SEKOLAH MENENGAH SERI TEMASIK

EXPERIMENT NOTES
SPM CHEMISTRY
5G

LESSON NO : 19 DATE: 24/7/2017

TIME : 9.15 10.20a.m.

SUBMISSION DATE: 31/7/17

Topic: Thermochemistry
Learning Objectives/Subtopics :
4.4 Understanding heat of neutralisation

State what heat of neutralisation is,

Determine the heat of neutralisation,
Construct energy level diagrams for various types of neutralisation reactions,
Compare the heat of neutralisation for the reaction between strong acid and a strong alkali with the heat of
neutralisation for a reaction between a weak acid and/or a weak alkali,
Explain the difference of the heat of neutralisation for a strong acid and a strong alkali with the heat of
neutralisation for a reaction involving a weak acid and/or a weak alkali
Solve numerical problems related to heat of neutralisation.

4.5 Understanding heat of combustion

State what heat of combustion is,

Determine heat of combustion for a reaction,
Construct an energy level diagrams for a combustion reaction,
Compare the heat of combustion of various alcohols,
State what fuel value is,
Describe the difference between heats of combustion of various alcohols,
Describe the applications of fuel value,
Compare and contrast fuel values for various fuels,
Solve numerical problems related to heat of combustion.

Name : _________________________________________
Class : _________________________________________

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Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
4.1 Heat of neutralisation

1. Heat of neutralisation is the total heat change when one mole of water is formed
when one mole of H+ ion from an acid is neutralised by one mole of OH- ion.

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) -> H2O (l)

Strong acid and strong alkali:

Monoprotic acid
NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H2O H = -57kJmol-1

Diprotic acid
2NaOH + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + 2H2O H = -114kJmol-1

(Twice the value compared to 57kJ because diprotic acid produces 2 moles of H+
ions)

Weak alkali and strong acid:

NH3 + HCl -> NH4Cl H = -54kJmol-1

Weak acid and strong alkali:

CH3COOH + NaOH -> CH3COONa + H2O H = -54kJmol-1

Weak acid and weak alkali:

CH3COOH + NH3 -> CH3COONH4 H = -12kJmol-1

(Less than 57kJ because a part of the heat energy is used to ionise the weak acid or
weak alkali)

Activity 4.3 Heats of neutralization between acids and alkalis of different strength

Aim: To compare the heats of neutralization between acids and alkalis of different
strength.

Materials: 2.0moldm-2 hydrochloric acid, 2.0moldm-3 sodium hydroxide solution,

2.0moldm-3 ethanoic acid, 2.0moldm-3 ammonia solution.

Apparatus: 50cm3 measuring cylinders, thermometer, plastic cups with covers.

Procedure:

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Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
 1. 50cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is measured using a measuring
cylinder and poured into a plastic cup. The initial temperature of the solution is
measured after a few minutes.
2. 50cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid is measured using another measuring
cylinder and poured into a plastic cup. The initial temperature of the solution is
measured after a few minutes.
3. The hydrochloric acid is then poured quickly and carefully into the sodium
hydroxide solution.
4. The mixture is stirred using a thermometer and the highest temperature reached is
recorded.
5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated using
Sodium hydroxide solution and ethanoic acid
Ammonia solution and hydrochloric acid
Ammonia solution and ethanoic acid

Results:

1. The results of the experiment are shown in the table below.

Reacting mixture NaOH + NaOH + NH3 NH3 +

HCl CH3COOH +HCl CH3COOH
Initial temperature of alkali
(C)
Initial temperature of acid (C)
Average temperature of acid
and alkali (C)
Highest temperature of mixture
(C)
Increase in temperature (C)

2. The temperature of all the resulting mixture increase.

3. The increase in the temperature of the reacting mixture is in the order of _______

Discussion:

1. The heat of neutralization of the reaction between a strong acid and a strong alkali
is the ______, whereas the heat of neutralization of the reaction between a weak
acid and a weak alkali is the ______
2. The heat of neutralization of the reactions between acids and alkalis decreases in
the order:

Strong acid + strong alkali heat of

Strong acid + weak alkali, weak acid + strong alkali neutralization

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 Weak acid + weak alkali decreases

3. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid and ammonia solution is a weak alkali, they both
dissociate _______ in water. Most of the ethanoic acid and ammonia solution still
exist as molecules.
4. Some of the heat given out during the neutralization reaction is used to ________
the weak acid or the weak alkali completely in water.
5. For the reaction between ethanoic acid and ammonia solution, the heat of
neutralization is the _______. This is because much more energy is needed to
dissociate both the weak acid and the weak alkali completely to produce hydrogen
ions and hydroxide ions which then react together to form one mole of water.
6. The equations for the neutralization reactions are as follows:
HCl(aq) + NaOH (aq) ->
NaOH + CH3COOH ->
NH3 +HCl + OH- ->
NH3 + CH3COOH+ OH- ->

Conclusion:
The heat of neutralization is the highest for the reaction between a strong acid and
a strong alkali, and is the lowest for the reaction between a weak acid and a weak
alkali.

4.54 Solving numerical problems related to heat of neutralisation

1. In an experiment to determine the heat of neutralisation, 50cm3 of 1 moldm-3 sulphuric

acid at 28.5 C is added to 50cm3 of 2 moldm-3 potassium hydroxide solution which is
also at 28.5C in a plastic cup with a cover. The mixture is then stirred and the highest
temperature reached is 41.5C.
i) Calculate number of mol H2O
Calculate the heat of neutralisation. ii) Calculate heat change
iii) Calculate heat of neutralisation
[Specific heat capacity of the solution: 4.2Jg-1C-1]
Density of the solution: 1gcm-3

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Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
2. In an experiment, 50cm3 of dilute nitric acid is added to 50cm3 of sodium hydroxide
solution. Both the solutions have the same concentration and are at the same initial
temperature of 29.0 C. During the mixing, the highest temperature of the mixture is
35.5C. What is the amount of heat given out in the experiment?

[Specific heat capacity of solution: 4.2Jg-1C-1, Density of the solution: 1gcm-3]

3. The thermochemical equation for the reaction between nitric acid and sodium
hydroxide solution is as shown below.

HNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) -> NaNO3 (aq) + H2O(l) H= -57.3kJmol-1

When 250cm3 of 1.0moldm-3 nitric acid is added to 200cm-3 of 2.0moldm-3 sodium

hydroxide, what is the change in temperature?
[Specific heat capacity of the solution: 4.2Jg-1C-1]
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Density of the solution: 1gcm
i) Calculate the number of moles of water
produced
ii) Calculate the heat change in this reaction
using H
iii) Calculate the change in temperature using
heat change in this reaction

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Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
 4. The energy level diagram of a neutralization reaction is shown.

H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq)

H= -114kJ

Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

a) Write the thermochemical equation in the form of ionic equation for the reaction.
..

b) When 50cm3 of 2.0moldm-3 sulphuric acid is added to 50cm3 sodium hydroxide

solution, calculate the temperature change?

c) i) What is the effect on the change in temperature when 50cm3 of 1.0moldm-3

sulphuric acid is used to replace 50cm3 of 2.0moldm-3 sulphuric acid.

ii) Explain your answer in c i)

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 5. A student carried out an experiment to investigate the change in temperature
during a titration between sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid.
5.0cm3 of x moldm-3 hydrochloric acid is added to 50.0cm3 of 2.0moldm-3 sodium
hydroxide solution. The mixture is stirred and the highest temperature is then
recorded. Another 5.0cm3 of acid is added. The results of the experiment are
shown in the figure.
[Specific heat capacity of solution: 4.2 Jg-1C-1, Density of solution = 1gcm-3]

a) i) What is the initial temperature

of the sodium hydroxide solution?
..

ii) What is the highest temperature

of the mixture?
..

b) What is the volume of hydrochloric

acid at the end point?

c) What is the value of x?

d) What is the heat of neutralisation?

6. Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid. Barium hydroxide solution is a strong alkali.

The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide solution is as
shown below.
H2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2 (aq) -> BaSO4 + 2H2O(l)
Is the heat of reaction equal to -114.6kJ?

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Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui