Finite Element Method

1. Explain Constant Strain Triangle Elements.

2. Explain the formulation of CST element and bring out element stiffness matrix.
3. What are axisymmetric elements? Write applications and equations governing an
axisymmetric element.
4. Write formulator and stiffness matrix for a an axisymmetric element
(i) lsoparametric Formulation
(ii) Guass Quadrature

5. Derive the stiffness matrix for a beam element.

6. Derive the load vector for UDL and point load at the center for a beam element.
7. Explain how thermal loads are considered in finite element analysis?
8. Derive the strain displacement matrix and equation for element stiffness for a LST
element.
9. Derive and plot the shape functions of quadratic plane element.
10. What is numerical integration? Taking a simple example and evaluate the integral value
by guass quadrature method considering one gauss point and two gauss points.
Compare these results with the exact result.

Prestressed Concrete
1. Distinguish between web shear, flexural and flexure shear cracks in concrete beams with neat
sketches?
2. The support section of a prestressed concrete beam 100mm wide by 250mm deep is required to
support an ultimate shear force of 100kN. The compressive prestress at the centroidal axis is
5N/mm2, The characteristic cube strength of concrete is 40N/mm2. The cover to the tension
reinforcement is 50mm. If the characteristic strength of stirrups is 415N/mm2, design suitable
shear reinforcements in the section using IS code recommendations?
3. Design the prestressing force required for the tie member of reinforced truss. The service load
tension in the tie member is 360kN and the thickness of the member is fixed as 150mm. The
permissible compressive stress in concrete at transfer is 15N/mm2 and tension is not permitted
under service loads. The loss ratio is 0.8. High-tensile wires of 7mm diameter, tensioned to a
stress of 1000N/mm2 and having an fpu = 1500N/mm2 are available for use. The tensile strength
of concrete is 2.5 N/mm2. A load factor of 1.7 at the limit state of collapse and 1.2 against
cracking is to be provided in the design.
4. Distinguish clearly between short term deflections and long term deflections of prestressed
concrete members?
5. Discuss various methods of predicting long term deflections of prestressed concrete members?
6. Explain with sketches the effect of varying the ratio of depth anchorage to the depth of end
block on the distribution of bursting tension.
7. The end block of a prestressed concrete beam, rectangular in section, is 120mm wide and
300mm deep. The prestressing force of 250kN is transmitted to concrete by distribution plate,
120mm wide and 75mm deep, concentrically located at the ends. Calculate the position and
magnitude of the maximum tensile stress on the horizontal section through the centre of the
end block using the Guyon method. Yield stress in steel = 260N/mm2.
8. A composite bridge deck of span 12m is made up a precast prestressed symmetrical I section
and an in situ cast slab. The pre cast I beams are spaced at 750mm centres and the top slab of
the in situ concrete is 120mm thick. The cross-sectional details of the precast I beams are as
follows : thickness of the top and bottom flanges = 110mm, width of top and bottom
flanges=200mm, thickness of web = 75mm, depth of precast I beam = 500mm, self weight of
precast concrete = 24kN/m3 self weight of cast insitu concrete = 23.5kN/m3, the prestressed
beam is un propped during the placing of in situ concrete. The form work load is estimated to be
0.2kN/m of the span. If the compressive prestress in the beams is 15N/mm2 at the bottom and
zero at the top, calculate the maximum stresses developed in the precast and in situ cast
concrete under an imposed load of 5kN/m2, assuming the modular ratio of cast in situ to precast
concrete to be 1.0.
9. A concrete beam with a cross-sectional area of 32x103 mm2 and radius of gyration of 72mm is
prestressed by a parabolic cable carrying an effective stress of 1000N/mm2. The span of the
beam is 8m. The cable, composed of 6 wires of 7mm diameter, has an eccentricity of 50mm at
the centre and zero at the supports. Neglecting all the losses, find the central deflection of the
beam as follows:
a. Self weight + prestress, and
b. Self weight +prestress +live load of 2kN/m.
10. a) Explain the various modes of failures encountered in prestressed concrete beams subjected
to bending moment, shear and torsion.
b) A concrete beam of rectangular section, 300mm wide and 800mm deep is subjected to a
twisting moment of 40kN-m and a prestressing force of 150kN acting at an eccentricity of
220mm. Calculate the maximum principal tensile stress. If the beam is subjected to a
Bending moment of 120kN-m in addition to the twisting moment, calculate the maximum
Principal tensile stress.