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TEXT BOOKS :
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1. Nag.P.K., Engineering Thermodynamics, 4thEdition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2008.
2. Natarajan E., "Engineering Thermodynamics: Fundamentals and Applications", Anuragam
Publications, 2012.
REFERENCES :
1. Cengel. Y and M.Boles, "Thermodynamics - An Engineering Approach", 7th Edition, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2010.
2. Holman.J.P., "Thermodynamics", 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1995.
3. Rathakrishnan. E., "Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics", 2nd Edition,
PrenticeHall of India Pvt. Ltd, 2006
4. Chattopadhyay, P, "Engineering Thermodynamics", Oxford University Press, 2010.
5. Arora C.P, Thermodynamics, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2003.
6. Van Wylen and Sonntag, Classical Thermodynamics, Wiley Eastern, 1987
7. Venkatesh. A, Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Universities Press (India) Limited,
2007.
8. Kau-Fui Vincent Wong, "Thermodynamics for Engineers", CRC Press, 2010 Indian Reprint. 9.
Prasanna Kumar: Thermodynamics "Engineering Thermodynamics" Pearson Education, 2013
UNIT I
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BASIC CONCEPT AND FIRST LAW
The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis
(power). Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy.
Thermodynamics is the science that deals with the relationship of heat and
mechanical energy and conversion of one into the other.
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10. When a system is said to be in Thermodynamic equilibrium ?
When a system is in Thermodynamic equilibrium, it should be satisfy the following
three conditions
(a)Mechanical Equilibrium Pressure remains constant.
(b)Thermal Equilibrium Temperature remains constant.
(c)Chemical Equilibrium There is no chemical reaction.
15. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
For any isolated system, there is no heat, work and mass transfer.
Q=W=0
According to the first law of thermodynamics,
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Q = W + U
U = 0
UNIT II
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3. What are the processes involved in a Cornot cycle, sketch the same in P-V diagram?
Carnot cycle consists of
i. Reversible adiabatic compression.
ii. Reversible isothermal heat addition.
iii. Reversible adiabatic expansion.
iv. Reversible isothermal heat rejection.
Unit III
5. Define quality of steam. What are the methods of determining quality of steam?
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The term dryness fraction or quality of steam is related with wet steam. It is defined as
the ratio of the mass of actual dry steam to the mass of steam containing it. It is usually
expressed by the symbol x
If ms = Mass of dry steam contained in steam considered, and
mw = Weight of water particles in suspension in the steam considered,
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10. Mention the possible ways to increase thermal efficiency of Rankine cycle.
1. Lowering the Condenser Pressure.
2. Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures.
3. Increasing the Boiler Pressure.
4. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
13. What is meant by Dry steam, Wet steam, super heated steam?
The steam is in contact with water, it is called wet steam and if heating of steam is further
progressed such that all the water particles associated with steam are evaporated, and the
steam so obtained is called dry and saturated steam.
Again, if supply of heat to the dry and saturated steam is continued at constant pressure
there will be increase in temperature and volume of steam. The steam so obtained is called
superheated steam and it behaves like a perfect gas.
15. What is meant by work ratio? What is the importance of work ratio in vapour cycles?
Work ratio is defined as the ratio of network transfer to the positive work transfer.
Work ratio affects the actual cycle efficiency comparing two cycles with the same ideal
efficiency, the cycle having smaller work ratio would have smaller actual efficiency.
Higher the work ratio, the SSC is lower, resulting in smaller size plant for the given output.
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1-2 Isentropic compression in a pump
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3-4 Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
17. Name the different components in steam power plant working on a Rankine cycle.
Boiler, Turbine, Cooling Tower or Condenser and Pump
18. Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practical for vapour power cycles?
The main difficulty to attain the cycle in practice is that the isothermal condensation is
stopped before it reaches the saturated liquid conditions .Therefore the compressor has to
deal with a non homogeneous mixture of water and steam .Because of the large specific
volume of liquid vapour mixture before compression ,the compressor size and work input
have to be large. The higher power requirement reduces the plant efficiency as well as work
ratio.
21. What is the function of feed water heaters in the regenerative cycle with bleeding?
The main function of feed water heater is to increase the temperature of feed water to the
saturation temperature corresponding to the boiler pressure before it enters into the boiler.
6. What do you mean by equation of state? Write the same for an ideal gas.
The relationship which exists for the state variables of the system in equilibrium is called
the equation of state.
