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For
Roof Framing
By Al Birbeck
Page
Roof Framers Math 3-6
Cosine Chart 7
Gable Roof 8 - 11
Hip Roof 14 - 19
Polygon Chart 20
Octagon 21 - 24
Ellipse 25 -27
Bow Window 34 - 38
Page 2
Roof Framers
Math
Page 3
Tools Needed:
1. An open Mind
2.An inexpensive Scientific Calculator
3.Framing Square
4.Sharp Pencil
Trig. Functions:
Sine: Ratio of Rise to Rafter Length
5 13 = .384615385
Push INV or 2ndF and Sine Key.
22.619 deg. should be on Display.
r Rise
a fte 5
R
1 3 67.38 90 - 22.62 = 67.38
22.62 90
Run 12
Page 4
Similar Triangles
Two Triangles are Similar if the three Angles of
One Triangle are equal, respectively, to the three
Angles of the other Triangle.
Any Triangle can be Enlarged or Reduced in Size
By Multiplying or Dividing every Leg of the
Triangle by the Same Number.
Page 5
Formulas:
To Find Sum of Angles In an Enclosure:
Number of Sides or Corners Minus 2 times 180
Degrees equals the sum of the Interior Angles.
60 Pitch
45
Pitch
67.
45
5
16/12 Pitch
Page 6
Cosine Chart
Rise per 12 Units of Common Cosine Hip Cosine
Common Run &
16.97056275 units of
Hip Run
1 .99654758 .998268397
2 .986393924 .993127066
3 .9701425 .984731928
4 .948683298 .973328527
5 .923076923 .95923292
6 .89442719 .942809042
7 .863778901 .924445459
8 .832050294 .904534034
9 .80 .883452209
10 .76822128 .86154979
11 .73715414 .839140322
12 .707106781 .816496581
13 .678280103 .793849442
14 .650791373 .771389216
15 .624695048 .749268649
16 .60 .727606875
17 .576683198 .706493771
18 .554700196 .685994341
19 .533992991 .666152858
20 .514495755 .646996639
21 .496138938 .628539361
22 .478852131 .610783918
23 .462566007 .593724835
24 .447213596 .577350269
Note: The number of Run of the Run of the Hip Rafter to the
Hip Run Units will Common Rafter to Ridge Board divided by the
change if working with the Ridge Board Cosine in this Column
Multiple Pitches and divided by the equals the Length of the
the Hip Cosine will Cosine in this Hip Rafter
change. Column equals
Length of the
Common Rafter
Page 7
Gable Roof
20/ fter
16/16
Ra
16
Rise
/9 r
15 afte
R 9/9 Rise
Rise
36.869 1.00 53.13
Ra 5
1 .2
r
afte 666 fte
r
R 66
1.
Page 8
Gable Roof
Legend
Measurement Line
2"
.5 202
e 137
H.A.P. Ris
r
fte "
Ra .90"
Ra 9.20
171
fte
22
r
Ridge 1"
Run to Ridge Run to Ridge
137.52022 x 1.3333 =183.36" 137.52022 x .75 = 103.14"
The Run on each Pitch to Ridge Plus Ridge Thickness must = Span of Building.
(288" - 1" Ridge) = 286.5" Span of Scale 2.08333" =
137.52022 The Multiplier
Page 9
Gable Roof
9/12 & 16/12 Pitch
22" Difference in Plate Elevation
20/ fter
16/16
Ra
16
Rise
/9 r
15 afte
R 9/9 Rise
12/9 Run
12/16 Run
Rise
1.00
Ra 5
1 .2
r
fte 666
fte
a
r
R 66
1.
Page 10
Gable Roof
Add H.A.P. To 123.44" to
. 44"
Calculate Rise to Top
e 123
Of Ridge Board. H.A.P. Ris
"
36
Ra
3 9
2.
fte
24
r1
er
aft
54
R
.3 "
36.869 =
"
336 53.13
.7
205
+ Run 164.5886" Run 92.58"
"
6.66 Ridge Board
3
1"
22" Difference in
22" 9 x 12 =Run 29.33" Plate Elevations
The Run on each Pitch to Ridge Plus Ridge Thickness must = Span of Building.
