Octagon Review Center

Laoag, Ilocos Norte

Reviewer: Crmgst. Jesster P. Eduardo

Polygraphy
Is the scientific method of detecting deception with the aid/use of a polygraph instrument. This is the
new name of Lie Detection. (Scientific Diagnostic Instrument)
Polygraph
Is a scientific diagnostic instrument that simultaneously records changes in physiological processes
such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and respiration. Derived from two Greek words Poly means
many and Graphy means writing chart.
Polygraph, any various scientific recording devices designed to register a persons bodily responses
to being questioned.
Popularly known as a lie detector, the polygraph has been used chiefly in criminal investigations,
although it is also used in employment and security screening practices. Because no machine can
unerringly recognize when a person is lying, the polygraph results are used in conjunction with other
evidence, observations, and information.
Emotional stress reflected by this test, for instance, need not be due to lying. On the other hand, a
subject maybe a pathological liar and therefore show no measurable bodily responses when giving
false answers.
Ordinarily nervousness, individual physical or mental abnormalities, discomfort, excessive pretest
interrogation, or indifference to a question also affect test accuracy.
The polygraph can, however, provide a basis for an evaluation of whether or not the subjects
answers are truthful. This test has also been helpful in exonerating innocent persons accused of
crimes.
In one of these books, the Dharmasastra of Gautama, the judged permitted to rely implicitly
upon the testimony of witnesses and to adhere to the principle that no guilt is incurred in giving
false evidence in case the life of a man depends thereon. Also, the Vasistha Dharmasastra stated
that Men may speak on untruth when their lives are in danger or the loss of their whole property is
imminent.
Mans physiology was programs for truth. Lying is an aberration or abnormality. It is a struggle to
tell a lie. When a man lies, there are physiological reactions in him. Shifting eyes, dryness of the
mouth, undue movement of Adams apple, pale face, fidgeting, sweating, changes in voice, etc are
some of the physiological reactions.
It must be recognized that there is no such thing as an instrument that will detect lies. The popular
name Lie Detector, given to a collection of certain medical instruments, is somewhat misleading. No
collection of non-living objects including the very finest and complicated modern computers, can
detect lies on the part of any human being.

EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION:

Trial by Combat
Originated from India and one of the examples of this: a rich man or accuser could hire somebody or
bigger one to fight the accused. After the fight the loser will be judged guilty of crime.

The Method of the Ordeal

It is significant that, with few exceptions, the historical account of detecting deception from the days
of Christ, through the Middle Ages, is the history of the Ordeal. Superstition so swayed the minds of
people that it was rule for them to ask for the ordeal to prove their innocence. The accuser was not
looking, evidently, for apparently the psychology of deceit did not exist. Even the religious of
Europe, as late as the 16th century, taught that proof if innocence or guilt would be furnished from on
high in a variety of mystical modes. People did not consider that proof lay within or on the surface of
suspect himself.

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Red Hot Iron Ordeal
This form of trial was used among the hill tribes of Rajhamal in the north of Bengal, India where
the accused was appropriate to be told to prove his innocence by applying his tongue to red hot iron
nine times (unless burned sooner). If burned, he was put to death. (Perhaps a sense of guilt made the
mouth dry)

Ordeal of Balance
This is the practiced of testing the sincerity of the accused by placing him on one scale of balance. It
merely this, in one scale the accused was in the other, a counterbalance. The accused then stepped
out of the scale, listened to a judge deliver an exhortation or to the balance, and got back in. If he
were found lighter than before, he was acquitted.

The Boiling Water Ordeal

As a test for deception, this ordeal is in use in modern Africa. During exploration in British Africa a
Barotso native in her followers stole calico cloth from her supplies and to find the thief she allowed
the natives to employ a test which had previously been outlawed along with local witchcraft.

The Ordeal of Rice Chewing

An ordeal very like this is still practice in India. Concentrated rice is the article chosen, instead of
bread and cheese. Instances are not rare in which, through the force of imagination, guilty persons
are not able to swallow a single grain. Conscious of their crime and fearful of the punishment of
Heaven, they feel a suffocating sensation in their throat when they attempt it, and they fall on their
knees, and confess all that is laid their charge.( Sathee rice)

Ordeal of Red Water

The accused fasts for twelve hours, swallow a small amount of rice, then imbibes of the dark colored
water sometimes as a gallon. If this acts as an emetic and the suspect ejects all of the rice, he is
considered innocent of the charged otherwise he is judged guilty. Their explanation is that a fetish of
the victim enters the mouth with the emetic red water, examines the heart of the drinker, and if it
finds him innocent brings up the rice in evidence.

Donkeys Tail Ordeal

Psychological theory, the donkey placed in one room alone and observed it, and if the donkey cried
is a judged of guilty of crime, because deep inside and conscience he is guilty.

Historical Background of Lie Detection

In the middle of the 19th century Dr. Hans Gross, an Austrian known as the Father of
Criminalistics, defined search for truth as the basis and goal of all criminal investigations. He asserted, a
large part of the criminals work is nothing more than a battle against lies. He has to discover the truth
and must fight the opposite. He meets the opposite at every step.

Development of the Cardiograph Component

a. Marey Etienne-Jules 1876 (French Scientist)

He advanced the study of cardiac (heart) irregularities by devising a polygraph instrument that
recorded pulse rate and heartbeat simultaneously. Modern polygraphs, which are modified versions
of Mareys instrument, reveal information about simultaneously mechanical and electrical impulses
such as respiratory movements, blood pressure changes, heartbeats, brain waves, and galvanic skin
responses.
b. Angelo Mosso 1895

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 Studied fear and its influence on the heart and his observations subsequently formed the basis for the
technique. Developed the sphygmomanometer and the scientific cradle, which he used in studying
fear on the heart.
c. Cesare Lombroso -1895 (Italian Scientist)
Employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception. This instrument known as
hydrosphygmograph; measures changes in pulse and blood pressure when suspects were
questioned about their involvement in or knowledge of a specific response. He published an account
of his works with the police to identify the criminal suspects through measurements of blood
pressure and pulse rate.
d. William Marston 1915
He dealt with the sphygmomanometer which was used to obtain periodic discontinuous blood
pressure readings during the course of an examination. He also experienced with the helped to
develop the pneumograph, which records breathing patterns, and the galvanometer which registers
changes in skin resistance. He developed his own method of reading systolic blood pressure and
diastolic blood pressure.
e. John Larson 1921
Developed the polygraph an instrument capable of continuously records blood pressure, pulse and
respiration, during the entire period of the test, which he conducted on criminal suspects and
reported successful research cases. The polygraph instrument that he developed was polygraphic
apparatus in a portable form.

Development of the Galvanograph Component

a. Sticker 1897
First to suggest the use of the galvanograph for detecting deception based on the work of several
predecessors. Theorized that the galvanic skin phenomena was influenced by exciting mental
impressions and that the will have no effect upon it. He introduced the method of detecting deception
from the galvanic impression on the chart tracing.
b. S. Veraguth 1907
First to use the term Psycho-galvanic skin reflex (GSR). Believe that the electrical phenomenon
was due to the activity of the sweat glands.

Development of the Pneumograph Component

a. Vittorio Benussi -1914
Successfully detected deception with a pneumograph, an instrument that graphically measures an
examinees inhalation and exhalation. He published his researched on respiration changes as
indicators of lying and deception. During the test, he measured recorded respiratory tracings and
found that the ratio between the length of inspiration (inhalation) and the length of expiration
(exhalation) may vary according to given situations.
b. Harold Burtt 1918
He determined that respiratory changes were indicative of deception. Found out that changes in
systolic blood pressure were of greater value in determining deception than changes in respiration.