The equation of state for ideal gas is given by:
pV = mRT
The constants a and b are specific constants and depend upon the type of the fluid
considered, v represents the volume per unit mass and R is the gas constant.
(or)
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Where A0, A1, ... and B0, B1, ... are called the virtual co-efficient which are functions of
temperature only.
Where p = pressure,
The factors A0, a, B0, b and c are constants whose values for different gases.
Unit V
2. What is psychrometry.
The science which deals with the study of behaviour of moist air (mixture of dry air and
water vapour) is known as phychrometry.
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Mole fraction (yi) : It is the ratio of the mole number of a component to the mole number
of the mixture. The total number of moles of a mixture is the sum of the number of its
components.
yi = Ni/Nm
Nm = N1+ N2 +N3+ . + Ni
Mass fraction ( xi): The mean fraction (or) mass fraction of any component is defined as
the ratio of mass of component to the mass of the mixture
xi = mi/mm
mm = m1 + m2 + m3 + .. +mi
4. What do you understand by dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature?
Dry bulb temperature: The temperature which is measured by an ordinary thermometer
is known as dry bulb temperature .It is generally denoted by td.
Wet bulb temperature: It is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer when its
bulb is covered with wet cloth and is exposed to a current of rapidly moving air. It is denoted
by tw.
16 Marks
Unit1 -Basic Concepts and First Law
1. A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a complete
cycle of four processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is -170 kJ. The system
completes 100 cycles per minute. Complete the following table showing the method for each
item, and compute the net rate of work output in kW.
Process Q(KJ/ MIN) W(KJ/ MIN) E(KJ/ MIN)
a-b 0 2170 -
b-c 21000 0 -
c-d -2100 - -
d-a - - -
3. Blower handles 1kg/s of air at 20c and consumes a power of 15KW. The inlet and outlet
velocities of air are 100m/s and 150m/s respectively. Find the exit air temperature, assuming
adiabatic conditions. Take Cp of air as1.005 KJ /kgK.
4. Describe in brief the steady flow energy equation with the assumptions made.
5. In an air compressor, air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor.
It enters the compressor at 6 m/s with a pressure of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m3/kg
and leaves at 5 m/s with a pressure of 7 bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m3 /kg. The internal
energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in a
jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 60 kJ/s. Calculate:
(i) The power required to drive the compressor;
(ii) The cross-sectional areas of inlet and output pipes.
6. Derive the general energy equation for a steady flow system and apply the equation to a
nozzle and derive an equation for velocity at exit.
7. In an air compressor, air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/sec. At entry to the
compressor, air has a pressure of 105 kPa and specific volume of 0.86 m3 /kg and at exit of the
compressor those corresponding values are 705 kPa and 0.16 m3 /kg. Neglect Kinetic and
Potential energy change.
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The Internal energy of air leaking the compressor is 95 kJ/kg greater than that of air
entering. The cooling water in the compressor absorbs 60 kJ/sec. of heat from the air. Find power
required to derive the compressor.
8. A rigid tank containing 0.4m3 of air at 400 kPa and 30 oC is connected by a valve to a
piston cylinder device with zero clearance. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure
of 200 kPa is required to raise the piston. The valve is opened slightly and air is allowed
to flow into the cylinder until the pressure of the tank drops to 200 kPa. During this
process, heat is exchanged with the surrounding such that the entire air remains at 30 oC
at all times. Determine the heat transfer for this process.
9. A reciprocating air compressor taken in 2m3/min air at 0.11MPa, 293K which it delivers
at 1.5 Mpa, 384 K to an after cooler where the air where the air is cooled at constant
pressure to 298 K. the power absorbed by the compressor is 4.15 kW. Determine the heat
transfer in (i) the compressor (ii) the cooler. State your assumptions.
10. In a turbo machine handling an incompressible fluid with a density of 1000kg/m 3 the
conditions of the fluid at the rotor entry and exit are as given below:
Inlet Exit
Pressure 1.15 MPa 0.05MPa
Velocity 30 m/sec 15.5 m/sec
Height above datum 10 m 2m
If the volume flow rate of the fluid is 40m 3/s, estimate the net energy transfer from the
fluid as work.
11. Three grams of nitrogen gas at 6 atm and 160 oC is expanded adiabatically to double its
initial volume and then compressed again at constant volume to its initial state. Calculate
the work done on the gas. Draw the p-V diagram for the process. Specific heat ratio of
nitrogen is 1.4.