29.33" + 164.5886" + 1 " + 92.58" = 287.9986" Span
The Framing
Square is a very
handy Tool for
Marking your Raf-
ters and Laying out
Page 12
The Framing Square
Plumb Cut
Measurement Line
x
x
Pitch 6 9/16":12"
(6.5625)
Birds mouth
fter
Seat Cut
Ra
Example: 5Wall Run 12 Run = 0.4583333
Multiplier X 6.5625 = 3.0078
5
I always mark a parallel Line
About " in from the edge and this
Is where I Hold my Run & Rise
n g er
S tri
air
St
Please dont forget to cut
The thickness of the Tread
Off bottom Riser
Page 13
Hip Roof
Rise 1.0
1 .3
5 = le
16/
0
333
1 .5
+ .7 Sca
3" o 12
o/c
/c
60. 2
6 4 9 .3 6
.7 5 "
.75 an of
.7 5
9/1
Run " o/
Sp
c
1 .3
333
.7 5
3 45
o/c
Run
60. 45
.7 5 "
64
c
Run
" o/
1 .3 2 9 .3 6 .7 5
.7 5
5 = ale
1 .5 0
33 33" 16/
.7 5
c
o/c 12
.7 5 n o f S
16
Run
/12 45
+ .7
1 .3 S 45
333 pan of
c
Spa
" o/
.7 5
3+ S " o/
.75 cale
.7 5
c
=2
.0 8
333
Page 14
Hip Roof
Span 144"
Ridge 186.08"
Length 384"
Length of Building 384" - 126.66" - 71.25" = 186.08" Ridge
Formula:
Span of the Building Minus the Ridge Divided by Span of
the Scale Equals a Multiplier. The Multiplier Times Any
Measurement on the Scale Equals that Measurement
On the Building.
Measurements on Building
95 x 1.66666 = 158.3327 Common Rafter 95 x 1.25 = 118.75 Common Rafters
95 x 1.82763 = 173.62485 Hip Rafters 95 x 1.45773 =138.4851075 Hip Rafters
95 x 1.33333 = 126.66635 Common Run 95 x .75 =71.25 Common Run
95 x 1.0 = 95" Rise
Page 15
Bevel of Hips
Common Rafter 1.66666 Common Rafter 1.25
e
44.
Be 2 Hi H ip Sid
is
17. vel p 5 h e
Be 107 Th
is S 4.4 el T
Hip Sid
vel Hip 3 ev is
Th ide B 5 h
is s .4 l T
34 eve
Span 144"
ide
B
Ridge 186.08"
34 ve
.4 l T
Be
ip
H s side
5 h
34 eve
0 7
H is S
.4 l T
i
B
1
17. el Th
ip id
5 hi
de
v Hip Si
Hi s S
Be . 2 This
p id
4
4 vel
e
Be
e
Length 384"
Page 16
Bevel of Hips
Page 17
Legend
Common Rafter 1.66666 Measurement Lines Common Rafter 1.25
45
.3 6
29
64 45
60.
60.
64
45
29.
36
45
Saw Settings
60.64 Side Cut of Jacks 45 Side Cut of Jacks
At the Green Hips At the Purple Hips
Page 18
Rise 1.0
Run
5 = le
16/
0
1 .3
1 .5
+ .7 Sca
3 12
60. 29.
.75 an of
64 36
/12
Run
Sp
Run
1 .3
9
3 45
.7 5
Run
60. 45
64
Run
.7 5
29. .7 5
Run 36 Run
1 .3 16/
3 12
.7 5
16/
Run
12 45
Sp 45
1.3 an of
.7 5
3+ Run
S
.75 cale .7 5
=2
.0 8
Common Rafter 1.66666 Hip Rafter 1.82763 Common Rafter 1.25 Hip Rafter 1.457737
Common Run 1.33333 Hip Run 1.52979 Common Run .75 Hip Run 1.06066
4 45 12 16.97056275
5 36 8.71851033 14.8328157
6 30 6.9282032 13.85640646
9 20 4.3676428 12.770133269
10 18 3.899036 12.61754669
12 15 3.2153903 12.423314
15 12 2.5506787 12.2680871
18 10 2.1159237 12.18511934
20 9 1.90061328 12.14958
36 5 1.0498639 12.045838
Rise
9
gth
Len
m on
8
13
Com
2
.8 0
th er
15
ng aft
15
Le ip R
H
40
Ru
u n 60
R 70
on
ip 88
1 2 mm
H .9
2
Co
In c 1
hes
4.97 O/C
056 In c
h
4.97 es O/C
Len 056
g
9.94 th of S
112 i
54 de
The Hip Rafter Tail can be cut with the Bed of Saw on the
Wide part of the Rafter Material.
Page 21
Octagon
Length of Side + (2 x 4.97) 9.941 = the Multiplier.
The Multiplier x 15.802 = the Length of Hips.
in.
1 .5
Hip
1.5 in.
Jacks .7 5
Length of Side 17
.8 1
12 in. O.H.
4.97 in. 17
On Center .8 1
.8117
16 in.
16.75 in.
15.938 in.
Page 22
Octagon
The Measurement
Line for Commons & Hips is the Point where the Rafter
makes contact with the Outer Edge of the Plate and is Par-
allel with the Rafter and runs the Full Length.
H.A.P.
e
n t Lin
me
as u re
Me
H.A.P.
