Isaiah 41:10
So do not fear, for I am with you; do not
NURSING FACTS IN BRIEF
Communicable Diseases 2
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IS THE THIRD LEADING
CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE WORLD, CANCER IS 2ND
AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IS THE 1ST
The Chain of Infection is composed of
1. Pathogen or causative agent
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of exit
4. Mode of transmission - weakest link
5. Portal of entry
6. Susceptible host
Incidence - the number of people in a population
who develop a disease during a particular time
period
Prevalence - the number of people in a population
who develop a disease, regardless of when it
appeared refers to both old and new cases
Based on Behavior within host
Infectious Disease - Any disease caused by
invasion and multiplication of microorganisms
Contagious Disease - disease that easily
spreads from one person to another
Based on Occurrence of Disease
Sporadic Disease - disease occurs only
occasionally i.e. botulism, tetanus
Endemic Disease - constantly present in a
population, country or community i.e.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Epidemic Disease - acquire disease in a
relatively short perio greater than normal
number of cases in an area within a short
period of time
Pandemic Disease - epidemic disease that
occurs world i.e. HIV infection i.e. drugs,
radiation, steroids, DM, AIDS
IMMUNITY - The human body has the ability to
resist almost all types of organisms or toxins
that tend to damage the tissues and organs.
This is called immunity
IMMUNIZATION AND VACCINES - Process
inducing immunity artificially by either
vaccination (active) or administration of
antibody (passive)
a. Active : stimulates the immune system to
produce antibodies, cellular immune responses
to protect against infectious agent
b. Passive : provides temporary protection
through administration of exogenous antibody
EXPANDED PROGRAM OF IMMUNIZATION
A fully immunized child under EPI (before 12 months of
age)
1. 1 BCG at birth or before 12 months
2. 3 DPT and 3OPV > 6weeks old, 4 weeks apart
3. 3 Hepa B >6 weeks old, 4 weeks apart
Universal Precautions - Stress that all patients
should be assumed to be infectious for blood-borne
diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis B.
DR. CARL E. BALITA REVIEW CENTER TEL. NO. 735-4098/410-0250
be dismayed, for I am your God. I will
strengthen you and help you; I will
uphold you with my righteous right hand.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
a.caused by dengue virus (Flaviviridae) with 4
serotypes
b. transmitted to a bite of female aedes aegypti
mosquito
c. incubation period 2-7 days
Classification of Dengue Fever according to severity
a. Grade I Dengue fever, saddleback fever plus
constitutional signs and symptoms plus positive
tornique test
b. Grade II Stage I plus spontaneous bleeding,
epistaxis, GI, cutaneous bleeding
c. Grade III Dengue Shock Syndrome, all of the
following signs and symptoms plus evidence of
circulatory failure
d. Grade IV Grade III plus irreversible shock and
massive bleeding
e. Diagnostics
a. Tournique test or Rumpel Leede Test presumptive
test for capillary fragility keep cuff inflated for 6-
10 mins (child), 10-15 min (adults) count the
petechiae formation 1 sq inch (>10-15 petechiae/sq
inch)
b. Platelet count, hematocrit
c. Bleeding parameters
FILARIASIS - Caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and
Bulgaria malayi
a. Transmitted to the bite of infected
female mosquito (Aedes, Anopheles,
Mansonia)
b. The larvae are carried in the blood
stream and lodged in lymphatic vessels
and lymph glands where they mature in
adult form Specific Therapy
c. Dietylcarbamazine (DEC) 6mg/KBW in
divided doses for 12 consecutive days
Leptosiprosis (Weils disease)
a. a zoonotic systemic infection caused by
Leptospires, that penetrate intact and
abraded skin through exposure to water,
wet soil contaminated with urine of
infected animals. Characterized by
conjunctival suffusion, calf tenderness and
urine output of oliguria or anuria
b. LAAT (Leptospira Agglutination Test)
Diagnostic test
c. Penicillin IV is the drug of choice
MALARIAKing of the Tropical Disease
a. transmitted through the bite of female
anopheles mosquito
b. Infective stage of Mosquito is sporozoites
c. the infective stage of humans taken up by
biting mosquito is gametes
d. Plasmodium Falciparum the most common
in the Philippines, causes cerebral malaria
e. The safest drug that can be given in
pregnant women is CHLOROQUINE
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 MENINGOCOCCEMIA
a. caused by Neisseria meningitides, a gram negative
diplococcus
b. pathognomonic sign is violaceous or purpuric rashes
on extremities
c. Drug of choice is penicillin
d. Chemoprophylaxis
a. Rifampicin 300-600mg q 12hrs x 4 doses
b. Ofloxacin 400mg single dose
c. Ceftriaxone 125-250mg IM single dose
TETANUS
a. caused by Clostridium tetani, grows anaeronically
b. Clinical manifestation: (trismus or lockjaw), Risus
sardonicus, Abdominal rigidity, muscle spasm
c. Treatment: tet.toxoid, ats, penicillin
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
a. caused by blood flukes, Schistosoma ( S.