13. Air contained in the cylinder and piston arrangement comprises the system. A cycle is
completed by four process 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1. The energy transfers are listed below.
Complete the table and determine the network in kJ. Also check the validity of the first
law of thermodynamics.
Process Q (kJ) W (kJ) U (kJ)
1-2 40 ? 25
2-3 20 -10 ?
3-4 -20 ? ?
4-1 0 +8 ?
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14. Calculate the power developed and diameter of the inlet pipe, if a gas enters into the gas
turbine at 5 kg/sec, 50 m/s with an enthalpy of 0.9MJ/kg. the heat loss to the surrounding
is 0.025 MJ/kg. the heat loss to the surrounding is 0.025 MJ/kg. the heat loss to the
surrounding is 0.025 MJ/kg. assume 100 kPa and 300 K at the inlet.
15. A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasistatic expansion, which follows a relationship
P=a+bV, where a and b are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and
200 kPa respectively and the corresponding volumes are 0.2 m 3 and 1.2 m3. The specific
internal energy of the gas is given by the relation U = (1.5PV 85) kJ/kg, where P is in
kPa and V is in m3. Calculate the net heat transfer and the maximum internal energy of
the gas attained during expansion.
16. A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring loaded, frictionless piston so that the
pressure in the fluid is a linear function of the volume (p = a+bV) where U is in kJ, p is
in kPa and V in cubic meter. If the fluid changes from an initial state of 170 kPa, 0.03
m3 to a final state of 400 kPa, 0.06 m3, with no work other than that done on the piston,
find the direction and magnitude of the work and heat transfer.
17. The electric heating system used in many houses consists of simple duct with resistance
wire. Air is heated as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a 15 kW electric heating
system. Air enters the heating section at 100 kPa and 17oC with a volume flow rate of
150 m3/min. if heat is lost from the air in the duct to the surroundings at a rate of 200 W,
determine the exit temperature of air.
18. In an air compressor, air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/sec. At entry to the
compressor, air has a pressure of 105 kPa and specific volume of 0.86 m 3/kg and at exit
of the compressor those corresponding values are 705 kPa and 0.16 m3/kg. Neglect
kinetic and potential energy change. The internal energy of air leaking the compressor is
95 kJ/kg greater than that of air entering. The cooling water in the compressor absorbs
60 kJ/sec. of heat from the air. Find power required to drive the compressor.
19. Air at a temperature of 15C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30 m/s
where its temperature is raised to 800C . It then enters a turbine with the same velocity
of 30 m/s and expands until the temperature falls to 650C. On leaving the turbine, the
air is taken at a velocity of 60 m/s to a nozzle where it expands until the temperature has
fallen to 500C. If the air flow rate is 2 kg/s, calculate a) the rate of heat transfer to the
air in the heat exchanger b) the power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss and
c) the velocity at the nozzle exit, assuming zero heat loss. Take enthalpy of air as h = cp.t
where Cp is the specific heat = 1.005 kJ/kg K and t is the temperature.
Unit II
Second Law and Availability Analysis
1. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of 600c and 40c.
The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at temperatures of
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40c and -20c. The heat transfer to the heat engine is 2000KJ and net work output of the
combined engine refrigerator plant is 360KJ.Evaluate the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the
net heat transfer to the reservoir at 40C.
2. A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfers from the heat engine and from
the heat pump are used to heat the water circulating through the radiators of a building. The
efficiency of the heat engine is 27% and the COP of the heat pump is 4. Evaluate the ratio of the
heat transfer to the circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat engine.
4. A system at 500 K receives 7200 kJ/min from a source at 1000 K. The temperature of
atmosphere is 300 K. Assuming that the temperatures of system and source remain constant
during heat transfer find out: (i) The entropy produced during heat transfer; (ii) The decrease in
available energy after heat transfer.
5. In a steam turbine, steam at 20 bar, 360 C is expanded to 0.08 bar. It then enters a condenser,
where it is condensed to saturated liquid water. The pump feeds back the water into the boiler.
Assuming ideal processes, determine per kg of steam the net work and the cycle efficiency 7.
Two kg of air at 500 kPa, 80C expands adiabatically in a closed system until its volume is
doubled and its temperature becomes equal to that of the surroundings which is at 100 kPa, 5C
for this process, determine
(i) the maximum work
(ii) the change in availability and
(ii) the irreversibility.