The Modern Polygraph Component

a. Leonarde Keeler 1926
Continued research and development of the polygraph. In 1949, he invented the Keeler Polygraph
with components that simultaneously recorded changes in blood pressure, pulse and respiration, as
well as the newly developed galvanic skin reflex. Even before Keeler designed it, several instrument
for GSR recording were already in existence. What he did was to modify them for adaptability in lie
detection. To be accorded therefore the special credence on GSR recording was Luigi Galvani. which
record electrical bodily resistance in terms of ohms, the lowest electrical current ever recorded, with
the use of battery.
He devised the chart roll paper, a better method of questioning and incorporated the kymograph. He
devised the metal recording bellows.

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 In 1949, the Keeler Polygraph added a galvanometer for recording a psycho-galvanic skin reflex or
electro dermal response.
b. John E. Reid 1945
He contributed a new devise for recording unobserved muscular activities of the arms, thighs, and
feet. The present 4-recording channel polygraph by Reid is an excellent instrument for detecting
deceptions because, not only it has the recording pens for the Cardio-Pneumo-Sphygmo-Galvano
components, but also it has the muscular movement recording pens for both arms and thighs. Reid
that based in his theory that once a lie has been made by the subject, muscular contractions and
pressures in the arms and thighs may occur due to constant pressure of blood volume causing them to
contract or relax especially when the subjects are emotionally affected by the gravity of the offense
charged.
c. Sir James Mackenzie 1906
- He said that polygraph was already existing as early as 1906, Sir Mackenzie, the famous English
heart specialist, described his instrument in an article the Ink Polygraph on 1908, British Medical
Journal, as a device for reproducing writings resulting from his experiments on heart actions and pulse-
beats, whereby inked impressions amplified through the pen maybe recorded permanently on charts. Its
invention, however, has not for lie detection purpose, but for medical researches and polygraphs.

THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEM:

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

Serving as the activator of the body system, the CNS, thru the brain and all the nerve tissue, receives,
evaluates, integrates and stores any stimulus brought to the body from the environment, and at the
same rate, the system send out message to the various part and organs for a specific response.
To illustrate the nervous system operates in the body; here is a simple lay-out of the chain reaction
process: A stimulus is given by way of prickling a needle into the finger. The brain, serving as the
highest headquarter for the system, is now activated and thus awakened. A prickling start with the
finger, such stimulus is immediately received by the receptors. These receptors are the SENSES,
which convert energy to receive and transmit from; sight (visual), hearing (auditory), smell
(olfactory organ), taste (gustatory organs), touch (cutaneous), E.S.P., or 6th sense (through mind and
memory), kinesthesia (a very important sense which gives info about the movements of the parts of
the body with respect to one another), equilibrator system (which informs others parts of the body
about movements of the head in space).

The Circulatory System (CS)

The CS is responsible for the movement of the blood in the veins and the arteries throughout the
body.
Giving life to the system is the Heart. It is a hollow muscle located inside the chest cavity that
pumps blood into those arteries by contracting and relaxing process. It has 4 chambers or hollow
bags. The upper chambers of which are the Auricles and the lower two are the Ventricles. The
Auricles receive blood being returned to the heart by the veins, while the Ventricles receive blood
from Auricles and pump it out into the arteries. The back flow of the blood in the heart is prevented
by 4 valves, corresponding to the 4 chambers.
The heart action or the cardiac cycle consist of Systole and Diastole, the two cycles begins with the
contraction of the Auricles (systole), and then follow closely by the contraction of the left Auricles,
after a short pause, both Ventricles and chambers contract. The contraption of each chamber is
followed by relaxation (diastole) and then by a brief period of inactivity.

The Respiratory System (RS)

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 The RS is responsible for the taking of air into the lungs and also expelling carbon dioxide here from
and the rest of our body. This system, like the nervous and circulatory is equally important to lie
detection. We know well that we can live for 40 days or more without food; we can survive for 3
days without water, but we die within minutes without oxygen. Its function is automatic, it consist of
the following major parts;
a. The Respiratory tract, which comprises the nose and mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
and lungs.
b. The bony-cage, which includes the thoracic vertebrate, the ribs and the breast bone or the
sternum;
As for the inspiration breathing pattern, the chest capacity is increase from front and back, from side
to side, and in the vertical plane that is the forward direction, the lateral direction and the downward
direction.

The Excretory System (ES)

The skin is defined as the external covering of the body consisting essentially of the epidermis,
dermis, and the corium. The anatomical compositions of the epidermis have 4 layers of the stratified
epithelium, while the corium is composed of connective tissue containing lymphatic nerves and
nerve ending, blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands and elastic fibers.

The Skin Basic Function

a. Protection against injuries and parasitic invasions.
b. Regulation of body temperature.
c. An aid in the elimination of bodily waste products.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF DETECTING DECEPTION:

It is the method of gathering and knowing from the subject about the crime dispute or the question of
issue employing the use of machine or device, drugs, or substances and other accessory means.

Most of the test are not reliable to be true and thus the information gathered are not admissible
in court as evidence but only important to be used for further investigation.

1. Lie Detection Test

A test used to record the physiological change associated with lying subject. The polygraph machine will
record the blood pressure, respiratory rate and the skin resistance to electricity in a chart paper.
Although the polygraph has been used extensively as an investigative aid in assisting law enforcement
agencies in reducing the number of suspects in a particular offense and also used as pre-employment
examination in business and industry, there are about 5% of the test that are inconclusive because of the
draw back. Some test showed positive result and yet the subject is innocent and other test gave negative
result to a guilty subject.
Despite of drawbacks and unreliable result that it may not be admissible in court, modification and
improvements in the machine have been done. In some countries in the United States, the result of the
test as evidence is steadily moving toward the direction of admissibility in court. While the Philippines,
it is still not admissible in court.
As a rule, the results of lie detector test are inadmissible as evidence. However, if a lie detector subject
confesses to the examiner during examination, this confession can be admitted in court subject to the
provisions of the rules of evidence.

Reasons why the results of a lie detector test are inadmissible as evidence:
1. Not standardized as to the qualifications of the examiner;
2. Not standardized as to the procedures; and
3. Not standardized as to the instrumentation.

2. Administration of Truth Serum or Narco-analysis

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 This is detecting deception method using narcotic or anesthetic drug in order to get information
from the subject. The following are drug used (truth serum) Hyocine hydro-bromide; Sodium amytal;
Penthotal; Seconal and other barbiturates; Methedrine; Methyl phenidate; Droperidol; Scopolamine;
Trichloroethylene (anesthetic drugs); etc.

The use of this method in criminal interrogation is not advisable because of the following:
Administration of the drugs is dangerous. If not properly administered it may kill the subject or
damage the brain or spinal cord in such manner that the subject will be turned like vegetable.
Unreliable results. The information gathered from the subject is not reliable to be true. If the subject
gave false information under narcosis.
The information taken from the subject under narcosis is not admissible in court as evidence.
Although not admissible, it is quite useful for further investigation.
It deprived the subject of his own freewill to speak freely.
Very few doctors agree in the use of these drugs for criminal investigation unless use for diagnosis
and treatment.

3. Use of Alcoholic Beverage

Alcohol in the form of alcoholic beverage maybe used as a deception detection method. Usually the
hard liquor is the one, preferred but other soft liquor may also be used provided it served the
purposes.
The information taken from the subject under the influence of alcohol is also not admissible in court
as evidence because of the involuntary condition of the subject, however, it maybe admissible if the
subject can recall his statement when he was under the influence of alcohol when confronted again.

