.14.
16) T.U. Ganiron Jr, Recycled Window Glass for Non-Load Bearing Walls, International
Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, vl. 3, no. 6, pp. 725-730,(2012)
December.
17) K.Rubini, Liya Sara Joy, Sanjana; International Journal of Engineering and Technical
Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-3, March 2016,
An Experimental Study on Crushed Glass Material for the Partial Replacement of
Natural Sand in Concrete.

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