(iii) Availability
6. Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100 kPa and 12 oC to a pressure of 800
kPa at a steady rate of 0.2 kg/s. if the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent,
determine the exit temperature of air and the required power input to the compressor.
7. A 200 m3 rigid tank initially contains atmospheric air at 100 kPa and 300 K and is to be
used as storage vessel for compressed air at 1 MPa and 300 K. Compressed air is to be
supplied by a compressor that takes in atmospheric air at Po = 100 kPa and To = 300 K.
determine the minimum work required for this process.
8. The interior lighting of refrigerators is provided by incandescent lamps whose switches are
actuated by the opening of the refrigerator door. Consider a refrigerator whose 40 W light
bulb remains on continuously as a result of a malfuntion of the switch. If the refrigerator
has a co efficient performance of 1.3 and the cost of electricity is Rs. 8 per kWh, determine
the increase in the energy consumption of the refrigerator and its cost per year if the switch
is not fixed.
9. A carnot heat engine receives heat from a reservoir at 1173 K at a rate of 800 kJ/min and
reject the waste heat to the ambient air at 300 K. the entire work output of the heat engine
is used to drive a refrigerator that removes heat from the refrigerated space at 268 K and
transfers it to the same ambient air at 300 K. determine the maximum rate of the heat
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removal from the refrigerated space and the total rate of heat rejection to the ambient air.
10. An heat exchanger circulates 5000 kg/hr of water to cool oil from 150 oC to 50oC. The rate
of flow of oil is 2.5 kJ/kg.K. the water enters the heat exchanger at 21 oC. Determine the
net change in entropy due to heat exchange process, and the amount of work obtained if
cooling of oil is done by using the heat to run a carnot engine with sink temperature of
21oC.
11. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of 600c and
40c. The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at
temperatures of 40c and -20c. The heat transfer to the heat engine is 2000KJ and net
work output of the combined engine refrigerator plant is 360KJ.Evaluate the heat transfer
to the refrigerant and the net heat transfer to the reservoir at 40C.
12. A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfers from the heat engine and
from the heat pump are used to heat the water circulating through the radiators of a
building. The efficiency of the heat engine is 27% and the COP of the heat pump is 4.
Evaluate the ratio of the heat transfer to the circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat
engine.
13. A system at 500 K receives 7200 kJ/min from a source at 1000 K. The temperature of
atmosphere is 300 K. Assuming that the temperatures of system and source remain
constant during heat transfer find out: (i) The entropy produced during heat transfer; (ii)
The decrease in available energy after heat transfer.
Unit III
Properties of Pure substances and Steam Power Cycle
1. Draw p-v, T-s and h-s diagram of Rankine cycle used in power plants and derive a formula for
the cycle efficiency.
2. A fluid having a temperature of 150C and a specific volume of 0.96 m 3 /kg at its initial state
expands at constant pressure, without friction, until the volume is 1.55 m 3 /kg. Find, for 1 kg of
fluid, the work, the heat transferred, and the final temperature if a) the fluid is air b) the fluid is
steam.
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3. A vessel of volume 0.04m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at a
temperature of 250C. The mass of the liquid present is 9 kg. Find the pressure, the mass, the
specific volume, the enthalpy, the entropy and the internal energy.
4. A piston -cylinder device operates 1 kg of fluid at 20 atm. pressure. The initial volume is
0.04m3. The fluid is allowed to expand reversibly following the process PV 1.45 = constant so that
the volume becomes double. The fluid is then cooled at constant pressure until the piston comes
back to the original position. Keeping the piston unaltered. Heat is added reversibly to restore it
to the initial pressure. Draw the PV diagram and calculate the work done in the cycle.
5. In a steam power plant the condition of steam at inlet to the steam generator is 20 bar and
300C and the condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. Two feed water heaters operate at optimum
temperature. Determine: (a) the quality of steam at turbine exhaust, (b) net work per kg of steam,
(c) cycle efficiency and (d) the stream rate. Neglect the pump work.