4. Stimulus Association Test

In this test, the subject will be interviewed, wherein a group of stimulus words or persons will be
presented to the subject. He will then be instructed to answer the questions as quickly as possible.
The time interval between each relevant question and the answer were noted down as well as the
reaction of the subject to the stimulus words or objects or persons related to the crime.
The interrogator will study the time interval and the reaction of the subject. A person presumed to
be guilty will usually make a mistake or will have a long time interval in answering questions.
He may manifest hesitation in answering critical questions and especially when the weapon used in
the commission of crime will be shown to him. There will also be inconsistencies in his answers or
responses to the stimulus.
This test is also not reliable as a deception detection method because of the following reasons:
a. A person such as recidivist and really guilty may defeat the test by telling lies.
b. Sometimes, the test requires the use of intelligence in answering questions.
c. A nervous person who is innocent may have a long time interval in answering questions and may
even have signs and symptoms.

5. Use of Hypnotism
The hypnotism finds its way in criminal investigation by hypnotizing the subject and then questions
will be asked when the subject is under hypnosis. The subject is under the control and influence by
the hypnotist and therefore the information gathered is devoid of the subjects own freewill to speak
making it not admissible in court.

Psychology of Lying
Remember that a lying person fears detection and possible exclusion by the offended community.
He/she may feel that once detected, he/she could not but to accept the bitter results of being
penalized. This placing his/her whole life at stake since fear reaction carries emotional responses due
to detection, he/she may now exhibit external or internal response within him, such that these
changes occur beyond his/her defensive power to control or repress them. These changes, on the
other hand are recorded by the polygraph instrument and diagnosed by the examiner.

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Kinds of Lie
1. Benign or White Lie This kind of lie, the most common of all, which is intended to protect or maintain
harmony of friendship, at home, in the office or elsewhere.
2. Black Lie A lie which accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies, intriguing to cause dishonor or
discredit ones good image.
3. Red Lie This involves political interests and motives because this is part of communist propaganda
strategy. This lie is prevalent in communist countries or communist infested nations. Lies of this kind
purport to destroy other ideologies by means of propaganda brain washing and black mail via espionage and
treason.
4. Malicious Lie or Judicious Lie This is very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie, this is intended purely to
mislead justice. The probable result would by all means be perjury and pure dishonesty to obstruct justice.
Some liar lawyers and false witnesses fall under this category.
5. Pathological Lie This is a lie made by persons who cannot distinguish right from wrong. It must be said
those persons are mentally sick, or of low mental caliber. In polygraph, impairment of the mind must be
establish first before conducting any lie detector test, otherwise the whole test will be useless. The
pathological liars are among those classified as barriers and obstacle to lie detection with the aid of the
polygraph.

Concepts of Polygraph Examination

Used to test an individual for the purpose of detecting deception or verify the truth of statement.
Records identifiable physiological reactions of the subject, such as high blood pressure, pulse rate,
respiration, and skin resistance.
The effectiveness of the polygraph in recording symptoms of deception is based on the theory that a
conscious mental effort on the part of a normal person to deceive, causes involuntary physiological
changes which are in effect a bodys reaction to an imminent danger to its well-being.

Objectives of Polygraph Examination

Obtain additional investigative aid which leads to the facts of the case/offense.
Ascertain if a person is telling the truth.
Locate the fruits or tools of the crime or whereabouts of wanted persons.
Identify other persons involved.
Obtain valuable information from reluctant witnesses.
Eliminate the innocent suspects.

Principal Uses of the Polygraph

Aid in investigation.
Speeds up processing of investigation.
Eliminates innocent suspects.
Pre-employment screening.
Honesty test (periodic test).

Limitations of the Polygraph

It is an invaluable investigative aid; but never a substitute for an investigation.
It is not a lie detector; it is a scientific diagnostic instrument.
It does not determine facts; it records only responses of the subject.
It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent.
It record response which the subject knows to be truth.
The test will not be given until enough facts of the case have been established to permit as examiner
to prepare complete sets of suitable questions.
A test will not be given without voluntary consent of the subject.
No indication will be given to any person or place in any report that a person will be considered
guilty because he refuse to take the test.

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 A test will not be given until the accusations have been explained to the subject.
No attempt to use polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person.
No examination can be conducted to an unfit subject.

Factors that will Contribute to the Successful use of Polygraph

A highly trained and experienced polygraph examiner.
A reliable instrument.
A well planned interrogation room.
Good teamwork by the investigator, polygraph examiner and their superiors.

Moral Qualities of a Good Polygraph Examiner

He must be free from prejudice (unfair).
Sincere desire to be a good polygraph examiner.
Devote himself to the profession by maintaining a high personal integrity and by increasing his
professional proficiency through constant study and research.
Constant bears in mind his obligation to his subjects to afford them all possible safeguards against
error.
Never accept any subject for polygraph examination if they are unfit for polygraph test.
Always conduct the examination in a professional and ethical manner.
He must be impartial seeker of truth.
Never let his personal feelings or sympathies or prejudice of others, influence the result of the test.
He must be of a good character.
He must be decently dress.

Technical Qualifications of a Polygraph Examiner

Have a complete knowledge of the instrument and its capabilities and limitations.
Complete knowledge of the most modern polygraph techniques.
Proficient in the conduct of the polygraph examination, such as test construction, chart marking,
chart probing, chart interpretation, pretest interview and interrogation.

Responsibilities of the Investigator to the Subject

Learn enough about the polygraph so that he can talk openly and freely to the person about the test. The
subject may know very little or may have been misinformed about it.
Not to reveal the details of an offense, which may be utilized in the application of a Peak of Tension
test?
Assure the subject that if he is truthful, the test is a means to indicate his innocence.
Stress the polygraph capability to record responses accurately whether a person is telling the truth.
Assure the subject that the examiner is qualified and impartial to all persons subject to polygraph test.
Avoid any claim for the instrument or examiner that it is not backed-up by facts.

Responsibilities of the Investigator to the Examiner

In seeking polygraph assistance, the investigator must always consult first the examiner on the need for
the test, definite areas to be resolved, selection and fitness of the subject, and appropriate schedule for
the test.
Must not wait until the last minute after all the investigative methods and techniques had failed. The test
should never be used as a last resort.
Do not to seek the test to support the evidence submitted to the court. This is a display of doubt as to his
investigative finding of guilt on the past of the accused such about always increase to the benefit of the
accused in a numerous instances the opinion of the examiner is accepted by the court in favor of the
defense rather in the prosecution.
Do not fail to investigate the case before seeking polygraph assistance. The examination does not
establish whether the crime has been committed or not.

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 Should not depend on mass screening of possible suspects to produce the guilty party when no
reasonable amount of investigation had produced a likely suspect.
Should not stop the investigation when the polygraph tests is deferred or temporarily delayed.
Should not think that the investigation is over if the test indicated that subject lied or confessed.
Should not use the polygraph as a prop, ruse or trickery to secure confession or for the evaluation of the
mental state of the subject.
Should never tell anyone that the polygraph will determine the guilt or innocence of the subject. The
court makes that decision.
Observe or at least be available during every polygraph examination.
Do not be afraid to say I do not know to the examiner, and never misled or deceit the examiner.

Responsibilities of the Polygraph Examiner to the Subject

Recognizes the fact that his primary responsibility must be to the person who voluntarily submitted
himself to a polygraph test.
He should never conduct a polygraph test without first advising the subject of his constitutional
rights against self-incrimination.
He should never conduct an examination in any person unless the instrument utilizes is in good
working condition and makes a permanent simultaneously recording on a moving chart of at least
two physiological tracing cardio vascular or respiratory tracing.
He should never render a conclusive verbal or written opinion unless there are at least two or more
test charts.
He should not offer testimony concerning the chart or conclusion presented by other examiner unless
he is thoroughly familiar with the techniques and procedures employed.

Conditions Which Would Invalidate a Polygraph Test

a. Extreme nervousness or emotional tension
The possible effects of a truthful persons extreme emotional tension or nervousness must be given
serious consideration in making a polygraph diagnosis.
The psychological changes or disturbances induced by nervousness usually appear on the polygraph
record without relationship to any particular question or questions. Once a truthful subject knows
how the polygraph examination is to be conducted and he becomes satisfied of the techniques
accuracy and of the examiners competence, his general apprehensive will disappear or greatly
diminish. A reduction of emotional tension in a truthful person is also effected by the very conditions
and surroundings under which the examination is conducted.
b. Physiological abnormalities, such as:
Excessive high or low blood pressure.
Heart diseases.
Respiratory disorder (even the common cold).
Toothache, severe headaches, or practically any painful ailment.
c. Mental abnormalities
d. Unresponsiveness, such as:
Lack of emotional response hampers accurate testing.
Extreme fatigue or mental exhaustion.
A person under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
Bodily movement can lead misleading blood pressure readings.

Four Major Components of Polygraph

Pneumograph Component
This component is responsible in recording the changes in breathing of the subject. It is made up of
two units, the pneumograph chest assembly and the recording unit. The pneumograph assembly is
composed of the rubber-convoluted tube and banded chain tubing.

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 Attached to the chest area of the subject and is locked by a beaded chain. Pneumograph tube is
around 10 inches long; one end of which is sealed and the other end is connected to the instrument
by a rather thick walled rubber tube considerably in diameter than the pneumograph tube itself.
The pneumograph recording unit consists of a frame, brass bellows, crank shaft, counter shaft,
adjustable fulcrum, bearing with adjusting screw pen travel, vent limiting screw, pen cradle, and pen
centering control volume changes of the chest caused by breathing transmitted by the chest assembly
to the recording unit.

Galvanograph Component
The galvano component is to record the skin resistance of the subject to a very small amount of
electricity. It is composed of the finger electrode assembly, amplifier unit, and the galvanometer-
recorder unit. The finger electrode connects the subject to the instrument in such a manner that his
skin resistance is a circuit element of the polygraph.
It consists of finger electrode plate with retainer bonds and connecting flog.
It has 7-inch recording pen. It records the changes in the skin resistance of the subject, amplify these
changes and record it on the chart.

Cardiograph Component
The cardiograph component is to record the changes of the blood pressure and pulse rate of the
subject. It is composed of the blood pressure cuff assembly, sphygmomanometer (BP) vent, and
resonance control and recording unit. The blood pressure cuff to the right arm of the subject
transmits impulse from the brachial artery. The pump bulb assembly inflates the system and a hose
connects the blood pressure cuff through which the blood pressure changes and passed into the
recording unit.
The recording unit records the pulse rate and blood pressure changes on the chart paper through a 5-
inch recording pen.

Kymograph Component
Kymograph component is a motor that pulls or drives the chart paper under the recording pen
simultaneously at the rate of 6 to 12 inches per minute. It also a chart or paper feed mechanism. The
parts composed of the paper well writing table, paper guide rails, paper roll assembly with sprockets,
chart feed switch, AC power input connector and all 5 volt GC cycle synchronous motor.

Instrument Used for Diagnosing Truth and Deception

1. The Larson Polygraph
This is the first assemblage of apparatus and some of his co-workers in the Berkeley Police
department.
A strip of paper on which the tracings are recorded is mounted on two-drums, which are turned by a
spring mechanism known as kymograph.
In a later model developed by Larson, a Jaquet polygraph replaced the kymograph-smoked paper,
and the pens moved horizontally instead of vertically as in the original apparatus.
2. The Keeler Polygraph
In 1925, Keeler developed a compact portal instrument. He later made further improvement such as
metal bellows or diaphragm capsules.
The instrument is housed in a steel case with wrinkle finish and chromium trim. The cover is
attached to case by means of slip hinges and can be removed when the instrument is to be used.
Opening of the cover permits hinged doors at each end of the case open outward for access to the
chart at one end and the accessories at the other.
3. The Lee Psychograph
This instrument was designed by Capt. Clarence D. Lee and known as Berkeley Psychograph. It
consists essentially of four units:
1. Chart drive or recording unit.
2. Pneumograph or respiration unit.

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 3. Cardiograph or pulse-blood pressure unit.
4. Stimulus signal unit.
All units are functionally similar to those in the Keeler Polygraph.

4. The Stoelting Instrument

The following instruments were developed by the C. H. Stoelting Company.
1. Cardio-Pneumo Polygraph - It is a self-contained portable instrument, weighing approximately 25
pounds. It is designed to record accurately blood pressure and respiration on a six inches graph,
which moves at a standard rate of speed.
2. Psycho Galvanoscope - A compact, simple, recording instrument for indicating the electro dermal
responses.
3. Deceptograph - This instrument is described as follows:
The galvanometer amplifier system has a built in automatic self-centering feature that will
function after the operator has initially balanced the subjects resistance and adjusted the pen
to a base line.
The Deceptograph galvanometer pen cradle is shock-mounted to the movement. This
eliminates the possibility of accidental damage to the pen movement, making the unit
inoperable due to this cause.
All pens mountings are made on jewel bearings and precious metal pivots.
A pen lock is provided on the cardio-recording unit so the pen will not beat when the arm cuff
is being pumped up to the recording pressure.
It has ink reservoirs, paper well and paper chart.
Battery-feed contained in a removable compartment.
The instrument is designed and built to make an impressive appearance with a look of quality.
4. Ultra-Scribe Polygraph - This is one of the latest products of Stoelting Company, described as
follows:
Designed to operate on 86-127 VAC, 60 Hz (CPS). Operation is completely automatic.
Simply plug the instrument into the power outlet, with the instruments power switch in the
Off position, observed the pattern of light on the power analyzer.
It has individual inking system which is highly evolved no mess Captive Inking system. It
allows the instrument to be transported while fully inked.
It has a chart drive to be turned On or Off by alternately depressing the chart push button
switch. The switch cap will light when the Chart Drive is On.
Ultra-Scribe Polygraph is composed of the following recording channels:
1. Mechanical Pneumo Channel
2. Electronic Pneumo Channel
3. Electronic GSR Channel
4. Mechanical Cardio Channel

5. The Darrow Photopolygraph

The recordings are made on a photographic film instead of by pen and ink.
This apparatus records the pulse and blood pressure, respiration, galvanic skin reflex, reaction
between stimulus and response word, signal marks, voluntary motor response of one hand and
involuntary response of the other hand registering tremor, the latter two by means of a device known
as tremograph. Without doubt this is the most complete assemblage of apparatuses thus far
developed and yields impressive results in an experimental laboratory.
This instrument was invented by Dr. C. W. Darrow and distributed by C. H. Stoelting Company.

6. The Reactograph
This is one of the recent developed instruments described by Bernard H. Higley, psychologist, as
having a good range of sensitivity, which will permit satisfactory records to be made at cuff pressures
as low as 10 t0 20 mm.. Below the diastolic blood pressure.

11
 Dr. Higley, who works with children in the prevention field at AWL Children Center in Columbia,
Ohio, helped to perfect the reactograph, and reports they run hour-long test with 9 to 12 old children
with perfect comfort to the subject.

