Methods of communication:Face to face-Signals-Written word (letters)-Electrical

innovations:Telegraph-Telephone-Radio-Television-Internet (computer).

Communication Systems Basic components: Transmitter-Channel or medium-Receiver

Noise:degrades or interferes with transmitted information.

transmitter is a collection of electronic components and circuits that converts the electrical
signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a given medium.Transmitters are made up
of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency mixers, frequency
synthesizers, and other circuits.

communication channel is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place
to another.Electrical conductors-Optical media-Free space-System-specific media (e.g.,
water is the medium for sonar).

receiver is a collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts the transmitted
message from the channel and converts it back into a form understandable by humans.
Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, tuned circuits and filters, and a
demodulator or detector that recovers the original intelligence signal from the modulated
carrier.

transceiver is an electronic unit that incorporates circuits that both send and receive signals.

Telephones-Fax machines-Handheld CB radios-Cell phones-Computer modems.

Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all media of wireless transmission. It is

proportional to the square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver.

Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the communication system via
the communicating medium and interferes with the transmitted message.

Types of Electronic Communication:

One way :Simplex:The simplest method of electronic communication is referred to as

simplex. Examples :Radio-TV broadcasting-Beeper (personal receiver).

Full Duplex :Most electronic communication is two-way and is referred to as duplex.

telephone

Half Duplex The form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits at a time
is known as half duplex. Examples Police, military, etc. radio transmissions-Citizen band
(CB)-Family radio-Amateur radio

analog signal is a smoothly and continuously varying voltage or current. Examples Sine
wave-Voice-Video (TV)

Digital signals change in steps or in discrete increments. Most digital signals use binary or
two-state codes. Examples Telegraph (Morse code)-Continuous wave (CW) code-Serial
binary code (used in computers)
Modulation and multiplexing are electronic techniques for transmitting information
efficiently from one place to another.

Modulation makes the information signal more compatible with the medium.

Multiplexing allows more than one signal to be transmitted concurrently over a single
medium.

Baseband Transmission Baseband information can be sent directly and unmodified over the
medium or can be used to modulate a carrier for transmission over the medium. In
telephone or intercom systems, the voice is placed on the wires and transmitted.In some
computer networks, the digital signals are applied directly to coaxial or twisted-pair cables
for transmission.

Broadband Transmission A carrier is a high frequency signal that is modulated by audio,

video, or data.A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an electromagnetic signal that is able to travel
long distances through space. Frequency-shift keying (FSK) takes place when data is
converted to frequency-varying tones. modems (modulator-demodulator) translate the data
from digital to analog and back again.Demodulation or detection takes place in the receiver
when the original baseband (e.g. audio) signal is extracted.Multiplexing is the process of
allowing two or more signals to share the same medium or channel.Frequency division-Time
division-Code division.

Electromagnetic Spectrum: The range of electromagnetic signals encompassing all

frequencies

Frequency and Wavelength:Frequency A signal is located on the frequency spectrum

according to its frequency and wavelength.Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive
wave that occur in a given period of time.A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals,
current reversals, or electromagnetic field oscillations.Frequency is measured in cycles per
second (cps).The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).

Wavelength is the distance occupied by one cycle of a wave and is usually expressed in
meters.Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an electromagnetic wave during the time
of one cycle.The wavelength of a signal is represented by the Greek letter lambda ().

optical spectrum exists directly above the millimeter wave region. Infrared radiation is
produced by any physical equipment that generates heat, including our bodies.used:In
astronomy, to detect stars and other physical bodies in the universe,For guidance in
weapons systems, where the heat radiated from airplanes or missiles can be detected and
used to guide missiles to targets.In most new TV remote-control units, where special coded
signals are transmitted by an infrared LED to the TV receiver to change channels, set the
volume, and perform other functions. In some of the newer wireless LANs and all fiber-optic
communication.Visible spectrum Just above the infrared region is the visible spectrum we
refer to as light. Red is low-frequency or long-wavelength light.Violet is high-frequency or
short-wavelength light.Light waves very high frequency enables them to handle a
tremendous amount of information (the bandwidth of the baseband signals can be very
wide).Ultraviolet is not used for communication-Its primary use is medical.
Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal.

Channel bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies required to transmit the desired
information.