6. A steam turbine is fed with steam having an enthalpy of 3100 kJ/kg. It moves out of the
turbine with an enthalpy of 2100 kJ/kg. Feed heating is done at a pressure of 3.2 bar with steam
enthalpy of 2500 kJ/kg. The condensate from a condenser with an enthalpy of 125 kJ/kg enters
into the feed heater. The quantity of bled steam is 11200 kg/h. Find the power developed by the
turbine. Assume that the water leaving the feed heater is saturated liquid at 3.2 bar and the heater
is direct mixing type. Neglect pump work.
7. A vessel of 6 m3 capacity contains two gases A and B in proportion of 45 per cent and 55 per
cent respectively at 30C. If the value of R for the gases is 0.288 kJ/kg K and 0.295 kJ/kg K and
if the total weight of the mixture is 2 kg, calculate: (i) The partial pressure; (ii) The total
pressure, (iii) The mean value of R for the mixture.
8. In a single heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400C and the
exhaust pressure is 0.10 bar. The feed water heater is a direct - contact type which operates at 5
bar. Find (i) the efficiencyand the steam rate of the cycle, and (ii) the increase in mean
temperature of heat addition, efficiency and steam rate as compared to the Rankine cycle (with
out regeneration) Neglect pump work.
10. A 0.5 m3 vessel contains 10 kg refrigerant 134a at -20oC. Determine the pressure, the total
internal energy and the volume occupied by the liquid phase.
11. A rigid tank with a volume of 2.5 m 3 contains 15 kg of saturated liquid vapour mixture of
water at 75oC. Now the water is slowly heated. Determine the temperature at which the liquid in
the tank is completely vapourized. Also, show the processes on T-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines.
12. Consider a steam powerplant that operates on a reheat rankine cycle ans has a net power
output of 80MW. Steam enters the high pressure turbine at 10MPa and 500oC and the low
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pressure turbine at 1 MPa and 500oC. Steam leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at a
pressure of 10kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 80 percent, and that of the pump is
95 percent. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine
1. The quality (or temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine exit,
2. The thermal efficiency of the cycle, and
3. The mass flow rate of the steam.
13. In a closed vessel the 100 kg of steam at 100 kPa, 0.5 dry is to be brought to a pressure of
1000 kPa inside vessel. Determine the mass of dry saturated steam admitted at 2000 kPa for
raising pressure. Also determine the final quality.
14. A steam power plant running on Rankine cycle has steam entering HP turbine at 20 MPa,
500oC and leaving LP turbine at 90% dryness. Considering condenser pressure of 0.005 MPa
and reheating occuring up to the temperature of 500oC determine,
1. The pressure at which steam leaves HP turbine
2. The thermal efficiency.
3. Work done
15. Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine
at 3 MPa and 623 K and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. Determine (i)
the thermal efficiency of this power plant, (ii) the thermal efficicency if steam is superheated to
873 K instead of 623 K, and (iii) the thermal efficiency if the boiler pressure is raised to 15 MPa
while the turbine inlet temperature is maintained at 873 K.
16. Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle. Steam enters the
high pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 873 K and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of
10 kPa. If the moisture content of the steam at the exit of the low pressure turbine is not to
exceed 10.4 percent, determine (i) the pressure at which the steam should be reheated and (ii)
the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of the
high pressure turbine.
17. Draw p-T diagram and label various phases and transitions. Explain the process of isobaric
heating above triple point pressure with the help of p-T diagram.
18. Draw rankine cycle with one open type feed water heater. Assume the condition of the
steam before entering the turbine to be superheated. Sketch the cycle on T-s diagram.
In an ideal reheat cycle, the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar and 500 oC after expansion to 5
bar, the steam is reheated to 500oCand then expanded to the condenser pressure of 0.1 bar.
Determine the cycle thermal efficiency, mass flow rate of steam. Take power output as 100
MW.
19. In a single heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400oC and the
exhaust pressure is 0.10 bar. The feed water heater is a direct-contact type which operates at 5
bar. Find
1. The efficiency and the steam rate of the cycle, and
2. The increase in mean temperature of heat addition, efficiency and steam rate as
compared to the rankine cycle (with out re generation) neglect pump work.
20. A fluid having a temperature of 150C and a specific volume of 0.96 m3 /kg at its initial
state expands at constant pressure, without friction, until the volume is 1.55 m3 /kg. Find, for 1
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kg of fluid, the work, the heat transferred, and the final temperature if a) the fluid is air b) the
fluid is steam.