7. The B and W Lie Detector

This recently developed instrument is an electronic psychometer having advantages over any other
detector.
1. Easy to operate, no delicate mechanism, and no lengthy training school.
2. No awkward graphs, no chest or arm restriction and comfortable electrodes.
3. Sensitivity standardizer 70 to 80% susceptibility, 95% accuracy, rugged construction
maladjustment damage proof, and easily filed test record forms.
4. Entirely electrical, operating on 110 volts, 60 cycle AC, portable and weighs 15
pounds.
This instrument is basically the same as the Stoelting Psycho Galvanoscope.
While this type of instrument demonstrates nicely in the laboratory where the emotional stimuli are
artificially created, there are indications of doubtful value in practical field application, particularly
when standing alone.

8. The Reid Polygraph

The Stoelting Company, Chicago, Illinois, manufactures the Reid Polygraph.
It is essentially a pneumatically operated mechanical recorder of changes in blood pressure, pulse,
and respiration, supplemented with a unit for recording the GSR.
The accessories of the polygraph are attached in the following manner to the person being tested:
1. The pneumograph tubes are fastened around the subjects chest and abdomen.
2. A blood pressure cuff, of the type used by physicians, is fastened around one of the
subjects arms in such a way as to ensure that the rubber portion of the cuff is placed over the
brachial artery of the right arm for a more satisfactory recording.
3. The electrodes are attached to the index finger & the ring finger of the left hand, or to the
palmer or dorsal surfaces of the left hand. The left hand is more suitable because of the fact
the blood pressure cuff attachment is on the right arm.
9. The Lafayette Polygraph
Lafayette Instrument Company manufactures a wide range of polygraph recording modules. These
range from the traditional mechanical pneumograph and cardiograph to the extremely versatile
electronic multi-function and all purpose modules, which greatly extend the range of testable
subjects through the use of state of the art technology.
Lafayette utilizes the individual captive inking system, which not only permits the use of different
colored inks, but also provides a sealed system for transporting the recorder fully inked.
All Lafayette polygraphs are designed to allow the recording pens to remain in their pen cradle
mounting during storage and/or transportation without damage to the pens.
The chart paper drive system on Lafayette polygraphs has many exclusive features. It has been
design to operate with standard Lafayette 8 inches chart paper.
It has eliminated time-consuming conventional hose attachments while still allowing the examiner to
disconnect the hoses between examinations.
Lafayette instrument introduced the first electrically enhanced cardio (the electro-cardio) in 1973.
Since that time the Lafayette system has been refined and improved until today. It is unmatched by
any other available cardio system whether mechanical or electronic.

Identification of Major Components and Controls of the Polygraph

1. Identification and Brief Description of Each Component

Pen Lifter raises or lowers pens to three positions
Chart Drive Module or Kymograph propels chart paper
Program Pacer (optional) a programmable cueing device for the question and answer spacing

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 Paper Tear Bar provides cutting edge for convenient removal of charts
Foam Pen Hold Down keeps pens in place when instrument is being transported
Attach Compartment storage for all forms and supplies.
Accessory Storage and optional Calibration Checking Fixture slightly smaller in executive
Ultra-Scribe Stoelting Polygraph
Subject Connections stylish grouping provides neat professional appearance.
Mechanical Pneumo Module recording part of mechanical pneumo channel.
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Module recording part of GSR channel.
Multi-function Module selectable recording module. Can be used as:
a. Electronic pneumo channel
b. Electronic cardio channel
c. Cardio activity monitor (CAM)
d. Cardio tach or other accessories
Mechanical Cardio Module recording part of mechanical cardio channel
Paper Storage Compartment holds two spare rolls of chart paper on other supplies
AC Power receptacle power connects here
Power Switch and Circuit Breaker applies power to instrument
Chart Drive Roller Lever lifts chart drive roller for paper changes and chart removal
Power Analyzer automatically indicates whether wall outlet is properly wired and grounded or
proper instrument operation and subject safety
Stimulus Marker (optional) marks significant events on the chart
Sphygmomanometer Dial reads operating pressure of cardio channels
Pneumograph 1 pneumatic connection for upper (thoracic) pneumograph. Not connected in
instrument with only one pneumo channel
Pneumograph 2 pneumatic connection for lower (abdominal) pneumograph
Cuff pneumatic connection for cardio channel subject cuff tubing
Pump pneumatic connection for hand pump used to inflate subject cuff
Mechanical Cardio Switch disengages mechanical cardio module from pneumatic system for low
pressure electronic cardio operation

2. Identification of Operating Controls

Central Control (optional) engages computer aided pen re-centering. Available on all electronic
recording channels
Centering Control position pen on chart. Rotating clockwise raises the pen, while
counterclockwise rotation lowers it. Operates similarly on all channels.
Sensitivity Control determines the tracing size (amplitude). Rotating clockwise increase size while
counterclockwise rotation decreases size. Present on Electronic Multi-Function Channels and GSR
Channel only.
Test Push Button checks the electronics on Multi-Function channels.
Multi-Function Mode Switch selects operating mode on Multi-function channels; pneumo,
cardio; CAM or accessory
Input Connector on Multi-function channels only
GSR Mode Switch selects the operating mode for GSR Channel
GSR Meter Connector provides output to drive a remote (optional) GSR motor
GSR Input Connector accepts plug from GSR subject attachment cord
Cardio Lock Lever immobilizes mechanical cardio mechanism when not in use.
Vent performs venting function on pneumatic systems. Rotating the top until it snaps in a raised
(closed) position seals the system. Pressing and rotating the top in either direction one-quarter turn
retains it in the lower (open) position

The Polygraph Examination Room

Polygraph tests should be conducted in a quiet, private, semi-sound proof room. Extraneous noises,
such as the ringing of a telephone or the conversation of persons outside the examination, or the

13
 presence of investigators or other spectators in the room itself would induce disturbances and
distractions that in turn would distort the various physiological recordings and seriously interfere
with a satisfactory polygraph diagnosis.
Whenever it is feasible to do so a specially equipped and furnished room should be set aside for
polygraph examinations. Such a room should be very conservative as to painted walls and furniture.
It contains no ornaments, pictures, or other objects that would in any way distract the attention of the
person being examined.
It is important that the examination room be adequately ventilated, with an even comfortable
temperature.
If available facilities permit, there should be an observation room adjoining the examination
room, in the wall of which there is inserted a one way mirror, a panel of glass chemically treated
so as to permit someone from outside the examination room to see into the lighted examination room
without being seen.
The examination room should be equipped with a concealed microphone so that a person/s outside
the examination room may hear as well as see what occurs in the examination room.

Conditions of the subject to be Considered Fit during the Test

a. The subject must have a good night sleep prior to the test at least five hours.
b. The subject must refrain from smoking for at least two hours prior to the test.
c. The subject must not be interrogated for a long period prior to the test.
d. The subject must be free from any physical abuse.
e. The subject must refrain from the use of alcohol, sedatives, prohibited drugs and other cold syrups
or capsules for at least 12 hours prior to the test.
f. The subject must not be hungry.
g. The subject must not be suffering from any temporary illness such as: fever, severe cold and
cough, allergy, stomach ache, toothache, open wound and the like.
h. The subject must not highly and emotionally nervous.
i. The female subject must be free from menstrual cycle.
j. The subject must not sexually abused,

Four Phases in Conducting Polygraph Examination

1. Initial Interview with the Investigator Handling the Case

This includes the following:
a. obtaining and evaluating facts
b. determining the areas of the subject need to be asked
c. the investigator must furnish the examiner of the following documents:
c.1. sworn statement of suspect/s, witnesses and victims complaint
c.2. incident or spot report
c.3. background investigation report of suspects, witnesses and victims
d. rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as.
d.1. specific articles exact amount of money stolen
d.2. unusual aspect of the offense or any strange out
d.3. the exact time, date, and place of the offense was committed
d.4. known facts about the suspects movement
d.5. the facts indicates any connection between the suspect/s, victims and witness
d.6. exact type of weapons, tools, or firearms used
d.7. results of other laboratory test
d.8. unpublished facts of the offense known only by the victim, suspect/s and the investigator on case

Purposes of the Interview

a. To condition the subject psychologically for the test.
b. To determine whether or not the subject is fit to take the test.

