An alternator is an electric machine, capable of transforming
mechanical energy into electrical energy, generating an alternating current through electromagnetic induction. The alternators are based on the principle that a conductor subjected to a variable magnetic field creates an induced voltage whose polarity depends on the direction of the field and the value of the flux that passes through it. An alternating current alternator works by constantly changing the polarity so that there is movement and generate energy. In the world, alternators with a frequency of 50 Hz (Europe ...) or 60 Hz (Brazil, United States ...) are used, that is, it changes its polarity 50 or 60 times per second. If the alternator is used to supply power to the network, its rotation speed is kept constant and therefore the frequency f of the network. Its fundamental relationship is: 60 =
Where n represents the velocity in R.P.M. And p is the
number of pole pairs. Among the different types of synchronous generators there are three-phase types, which are the most common when it comes to generating electrical energy for home and industrial use What is an alternator for? What is the name of the alternator? What is the alternator used for? How does an alternator work? What are the parts that make up an alternator? Alternator: Generator of alternating electric current [they are called monophasic, biphasic, or trifasicos according to the number of phases of the current that provides] It converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. Both alternators and generators [dynamos] produce current, creating movement between a conductor and a magnetic field. The principles of electromagnetism, control and indicate, how, this energy is produced In an alternator, the rotor [which creates the magnetic field] rotates inside the stator [the conductor]. AC power. AC, is induced in the stator, then changed to direct current DC by a bridge of Diodes, to then supply the needs of the vehicle. The process of converting CA to DC is known as Rectification. The alternator operates according to the principle that electricity is generated in a wire, as long as it crosses a magnetic field.
The alternator has as field an electromagnet, excited by a
small amount of current from the accumulator [battery], which reaches the electromagnet by means of the collector rings, located on the arrow of the alternator.....
Fixed alternator coil [called stator] intercept the rotating
magnetic field, generated by the rotor, this interception, is intensified with a cylindrical core of laminated sweet iron. When the motor rotates the electromagnet, the field is intercepted with the outer wire frame, and the current flows through it, first in one direction and then in the other
1.-The diodes convert the AC to DC [AC = alternating current
- DC = direct or continuous current] 2. - Stator coils, where the current originates 3.-Stator Nucleus 4. - Rotor winding 5. - Rotor [magnetic field] 6.-Motor driven pulley with belt, [belt, belt] and fan to cool the alternator 7. - Structure [hull, housing] 8. - Collector rings, transmit current to coil, rotor, to keep it magnetized 9.-Brushes, [coals, brushes brushes], supply current to the collector rings At present, vehicles incorporate a large number of components that require electrical power and that if not for the current alternators, many of these systems could not function properly, having very demanding electrical stresses. The alternator consists of: Pulley: it is the one that receives the mechanical force coming from the thermal combustion engine through a belt, usually poly V. This pulley is attached to the axis of the alternator and it is in charge of moving the rotor that is in its interior and of moving also to the Fan that is located in the interior in the alternators of last generation. Rotor (inductor): is the moving part of the alternator, it is formed by an electromagnet that receives current from the regulator through a slip rings located on the shaft. This electromagnet produces a magnetic field, before which the coils of the stator (fixed part) react to produce the electric current. Regulator: it is in charge of maintaining a maximum output voltage of the alternator of 14.5 volts and regulate the amps that the battery needs. Stator (Induced): This is the fixed part on which the three-phase winding is located. It can be made up of a star or a triangle. Diode rectifier bridge: It is the element in charge of rectifying the alternator output current (since this is alternating) making it continuous and feasible for use in the car. How an alternator works When we put the contact in the vehicle, the rotor coil of the alternator is fed with current, and when it starts to turn, when starting the engine, begins to generate energy. Once the motor is started, the regulator feeds itself with the energy produced by the alternator itself. When this occurs, the instrument panel light goes out. If the light on the switch does not go off after starting the vehicle, it may indicate that there is no current output from the alternator. We must then check that the 12 volts of the battery arrive at the regulator input and that the diodes of the rectifier bridge are not cut, since in that case, the current of the rectifier bridge would not come out even if it generated it well. Likewise, the brushes of the slip rings could be worn and no current enters the inductor or (rotor). If the light flashes (it turns on and off quickly and irregularly), it is because there is a lack of load (fault in the regulator) or because we are getting alternating current (diodes drilled in the bridge rectifier). In modern vehicles that perform the regulation of the alternator by means of an electronic control unit, the light in the control box is switched on by the control of this control unit and diagnosis by traditional methods is not possible. In such a case we must resort to diagnosis to know exactly what is happening there, apart from the tests that we can perform on the alternator with the engine stopped and running, which does not offer us any modification with respect to any other type of alternator with integrated regulator
Types of alternators
For the selection of the alternator are determinants, mainly:
*Alternator voltage (14 V / 28 V). *The delivery of power (V x I) possible throughout the rev range. T*he maximum current According to this data the electrical dimensioning and the size required by the alternad Alternator characteristics
The current intensity which can be provided by an alternator
rotating at different revolutions to which it is subjected by the combustion engine is generally represented by means of characteristic curves which are dependent on the speed of rotation which are always referred to a defined temperature And a constant voltage. In these curves are highlighted some points that are of particular importance as to the characteristics of the alternator.
No: It is the speed of rotation (approx 1000 rpm) at which the
alternator reaches the nominal voltage without supplying current.
NL: Alternator rotation speed when the combustion engine
reaches the idle speed. In the diagram of the curve is represented as a zone, since the exact value depends on the ratio of reduction ratio fixed with respect to the combustion engine.
At this speed, the alternator must supply at least the current
necessary for long-time consumers. The corresponding value is indicated on the alternator type designation.
The speed (nL) is usually between 1500 and 1800 r.p.m.
Depending on the type of alternator.
IL: It is the intensity supplied by the alternator at idle.
NN: The rated speed of rotation, at which the alternator
delivers its nominal current, is set at nN = 6000 rpm. The rated current should be higher than that required by the combined power of all electrical consumers. This current is also indicated in the type designation.
IN: This is the nominal current supplied by the alternator at
the rated speed of rotation.
Nmax: This is the maximum rotational speed of the alternator
that is limited by bearings, brushes and collector rings, as well as by the fan. This speed according to the type of alternator used goes from 8000 r.p.m. (Industrial vehicles) up to 20,000 r.p.m. (Automobiles).
Imax: It is the intensity that the alternator provides at the
maximum rotation speed NA: It is the initial rotation speed. At this speed, the alternator starts delivering current when the speed of rotation is increased for the first time. The initial speed is higher than the idle speed. And depends on the pre-excitation power, the remanence of the rotor, the voltage of the battery and the speed of variation of the speed of rotation file:///C:/Users/Aretaga/Downloads/345345986- Autoevaluacion-1-1.pdf