21. In a steam power plant the condition of steam at inlet to the steam generator is 20 bar and
300C and the condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. Two feed water heaters operate at optimum
temperature. Determine: (a) the quality of steam at turbine exhaust, (b) net work per kg of
steam, (c) cycle efficiency and (d) the stream rate. Neglect the pump work.
22. A steam turbine is fed with steam having an enthalpy of 3100 kJ/kg. It moves out of the
turbine with an enthalpy of 2100 kJ/kg. Feed heating is done at a pressure of 3.2 bar with steam
enthalpy of 2500 kJ/kg. The condensate from a condenser with an enthalpy of 125 kJ/kg enters
into the feed heater. The quantity of bled steam is 11200 kg/h. Find the power developed by the
turbine. Assume that the water leaving the feed heater is saturated liquid at 3.2 bar and the
heater is direct mixing type. Neglect pump work.
23. In a single heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400C and the
exhaust pressure is 0.10 bar. The feed water heater is a direct - contact type which operates at 5
bar. Find (i) the efficiencyand the steam rate of the cycle, and (ii) the increase in mean
temperature of heat addition, efficiency and steam rate as compared to the Rankine cycle (with
out regeneration) Neglect pump work.
Unit IV
Ideal and Real gases, Thermodynamic Relations
2. Determine change of Internal Energy and change of entropy when the gas obeys Vander
Waal's equation.
6. Using the Claypeyron equation. Estimate the value of the enthalpy of vapourization of
refrigerant R-134a at 293 K, and compare it with the tabulated value.
Show that Cp Cv = R for an ideal gas.
7. Entropy is a function of any two properties like P and V, P and T etc., for a pure substance with
the help of Maxwells Equation. Prove
a. Tds = Cv.dT + T [/k].dv
b. Tds = Cv.dT V.dp.T
c. Tds = [K Cv/].dp + [Cp/v].dv.
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Unit V
Gas mixtures and Psychrometry
1. Discuss about various psychometric processes used in engineering applications with schematic
diagrams.
3. Atmospheric air at 1.0132 bar has a DBT of 32c and a WBT of 26c. Compute a) the partial
pressure of water vapour, b)the specific humidity, c)the dew point temperature, d)the relative
humidity, e)degree of saturation, f)density of air in the mixture , g)density of the vapour in
the mixture and h)the enthalpy of the mixture.
4. Air at 20c, 40% RH is mixed adiabatically with air at 40c, 40%RH in the ratio of 1kg of the
former with 2 kg of the latter (on dry basis). Find the final condition of air.
5. Water at 30C flows into a cooling tower at the rate of 1.15 kg per kg of air. Air enters the
tower at a DBT of 20C and a relative humidity of 60% and leaves it at a DBT of 28C and 90%
relative humidity. Make - up water is supplied at 20C. Determine (i) The temperature of water
leaving the tower, (ii) The fraction of water evaporated, and (iii) Approach and range of the
cooling tower.
7. The atmospheric air at 30C DBT and 75% RH enters a cooling coil at the rate of 200 m 3/min.
The coil dew point temperature is 14C and the by pass factor is 0.1 determine
(i) The temperature of air leaving the coil
(ii) Capacity of the coolingcoil in TR
(iii) The amount of water vapour removed
(iv) Sensible heat factor for the process.
8. The volume flow rate of air is 800 m3/min of re-circulated at 22C DBT and l0 C dew point
temperature is to be mixed with 300 m 3/min of fresh air at 30C DBT and 50 %RH. Determine
the enthalpy, Specific volume, Humidity ratio and dew point temperature of the mixture.
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9. 5 kg of mixture of gases at 1.013 bar and 300 K the various constituents gases are as follows,
80% N2, 18% O2, 2% CO2. Determine the specific heat at constant pressure, gas constant for the
constituents and mixture and also molar mass of mixture taking = 1.3 for CO2 universal gas
constant = 8314 J/kg.K.
10. A tank contains 0.2m3 of gas mixture composed of 4 kg of Nitrogen, 1 kg of oxygen and 0.5
kg of carbon-dioxide. If the temperature is 20oC, determine the total pressure, gas constant and
molar mass of the mixture.
11. 0.45 kg of CO and 1 kg of air is contained in a vessel of volume 0.4 m 3 at 15oC. Air has
23.3% of O2 and 76.7% of N2 by mass. Calculate the partial pressure of each constituents and
total pressure in the vessel. Molar masses of CO, O2 and N2 are 28, 32 and 28 kg/k mol.
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