Page 23
Octagon
48 15 = 3.2
3.2 x 4.97 =15.9058
96"
15.9058"
Plywood
e in
Cut l
48"
Page 24
Ellipse
Page 25
90 4 = 22 1/2
Rise 9.0"
Cut Line
22.5 Cosine
.923879 x 12.0 =
11.086" Run12.0"
Rise
8.485
4.59
8.3149"
22.5 deg. Run 11.086"
45.0 deg.
67.5 deg Rise
6.36"
Run 8.48"
Rise
Run 3.44"
4.59"
Rise
9.0
Run 12.0
Page 26
Cut out
for Pipe
Roof
Decking
Page 27
Hip Roof Problem:
Common Rafter Tails cut square
Page 28
00
13. mon 5.00
m
Co Rise
22.62 deg.
12.00
Common Run
H.A.P.
10.73 in.
22.62 deg.
67.38 deg.
22.62 de
12.1875
Plumb Cut
en t Plumb Cut
rem
g.
asu 12.1875 In
Me
e Minus 10.73 in.
Lin
= H.B.P. 1.457
12 in. O.H.
12 in. OH.
12 in. O.H.
12.1875
Plumb Cut
Plumb Cut
12.1875 In t
men
Minus 10.73 in.
easure
= H.B.P. 1.457 M
e
Lin
22.62
deg.
67.38 deg.
H.A.P.
22.62 deg.
10.73 in.
Page 29
Make a sketch to use for Calculat- With Tangent on Display, push
ing the Slope of the Hip to Match Inv. Or 2ndF and Tangent Key.
the 67.38 deg. Slope of the Com-
mons and Jacks. The Commons and 40.74 Deg. Should be on Display if
Jacks are cut square on the end. your Calculator is in Degree Mode.
This is the Saw setting for this
Use your Scientific Calculator. Put Problem.
67.38 deg. On display and push
Tangent key. Put 14.10 deg. On Display in your
2.39999 x 1.00 = 2.3999 Rise Calculator.
Push Tangent Key.
1 squared + 2.3999 squared = 0.251182638 should be on Display.
6.75952.
Square root of 6.75952 is 2.599. 0.251182638 X 12 =3.014191662.
Common Length .014191662 X 16 = 0.2/16
Page 30
This is the END of the Hip Rafter Tail.
You are looking at it Upside Down.
Page 31
17.
6
Hip 9
/Va
5.00 lley
Rise
16.416 deg.
16.97056275
Hip Run
H.A.P.
10.73 in.
16.416 deg.
59.49 deg.
Plumb Cut
16.416 deg.
11.73 in.
14
t
men
.10
easure H.B.P
M
de
.996 in.
Line
g.
t
14
men
sure
Plumb Cut
11.73 in.
16.416 deg
.1
H.B.P Mea
0
59.49 deg.
H.A.P. 16.416 deg.
10.73 in.
Page 32
Notes
Page 33
Bow Window
Roof Framing
7 Panel
Page 34
7 Panels
30 20 10
Panel 1 Panel 2 Panel 3 Panel 4
60 90
75
90
85
85
90 5
90
90 85
90 Corner
10 90
Offset Angle Angle
The Multiplier Times the Sine of each of the other Angles will give
you the Length of the Leg Opposite each Angle.
Page 35
1st. Panel of 7
r 16
th
ge Rise
Hip Leng
ed
20.0275
L
2
410
4
.8
28
Ledger Run 24
n R 12
20
un
.7 8
4
In c
hes mo
un
21 on
ip R
m
.8 3 Ce
Co
4P nte 8H
ane r
l
045
12.
1 .0
4
on 98 inc
Cen he
ter s
Use Framing Square: Mark 16 for Plumb & 24 for Seat Cut.
30
deg
. 25 deg.
60 deg.
90 - 30 = 60 deg. 90 - 65 = 25 deg.
Ledger Side cut at Eaves Side cut for Miter to Second Ledger.
Page 36
2nd. Panel of 7
Total Rise
89
22 .3 6
ger
Total H
ed
45
L Ledger Rise 9.28
1 9 .7
Partial Hip 11
347
8
Bevel of Ledger: Sine of Ledger
l
Partia
Slope ( 0.414861705 ) Divided by 20
Degree Tangent .363970234 =
Hip Len
115 - 90 = 25
20 70
6.9877 Hip Run
1 9 .7
5 347
4 5
un
8
Partial Hip L
l
Partia
on R
90
m
Com
85
12
1 9 .7
l
Partia
347
1 .0 4 4
98 i
n. O
n ce
nter Pan
el 2
1 .8 3 4
47
1 .0 4
98 i
Ledger side cuts n. O
n ce
25 nter
15
Use these Saw Settings to Join the Ledgers together after Plumb Cut is Marked using
Framing Square. Hold 20.35 & 9.28. Mark 9.28 Inches.