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 c. To afford the examiner to make an observation and evaluation of the subject in order to be able to
determine the type of test technique best applicable on the case.
d. For the examiner to be able to establish rapport with the subject.
e. For the examiner to determine whether the subject voluntarily submits himself to the test.

2. The Conduct of Pre-test Interview

The primary purpose of the pre-test interview is to prepare the subject for the test.

Preparation of the Subject for the Test

a. The appraisal of subjects constitutional rights.
b. Obtain subjects consent to undergo polygraph test.
c. The taking of the personal data of the subject.
d. Determine his/her suitability as a subject.
e. Evaluating the psychological preparation.
f. Informing the subject of his involvement with the case.

Constitutional Rights of the Subject Prior to the Test

a. The right to be informed of his right.
b. He has the right to remain silent.
c. He has the right to have a competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice.
d. He has the right against self-incrimination.
e. He has the right to refuse; anything he can say can be used as evidence in favor or against him in any
court of justice in the Philippines.

3. The Conduct of Instrumental Test

After pre-test interview, the examiner should proceed to place the attachment of polygraph
components to the subject: such as the pneumograph, cardiograph, and galvanograph component.
Review all the questions being prepared with the subject and determine his answer for every question
asked. Although questions the subject asks the instrument should be answered (briefly as possible),
the examiner should discourage any lengthy comments or statements by the subject respecting the
matter or incident under investigation or his disclaimer of responsibility for it.
Test instruction must be given to the subject. Any movement of the body of the subject during the
test will affect the tracing results on the chart paper. The answer of the subject of all questions is
limited by Yes or no, in order to avoid distortion tracing on the chart.

4. Post-test Interview/Interrogation
This phase includes consideration that bears on the examination just after the instrument is turn off.
If the polygraph test indicates deception the examiner will then proceed to conduct short
interrogation. The purpose of which is to obtain confession. However, if the polygraph indicated the
subject is innocent, the examiner just releases the subject cordially and thanks for his cooperation. If
the subject is cooperative, just say thank you for your cooperation.

General Rules in Formulating Test Questions

a. Must be simple and direct.
b. Must be answerable by yes or no.
c. Must not involve a legal terminology.
d. Should be as short as possible.
e. Meaning must be clear and unmistakable.
f. Phrased in a language or dialect the subject can easily understand.
g. Must not be in the form of an accusation. (Accusation would cause subject to feel examiner has
already made a conclusion)
h. Must never contain an inference that presupposes knowledge on the part of the subject.
i. Must refer to only one offense.

15
 j. Must refer to only one element of an offense.

Phraseology of Relevant Questions

The phraseology of the test questions is an extremely important aspect of the examination. The
questions, and every word used in the questions must be definite, clear, and thoroughly
understandable to the subject. For instance, in a rape case, if the subject is uneducated and knows
only words or expression that is simple equivalent for sexual intercourse they should be used in the
tests questions. Likewise, if the sex act under investigation were one of fellatio, it would be futile,
when testing a person unfamiliar with the meaning of the word, to label the act other way than
common place terminology.
Words like murder, rape and embezzlement should not be used in test question because
they are not sufficiently prcised in meaning. Instead, of murder words such as shoot or stab
should be used. For rape, the term, forced to have sexual intercourse or willingly have sexual
intercourse is more accurately descriptive of the questioned event and also avoid of legal
connotation.

Limiting Scope of Question

The relevant test question used in any examination should be confined to a single case investigation.
The polygraph technique is not effective for simultaneous testing regarding two or more unrelated
occurrences. Moreover, there is a severe limitation as to the issue that maybe explored even in regard to a
single incident.

Nature of Test Questions

1. Strong Relevant
a. A direct question having an intense and specific relationship to the crime or problem being
considered.
b. Designed and constructed to test for direct involvement only.
c. Specifically designed to produce an emotional response in person attempting deception.

Example:
Did you steal the computer of jeff?
2. Weak Relevant
a. A question concerning some secondary element of the crime or problem being considered.
b. Guilty knowledge, partial involvement, type questions.
Example:
Did you ever steal anything before you were 18 years of age?
3. Irrelevant Question
a. Does not relate to the matter under investigation.
b. Must deal with a known fact about which the subject cannot lie.
c. Designed to absorb the initial response as the question sequence starts.
d. Should produce little or no emotional change in the subject.
Example:
Are you studying in Ateneo?
4. Symptomatic Question
a. Designed to detect and evaluate the presence of outside issues, which may suppress responses to
relevant questions.
Examples:
Are you completely convinced that I will not ask you a question on this test that has not already been
reviewed?
Is there something else you are afraid I will ask you a question about; even though I told you I would
not?
5. Probable Lie (Control Questions)
a. General

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 a.1. It is designed to produce a response in the innocent subject.
a.2. Serves as basis for evaluating the subjects perceptual set.
b. General Formulation Rules
b.1. The examiner must condition and stimulate the subject in the pre-test interview causing
the subject to believe that test questions are important to the procedure and final test results.
b.2. The theory of the control question must not be discussed with the subject because
subject will not respond if he understands the theory.
b.3. Control questions are generally broad in scope and time. It must not, however, include
the offense under investigation that is three to five years prior to the current offenses.
Examples:
Before you were 18 years of age, did you ever steal anything?; or
Do you remember stealing anything before you were 18 years of age?; or
Besides what you have told me about, did you ever steal anything else before you were 18?; or
Besides what you have told me about, have you ever stolen any money from a former employer?
6. Sacrifice Relevant Question
a. A question of standard format designed to absorb the response normally generated by the
introduction of the relevant question.
Example:
Regarding the stolen money, do you intend to answer truthfully each question about that?
7. Guilt Complex Question
a. The guilt complex question acts as a safeguard against mistaking the relevant question response of
the guilt complex reactor for deception responses, that is it acts as a specialized control question.

b. Rules to follow:
b.1. Based on the fictitious crime situation constructed by the examiner.
b.2. The fictitious crime should be specific rather than general.
b.3. The fictitious crime situation should closely parallel with the actual crime under
investigation and should be equal in weight.
b.4. The examiner, prior to approaching the subject concerning the crime situation, must be
certain the fictitious crime was never actually committed.
b.5. The situation must be constructed so that the subject could be considered a logical
suspect, that is it must cover a period of time for which the subject does not have an alibi.
b.6. the details of the fictitious crime must be specific enough that the guilt subject can be
sure he did not commit this particular offense.
Examples:
Did you steal the money from the house at Manahan Street?; or
Did you forcibly have sexual intercourse with the nurse wearing white uniform at the General
Hospital?
8. SKY Question
a. A series of three questions used only on the third chart of Backster Zone Comparison test (BZCT)
designed to conform the previous two charts and detect indirect involvement or guilty knowledge.
Examples:
Do you SUSPECT anyone in particular of stealing Ginas money?
Do you KNOW for sure who stole Ginas money?
Did YOU steal Ginas money?

Test Technique Commonly Used in Polygraph Test

1. General Question Test (GQT)
The questions are consisting of series of relevant and irrelevant questions ask in a plan order. In
general questions are so arrange as to make answer by Yes or No.

