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BASIC CONCEPT OF TRANSMISSION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Transmission may be defined as the electrical transfer of a signal, message, or other form of intelligence
from one location to another.
Transmission is responsible for the transport of the signal from user x to y. what we have been dealing
with so far is Base Band transmission. This type of Base Band signal is very similar to the 1s and 0s
transmitted electrically from a pc.
Base B and transmission can have severe distance limitations. We will that the signal can only be
transmitted so far before being corrupted one way or another. For example, a voice signal transmitted
from a standard telephone set over a fairly heavy copper wire pair may reach a distance subset ear piece
some 30km or less distant before losing all intelligibility. This is b/c the signal strength is so very low that
is becomes inaudible.
To overcome this distance limitation we may turn to carrier or radio transmission. Both transmission
types involve the generation and conditioning of a radio signal. Carrier transmission usually
Implies the use of a conductive medium such as wire pair, coaxial cable or fiber-optic cable to carry a
radio or light-derived signal. Radio transmission always implies radiation of the signal in the form of an
electromagnetic wave. We listen to the radio or watch television. These are a received and displayed or
hear as the result of the reception of radio signals.

1.2 BAND WIDTH

The usable frequency range of a connection
Frequencies b/n 300 and 3,400Hz; that is a band width of 3.1KHZ\
Ear can detect sound with frequencies in the interval 15 to(approximately)15,000HZ

1.3 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

The three most important media are:-
Copper
paired cable and coaxial cable
Optical fiber cable
Radio Waves
Radio link(Micro wave)
Satellite
1.4 CARRIERS
Carrier is used to transmit message over a distance by transmission media.
They carry waves
- Light wave
- Electromagnetic waves
1.5 MODULATION AND BASE BAND TRANSMISSION
>>Modulation
-Allowing the transferred information to manipulate the carrier for example, by turning on and off light
waves
-Base Band transmission is the most commonly used technique.
1.6 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROCESSES
>Amplification:- making the analog signal stronger when it become too weak
-unnecessary signal also become strong
>Regeneration:-Recreating the original signal depends on the received distorted signal.
-noise and other disturbances completely removed.

Amplification

Regeneration

> Coding:-the most important practice in the transmission system.

-its purpose is transforming the information on type in the source to a form best suited to the
transmission process.
Types of coding:-
1. Source Coding
(PCM or A/D converter)
2. Line Coding
- Prevents long sequence of zeros and ones
- Help to extract timing information from received signal.
3. Modulation Coding:-Usually involves operation on analogue data a symbols.
2. ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERSTION

- PCM is standardized method that is used in the telephone network to change an analog signal to a
digital one for transmission through the digital telecommunication network.

3 MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES
The process where multiple channel are combined for transmission over a common transmission path.
Sending of a number of separate analog or digital signals simultaneously without interference.
There are three predominant ways to multiplex;
-> FDM (frequency division multiplexing)
->TDM (time division multiplexing)
->WDM (wave length division multiplexing)
3.1 FDM
Channel are separated in aggregate by their frequency:-

3.2 TDM
A Time Slice is reserved on the aggregate channel for each individual channel.
TDM systems usually employ either bit-interleaved or byte interleaved multiplexing schemes.
In bit-interleaved, a signal data bit from a channel is output.
In byte-interleaved complete words (bytes) from the I/O channel are placed sequentially.

3.3 WDM
Wave length division multiplexing enables a number of channels to be sent at d/t wave length in the
same fiber, in the same direction or in both directions.
3.3.1 CWDM (cores wave length division multiplexing)
CWDM standard signals are not spaced appropriately for amplification by optical amplifiers.
This limits the total CWDM optical span to somewhere near 60km for a2.5Gb/s signal, which is suitable
for use in metropolitan application.
Systems from d/t vendors claim to span 80-120km
3.3.2 DWDM (dense wave length division multiplexing)
Refers to optical signals multiplexed with in the 1550-nm band being closely spaced (0.4nm-0.8nm)
When having to move traffic on spans stretching longest distance (more than 800km) it is obvious for
many reasons to select the DWDM system.
Can increase network capacity by many folds when compared to conventional TDM networks.
4 TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
Used to transmit both analog and digital information
There are three types or transmission media
> Copper
o There are two main types of metallic cable
o Wire pair
o Coaxial cable
> Fiber Optic Cable
> Radio
Wire pair
A wire pair consists of two wires
Commonly use copper conductor, although aluminum conductors.
Used mainly in access network (between subscribers and the exchange)

Coaxial Cable
Used to high and very high radio frequency
Conducting pair consists of a cylindrical tube with a signal wire conductor going down its center.
Surrounding insulating material and a spirally wrapped string the nominal impedance is 75ohms.

Fiber-Optic-Cable
Transmission medium for very wide band terrestrial links.
The band width of the fiber optic stand can be measured in tetra hertz(THZ)
Can carry one serial bit stream at 10Gbps transmission rate.
By wave division multiplexing (WDM) methods, an aggregate of 100Gbps or more.
THE ADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBER SYSTEM
o Very high capacity
o Low weight
o No cross talk
o Immunity to electromagnetic interface
Radio Transmission
Radio transmission is based on radiated emission.
Elements of any radio system are
o Transmitter
o Transmitting antenna
o Receiving antenna
o Receiver
Different designs of radio systems depend up on
The type of signals to be transmitted
o Type of modulation (AM, FM or PM)
o Where in the frequency spectrum in which transmission is to be affected.
o Licensing restrictions.
Satellite
The intermediate links station is in orbit around earth.
Satellites used for telecommunications are placed in geostationary orbit in the equatorial plane.
35,800km above the earths surface.
They have an orbiting time of 24hours (being stationary)
Satellite does cause a240ms delay.
Intelsat, who is responsible for launching and operation of communication satellites.