Page 37
3rd. Panel 4th. Panel
5 is Saw
Setting on this
End of this Ledger Ledger 17.954
1 9 .0 5 is Saw Setting
4.288
ngth
Rise
er Le On each End of
Ledg
25.28 Rise
25.28 Rise
18.516
.645
15 is also the
Hip Length 31
10
90 85 95
5 Cosine x Hip Run
= Common Run 22.1765
Page 38
Framing
Stair Winders
Page 39
36 inches
10"
36 deg.
18 deg.
36 inches
thway
10" Pa
81
9 9
3 1 .9
6"
Page 40
Outside Stringer:
55.96 X 18 deg. Tangent = 18.18 in.
in.
1 8 .1 8
18 deg. Cut
7 in.
2 2 .4
36 deg.
1 in.
1 5 .3
6.48
36 deg 8 .0 4
5 5 .9
.
On Ris Cut
er 5 .4 3
6 in
.
18 deg. Cut
On Riser
6 in.
5 5 .9
Page 41
18 deg. Cut on Riser
6.94" Risers
36 deg. Cut
on this Riser
6.94" Riser
6.94" Riser
55.96"
2 x 12 stringers
You can use your biscuit
joiner to add enough mate-
rial so you can Layout Risers
and Tread cut-out.
Page 42
45 deg. Cut Optional. This is a
90 deg. Corner & can be cut
Square. Remember to deduct
the thickness of the material
from one side.
15.31"
18.18" 36 deg.
6.94" Riser
18 deg.
5.815" Bottom Riser
55.96"
Page 43
Multiple Pitch
Roofs
Page 44
Multiple Pitch
16/12 House
9/12 Dormer
Rise
Ra /16 =
16/16=
20
fte
1.0
r 1 .2 5
6 Rise Rise 1.0
r 66
fte = 1. 9/9 = 1.0 66
Ra
a .6
R /9
fte
r1
.13
15 fte
r 1
36
53
Ra
.86
.2 5
Common Run 12/9 = Common Run Common Run Common Run 12/16 =
1.333 1.333 .75 .75
Valley Slope
1 .8
27
6R
Rise 1.0 aft
er
33.17
1.529 Run
Meas
urem
ent L
ine
er
aft
H.A.P
o f lley R d H.B .
n a r .P.
Ru jor V Boa
a e
M Rid ouse
g
To the H
Of
Rise
1.0 Rise
1.0
Dorm Act
u
1.333 er Run Rid al Run
ge B
Va 5 2 9
143 to
.25 oard
1.
lle 7
Rise
1 .2 5 o n
inch
yR
1.0
Comm
es
un
Dorm
er Run Run
Do r S 1.333 .7 5
mer cale Dorm
Spa er Ru
n 2. n 1.3
666 33
Page 45
Dormer Slope House Slope
Rise
Ra /16 =
20
16/16=
fte
r 1 .2 5
1.0
6 Rise
r 66
afte = 1. 9/9
R /9
.13
= 1.0
15
36
53
.8
6
Valley Slope
1 .8
27
66 6R
Ra
f
Ra
.2 5
33.17
Common Run Common Run 1.529 Run
1.333 .75
Page 46
Ridg
Meas e Bo
urem ard
ent L
ine
r H.A.P
Rafte H.B .
f y
n o alle rd .P.
Ru jor V Boa
Ma Ridge ouse
To the H
Of D orm
Va 1.333 er Run
Rise
lley
1.0
Rise
1
.75
.8 2
1.0 Act
76
u
on Rid al Run
1.25 ge B
Va 5 2 9
to
Comm
143
.25 oard
1.
lle 7
Rise
inch
yR
1.0 Co es
mm
un
Dorm on
60.64
er Ra
Run er ft Run
1.33 1.6 .7 5
Do r 3
Scal Dor 66
mer e mer
Spa Run
n 2. 1.333
666
Page 48
Notes
Page 49
Concave Roof
Framing
Rise 48"
16/12 Pitch
H.A.P.
H.B.P
"
20
t
en
ne em
"
Li asur
20
e
rM
fte
Nails
Ra
"
20
Run: 36"
Adjust to
the size of
Fascia.
"
Common Rafter
20
2 x 12
12" o.h.
H.A.P.
18.75 11.42 inches
Plumb cut
Common Rafter 5 inch seat cut
H.B.P.
7.33 inches
Page 50
Concave Roof
Framing
Rise 48"
H.A.P.
Hip Rafters
2 x 12
H.B.P
3"
. 32
23
3"
. 32
23
Nails
"
3 23
2 3. Run 50.91"
3"
. 32
23
Adjust to the size of Fascia
Page 51
Notes