Sequence of GQT
1Q - Irrelevant Question

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2Q - irrelevant Question
3Q - Weak Relevant Question
4Q - Irrelevant Question
5Q - Strong Relevant Question
6Q - Control Question
7Q - Irrelevant Question
8Q - Evidence Control Question
9Q - Knowledge Question
10Q - Secondary Control Question

Sample Questions of GQT

1Q Irrelevant- Is your name John?
2Q Irrelevant- Is your family name Cruz?
3Q Weak Relevant- Did you ever steal anything before you were 18 years of age?
4Q Irrelevant- Are you married?
5Q Strong Relevant- Did you steal the computer of UST?
6Q Control Question- Aside from what you told me a while ago, such as et, did you ever steal anything
other thing from UST?
7Q Irrelevant- Are you studying in UST?
8Q Evidence Control- Is the ball cup taken from the crime scene owned by you?
9Q Knowledge Question- Do you know who stole the computer?
10 Q Secondary Control- Do you know where the computer is being kept now?
2. Silent Answer Test
It produces better respiratory pattern by eliminating causes of distortions from the subject who
prepares himself to answer questions aloud by inhaling a great amount of air. It enhances the utility
recording of the GSR. Also produces a chart with greater purity of tracings. It acts as an effective
stimulation test for the subsequent polygraph test requiring a verbal answer.
3. Backster Zone Comparison Test (BZCT)
It is based on the principles of psychological set. Also provides constant monitoring of subjects
reactivity. Designed to disclose outside issues.
Sequence of BZCT
1Q - Irrelevant Question
2Q - Sacrifice Relevant Question
3Q - Symptomatic Question
4Q - Probable Lie (Control) Question
5Q - Strong Relevant Question
6Q - Probable lie (Control) Question
7Q - Strong Relevant Question
8Q - Symptomatic Question
9Q - Guilt Complex Question
10Q - Weak Relevant Question
11Q - S Do you SUSPECT.
12Q - K Do you KNOW.
13Q - Y Did YOU

Sample Questions of BZCT

1Q Irrelevant- Is your first name Jonathan?
2Q Sacrifice Relevant- Regarding that stolen watch and gold coin collection do you intend to answer
truthfully each questions about that?
3Q Symptomatic- Are you completely convinced that I will not ask you question on this test that has
already between reviewed?
4Q Probable Lie (Control)- Can you remember stealing anything at all before you were 18 years old?
5Q Strong Relevant - Did you steal the bracelet?

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6Q Probable Lie (Control)- Other than what you told me about, have you ever stolen other things?
7Q Strong Relevant - Did you steal the watch of Mary?
8Q Symptomatic- Is there something else you are afraid that I will ask you a question about; even though I
told you I would not?
9Q Guilt Complex - Did you steal the computer?
10Q Weak Relevant - Do you known the name brand of that stolen computer?
11Q S (Suspect)- Do you SUSPECT anyone in particular of having stolen the watch of Mary?
12Q K (Know)- Do you KNOW for sure who stole the watch of Mary?
13Q Y (You)- Do YOU steal the watch of Mary?

Color Zones Identifying BZCT Type of Questions

a. RED zone - Strong Relevant Question
b. GREEN zone - Probable Lie (Control) Question
c. BLACK zone - Symptomatic (Outside issues) Question
d. YELLOW zone - Irrelevant and Sacrifice Relevant
e. ORANGE zone - Weak Relevant Question

4. Peak of Tension Test

It is the process of questioning with the subject by choosing the number given by the examiner in
order to determine wherever there is reaction on the chart tracing.
This test is only made possible when there is widespread about the crime where intimate details as to
the method of the commission of the crime or certain facts of the case, which is only known, by the
perpetrator.
Question formulated are similar in nature and construction only one of which is true and the
perpetrator who would not really be naturally be imposition of such a publicize knowledge will
usually exhibit and rise in a tracing up to the particular question followed by decline. Thereafter
caused by the relief or knowing that the rigid or dangerous to his will be fast. Answerable by No
only.

Checklist on Request for Polygraph Assistance

a. The investigator on the case should first consult the polygraph examiner on the following:
a.1. Necessity of the test
a.2. Requirements for the test
a.3. Selection of subjects
a.4. Specific area to be resolved, and
a.5. Scheduling of the test and the subject
b. A written request for the test is required accompanied by pertinent statements/depositions and
complete facts of the case to include background information on the subject.
c. The investigator on the case should hand carry the request to the polygraph examiner in order he
can personally inform the latter of the details and verified facts of the case.
d. The investigator should likewise accompany the subject on the date and time of the test and stay
there until the examination will be completed.

Chart Marking
Is a very important part of a polygraph technique. An examiner may have the best training, use the
most advanced methods and run mile as of chart tracings, but none of these are of any value without
with proper chart markings. Merely one of two seconds off on chart markings can easily create
misinterpretation, and, as we have learned, misinterpretation presents the ever present potential of
tragic consequence.

Stimulus Mark
Are short vertical lines placed normally about one-eight of an inch below a descending stroke of the
cardio tracing at exactly the beginning and the end of a stimulus (asking a question) insertion.

19
General Considerations and Marking Symbols
1. Starting the test=X
a. Inform the subject that the test is about to begin.
b. Wait for 15 to 20 seconds before asking the first question in order to record the normal pattern of
the subject.
2. When the first question is asked, a stimulus mark is placed on the chart.
a. Place a vertical line below the cardio tracing pen point.
b. When each question is asked, a double stimulus mark will be used to indicate the beginning and
end of the question.
3. Numbering of questions.
a. Placing the number on the chart can be done between the stimulus vertical lines, or either below
the stimulus markings, or to the right.
b. Extreme care should be taken to insure that the correct question number is used in identifying the
question asked, to prevent misinterpretation of the test charts.
4. Answer to questions=Plus (+) sign for Yes; Minus (-) sign for No.
a. No sign when the subject fails to answer or when Silent Answer Test (SAT) is conducted.
b. Signs are placed below or right side of the number of the question as subject answers.
5. Time interval between questions.
a. 15 to 20 seconds interval is considered sufficient time to permit reaction curve.
b. The intervals between questions should be approximately the same length to prevent anticipatory
reactions.
6. Ending the test= XX
a. Inform the subject that the test is about to end by giving the following instructions. Sit properly
still. The test is about to end. I will release the pressure in the arm cuff in just one moment.
7. Talking by the subject other than the normal Yes or No=T
8. Talking instructions=TI
9. Coughing=C
10. Movements=M
11. Movement instructions=MI
12. Mechanical adjustments.
a. Indicate by an arrow either pointing up or down, adjacent to respective pattern where the
adjustment is made.
13. Clearing of the throat=T
14. Outside noise=OSN
15. Sigh. (Long breath)=S
16. Sniff. (Forcibly breathing)=SN
17. Sneeze. (Expel breath)=SZ
18. Burp. Expel breath from the stomach to the mouth)=B
19. Laugh=L
20. Yawn= Y
21. Change voice of subjects answer=VC
22. Involuntary movement=IM
24. Breathing instructions=BI
25. Repeat of question=R
26. Paper jam=PJ

Method of Numbering of Charts for Identification

1. Identifying information on test charts.
a. Subjects name, rank or profession.
b. Date and hour of examination.
c. Test or chart number.
d. Initial of examiner.

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 e. To be written above the pneumo pattern near the beginning of the chart.
2. Identifying signature of subject.
a. At the completion of the examination the subject will be required to sign across the three recorded
graph.
b. Done for the purpose of positive identification of each chart.

Chart Probing
Shall be done every after the taking of each chart. The examiner shows the recorded result to the
subject with a brief explanation as to the significance of the recorded reactions.
He points out the dissimilarities between reactions accompanying irrelevant and relevant questions.
The examiner informs the subject that the probing being is necessary in order for the test to be
objective.