haematobium, S. Mansoni, S. japonicum, common in
phils)
b. Intermediate host, Oncomelania Quadrasi
c. DIAGNOSIS, katokatz, COPT
d. Management, praziquantrel
TYPHOID FEVER
a. MOT: oral fecal route
b. S/sx: Rose spot (abdominal rashes), more than 7days
Step ladder fever 40-41 deg, headache, abdominal
pain, constipation (adults), mild diarrhea (children)
c. Mgmt: Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin,
Sulfonamides, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone
Hepatitis
a. Hepa A fecal oral route, infectious hepatitis,
(Anti HAVIgM)
b. Hepa B body fluids, serum hepatitis, causes
liver cancer and liver cirrhosis
c. Hepa C post transfusion hepatitis, (HBsag)
d. Hepa D dormant type hepatitis, always with
hepatitis B
e. Hepa E fecal oral route, fatal and common
among pregnant women
STD
f. Hepa G common in dialysis patients
Diptheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae, gram (+),
slender, curved clubbed organism Klebs-Loeffler
Bacillus
a. Pathognomonic sign, pseudomembrane and
Bullneck
b. Treatment is penicillin and diphtheria antitoxin
Whooping Cough, 100 day fever
Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis,
B. bronchiseptica, gram (-)
a. Treatment, erythromycin or ampicillin
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS, The worlds deadliest
disease and remains as a major public health problem.
a. S/sx: Wt lossnight sweatslow fever,non
productive to productive cough, anorexia
b. PPD ID, 48-72 hrs, skin becomes indurated >
10 mm is (+)
c. Treated with 6 months( 2 months intensive
phase and 4 months maintenance phase)
d. MDT side effects
r-orange urine
i-neuritis and hepatitis
p-hyperuricemia
e-impairment of vision
s-8th cranial nerve damage
Amoebiasis Entamoeba Hystolitica, protozoa,
a. s/sx: Blood streaked, watery mucoid diarrhea,
foul smelling,
b. Medical treatment, Metronidazole
trichomonocide and amoebicide for intestinal
and extra intestinal sites (monitor liver function
test)
DR. CARL E. BALITA REVIEW CENTER TEL. NO. 735-4098/410-0250
a. Shigellosis Shiga bacillus: dysenteriae (fatal),
flexneri (Philippines), boydii, sonnei; gram (-)
a. S/sx: diarrhea is watery to bloody with pus,
tenesmus
b. Mgmt: Oresol, Ampicillin, Trimethoprim-
Sulfamethoxazole, Chloramphenicol,
Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin
Cholera Vibrio coma (inaba, ogawa, hikojima), vibrio
cholerae, vibrio el tor; gram (-)
a. S/sx: Rice watery stool with flecks of mucus, s/sx
of severe dehydration ie Washerwomans skin, Dx:
stool
b. mgmt: IV fluids, Tetracycline, Doxycycline,
Erythromycin, Quinolones, Furazolidone and
Sulfonamides (children)
Hookworm (Roundworm) Necator Americanus,
Ancylostoma Duodenale
a. Mgmt: Pyrantel Pamoate and Mebendazole
Paragonimiasis Closely resembles PTB, Paragonimiasis
AKA: Lung fluke disease
b. causative agent: paragonimus westermani;
Trematode Eating raw or partially cooked fish or
freshwater crabs
c. Treatment Praziquantrel (biltrizide)
Ascariasis
Medical Management
a. Mebendazole (antihelmintic) effect occurs by
blocking the glucose uptake of the organisms,
reducing the energy until death
b. Pyrantel pamoate: neuromuscular blocking effect
which paralyze the helminth, allowing it to be
expelled in the feces
Tapeworm (Flatworms) Taenia Saginata (cattle), Taenia
Solium (pigs)
a. Mgmt: Praziquantel, Niclosamide
Pinworm Enterobius Vermicularis
a. Dx: tape test at night time (agents release their
eggs during night time)flashlight
b. Mgmt: Pyrantel Pamoate, Mebendazole
Gonorrhea, Morning drop, Clap, JackNeisseria
gonorrheae, gram (+)
a. Yellowish discharge on the urethra, assymptomatic
in females
b. Treatment single dose Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 125
mg IM or Ofloxacin (Floxin) 400 mg orally
Syphilis Treponema pallidum, spirochete
a. manifested by chancre, bubo, gumma,
treated by single dose of IM Pen G
Herpes Genitalis caused by HSV 2
a. S/sx: Painful sexual intercourse, Painful vesicles
(cervix, vagina, perineum, glans penis)
b. Mgmt: Anti viral - acyclovir (zovirax)
Genital Warts, Condyloma Acuminatum HPV type 6 &
11, papilloma virus (causes cervical ca)
a. S/sx: Single or multiple soft, fleshy painless growth
of the vulva, vagina, cervix, urethra, or anal area,
Vaginal bleeding, discharge, odor and dyspareunia
b. Mgmt: Laser treatment is more effective
Candidiasis, Moniliasis Candida Albicans, Yeast or fungus
a. S/sx: Cheesy white discharge, Extreme itchiness
HIV and AIDS Retrovirus (HIV1 & HIV2)
a. Attacks and kills CD4+ lymphocytes (T-helper)
b. How to Diagnose
HIV+ 2 consecutive positive ELISA and 1
positive Western Blot Test
AIDS+ = HIV+ CD4+ count below 500/ml
plus opportunistic infection
Full blown AIDS - CD4 is less than 200/ml
plus opportunistic infection
c. Treatment Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART)
ziduvirine (AZT)
"Believe that life is worth living and your belief will
help create the fact."
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