5. DIGITAL TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS

To ensure that the connection in the network are of good quality.
The transmission parameters are measurable characteristics and phenomena.
5.1 Attenuation
A reduction of the signal amplitude in the receiver.
Attenuation b/n two subscribers are almost entirely ascribable to the access network.
Attenuation and amplification are measured in decibels (db).
Attenuation is frequency dependent.
5.2 Band Width
The band width or transmission capacity is specified in bits per second, bit/s.
Digital transmission there is a direct relationship with the analog band width
5.3 Bit Error Ratio
The most common quality parameters is digital networks is the bit error ratio (BER).
The number of incorrectly received bits in the receiver.
If the error ratio in the transmission of voice on digital 64kbit/s connection is 10^-6 or less.
5.4 Quantizing Distortion (QD)
Every transition from analog to digital equipment involves A/D conversion (means quantizing).
Only a limited number of quantizing intervals are used to describe the information.
It causes a certain distortion of the voice curve.
One QD is equal to the distortion caused by one A/D conversion.
5.5 Noise
Noise on digital connections is the predominant cause of bit errors.
By means of the frequency spectrum of noise there are two main types of noise.
White noise: - is characterized by the mean power being equally great for all frequencies.
1/F noise:-the power is greatest at low frequencies and decreased with increasing frequency.

5.6 Jitter
Transmission systems can cause constantly occurring phase change.
Jitter is specified as the phase deviation share of the cyclic time (degrees or unit intervals) and as
frequency (HZ) or the number of phase change period per second.
It can arise when justification bits are removed.

6. EFFICIENT USE TRANSMISSION MEDIA

6.1 Multiplexing
Advanced time division multiplexing makes it possible to produce multiplexed signals up to 10Gbit/s
commercially.
The capacity will be further increased by means of wave length division
Multiplexing is used to reduce transmission cost.
The three standardized multiplexing hierarchies based on time division multiplexing:-
PDH; (Plesiochronous digital hierarchy)
SDH; (Syncronous digital hierarchy)
SONET; (Syncronous optical network)
- The concept hierarchy refers to the multiplexing of capacity levels.
6.1.1 PDH
New multiplexing levels with higher bit rates.
Created to make the trunk networks over more effective.
Multiplexing hierarchies involved in dependently of the each other in North America, Europe and Japan.
The European levels are called E1 and E2 and the American levels T1 and T2.
A PDH network consists of several points to-point connections.
Coaxial cable, optical fiber cable and radio links are use as transmission media for PDH systems.
PDH is not fully standardized, for example the physical shape of the line signal and used of the operation
and maintenance bit fields can vary between different suppliers of equipment.

6.1.2 SDH
The birth of the SDH multiplexing hierarchy is the result of more stringent transmission requirements.
The most important feature of SDH is the introduction of the manageability, which facilitates;
Centralized remote control of network elements.
Increased use of the physical network and
Shorter delivery time for leased lines.
STM (synchronous transport module) STM-1 forms the basis of the SDH frame structure.

Analyzer
The main use of this machine is to measure the E1 status.
The interface is come may be from IP class, Mobile or switch class. And we measure the E1 Interface to
know how the transmission link done.
The Analyzer connect to the transmission DDF (data distribution frame) and it shows the problem.
But the problem may shows in the analyzer if we connect wrongly the receiver and transmitter in the E1
it shows loss or alarm.
If our connection is correct and the analyzer shows alarm or loss there is problem in the power or the
cable is cut in that area or other alarms.
So we have responsibility to check the transmission link.
I have a task that I did in this machine I will prepare it in my project or in my final report.
6.2 Modulation
In digital system, the modulation efficiency is sometimes expressed as bits per second, related to a given
analog band width in HZ.
6.2.1 Analog Transmission of Information
Modulation is a technique that enables information to be transferred as changes in an information
caddying signal.
In the case of analog information it is effected continuously (soft transition)
In the case of digital information it is effected step by step(state changes)
Modem is the unit that performs modulation and demodulation.
In analog transmission AM and FM are used.
Amplitude modulation is used
o To transmit analog voice (300-3,400HZ) modulated on radio frequencies around 450MHZ.
o To transmit TV images in cable TV networks
Frequency modulation is used;
o For broad casting on the FM band.
o The sound channel for TV.
o Certain mobile communication system.
6.2.2 Digital Transmission of Information
Modulation makes it possible to transmit digital, binary information on analog carriers.
In the modulation process, a bit or a group of bits is translated in to rapid state change.
The basic modulation methods are:
o Amplitude-Shift modulation;
o Frequency-Shift modulation; and
o Phase-Shift modulation.
REFERENCES
The former basic document prepared by transmission team.
Fundamentals of telecommunications.
Introduction to telecommunications.
Telecommunications system Engineering.