Purposes of Chart Probing

a. To determine the true cause of the recorded responses.
b. To calm an overly stimulated subject.
c. To clarify confusion or misunderstanding that might have been caused by the questions asked.
d. To convince doubtful subjects who may be testing the instrument or the efficiency of the examiner.
e. To restimulate a subject who has produced little response or no response.
f. To obtain the cause or origin of a flat or unemotional chart.
g. To gain additional information pertinent to any specific issue.
h. To set the stage for the succeeding chart by rectifying given questions that may necessitate
rephrasing.
i. To maintain a gentle psychological pressure
j. To verify whether or not the subject has been truthful in answering the questions asked during the
test.

Samples of Chart Probing Questions

a. What was in your mind when I asked you this question?
b. Did you recall any similar incident when I asked you this question?
c. Is there something you are afraid to tell me about?
d. Can you tell me what could have caused this reaction when I asked this question?
e. What did you do after I asked you this question?

Chart Interpretation
Accuracy of Instrumental Detection of Deception
The accuracy of instrumental detection of deception is dependent upon the examiners ability to
diagnose truth or deception by reading and interpreting the chart of the subject.

Keynotes to Accurate Chart Interpretation

Question Formulation is the keynote to accurate chart interpretation. If a relevant question has
been properly phrased and delivered to resolve its particular purpose, it will influence subjects fight
or flight mechanism in a manner, which will facilitate chart interpretation.

Cardinal Rule in Chart Interpretation

Any change from normal requires an explanation. The responsibility lies specifically with the
examiner for determining whether a change from normal is psychological or physiological in origin,
whether it results from direct, indirect, implied, associated, considered, sensitive, fearful or
distasteful sources; sources immediately at hand or extraneous; a result of one or a combination of all
these.

A smart examiner would want to be right in his interpretation of chart tracings. He must be right, law
objectivity goes out of the window and subjectivity reigns.

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Meaning of Norm
To the polygraph examiner, NORM generally means the type of cardio, pneumo and galvo tracings
produced by the subjects body on a moving chart prior to the insertions of relevant question or
stimulus.

Descriptive Types of Breathing

a. Normal e. Deep
b. Rapid f. Serrated inhalation
c. Slow g. Serrated exhalation or both
d. Shallow h. Deviation caused by coughing

Pneumograph Tracings Which Maybe Considered Indicative of Deception

a. Change in rhythm or regularity.
b. Change in amplitude or volume.
c. Change in the inhalation/exhalation ratio.
d. Notched or serrated inhalation/exhalation strokes.
e. Change of baseline.
f. Hyperventilation.
g. Suppression.
h. Respiratory block.

Galvanograph Tracings Which Maybe Considered Indicative of Deception

a. Vertical rise at point of deception.
b. Double saddle response.
c. Long duration and/or degree of response following point of deception.
d. Plunging galvanograph tracings.

Cardiograph Tracings Which Maybe Considered Indicative of Deception

a. Increase or decrease in blood pressure.
b. Increase or decrease in pulse rate.
c. Increase or decrease in amplitude.
d. Change in position or disappearance of the dicrotic notch.
e. Extra systoles (premature contraction of an auricle or ventricle while fundamental rhythm of the
heart is maintained).

General Rules to Follow in Chart Interpretation

a. There must be a specific response.
b. To be specific, it must form a deviation from norm.
c. It must appear in at least two test charts.
d. The best indication of deception is the simultaneous specific responses in the three tracings of the
chart.

Stimulus That Can Cause Changes in the Cardio Tracings and Such Change Requires an Explanation
a. Question stimulus
b. Extraneous stimulus
c. Subject discomfort, mental or physical illness.
d. Mechanical adjustment
e. Subject movement

Some Tracings Breaks Caused by Subject Movement

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 Tracings breaks caused by subject movement have to be weighed in term of whether or not their
occurrence contains deception criteria. Such interpretation will be based on origin, repetition, where
repeated, frequency, as well as subjects explanation. We refer primarily to movements caused by:
a. Cuff discomfort
b. Physical pain, internal or external
c. Rib-cage expansion where subjects chest touches cuff
d. Poor cuff wrap
e. Examiner writing too heavily on chart paper

Skip-beat (Extra Systole)

a. A regular skip beat at evenly spaced intervals usually signified a type of heart defect, serious or
not. Often it is simply classified as subjects norm.
b. A skip beat occurring now and then after a primary relevant question may indicate deception
criteria itself.
c. A skip beat has also been interpreted as a form of physiological relief following a stimulus of
importance to the subject, and again can fall into the category of deception criteria.

Cardio Tracings Affected by Subjects Respiratory Activities

a. A deep sigh will generally cause a rise and fall in the cardio tracing and should be followed by an
irrelevant question.
b. Clearing of throat, coughs, sneeze or talking, usually causes a break in the cardio tracing. Usually
this will require mechanical adjustment on the needles.
c. An unusually fast heart rate, accompanied by a large amplitude which uniformly rises and falls,
normally is in conjunction with a labored respiratory tracing, known as VAGUS ROLL. Generally this
phenomenon is cause by fear and falls into the category of potential deception criteria.

Effect of an Extremely High Pulse Rate

An extremely high pulse rate may prevent the subject from actually being able to respond. This is
usually caused by:
a. Fear of the test itself.
b. Hatred turned into fear.
c. Excessive psychological stimulation by the examiner.
d. Deception, the fear of being caught in a lie.
e. An inherent fear of anything foreign to his well-being.
Post-Test Interrogation
Post-test interrogation will applied when the polygraph examiner is convinced of the guilt of the
subject from the charts taken. He employs interrogation techniques to secure an admission or
confession. If no confession was derived, release the subject in a pleasant manner.

Suggested Procedure to Follow

a. Inform the subject that he cannot be cleared from his chart.
b. Convince the subject that the responses were created due to his own emotions and not by any
mechanical manipulations by the examiner.
c. Use expressiveness, sympathetic attitude and determination in eliciting admission or confession.
d. Point out recorded reactions with a brief explanation of their significance as an objective, concrete
and physical evidence that the eye can see and the mind cab easily grasp.
e. Listen attentively to any results. Pursue a line of mild interrogation as to the reasons why the
criminal act was committed or how it was done rather than merely acquiring admission of guilt.
f. In some cases, rationalize the subjects act by offering a way to excuse his conduct or minimize the
significance or shift the blame to someone or some situations.
g. If a confession is forthcoming, allow subject to relate it in his own words, thoughtfully concentrate
on the possibility of recovering physical evidence that will support subjects confession.
h. Listen carefully to specific details and write it down at the first opportunity.

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 i. Never make any promise particularly with regards to protection, reward or clemency.
j. Inform the investigator what the examiner gathered, and let him take the necessary formal
statement.

Good Examiner-Interrogator Must Posses the Following

a. Proper attitude in approaching every test. Projection of fairness and impartiality calls for logic and
permits objectivity.
b. Thorough pre-test understanding of the tools of ones trade and how to apply them.
c. The examiner must sell himself into the confidence of the subject and not to give up that
confidence.

Drugs and the Polygraph

Types of Drugs
1. Basically, there are three types of drugs, such as:
a. Stimulants increase physiological activity
b. Depressants decrease physiological activity
c. Irritants affect cell growth and nutrition, therefore, are no consequence to the polygraphist
2. The degree of increase or decrease in physiological activity depends upon the dosage of the drugs, the
amount of food in the persons stomach at the time the drug was taken, and the body tolerance to that
particular drug.
3. The two types of stimulant drugs that concerns polygraphist are those that affect the
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
a. Amphetamines
b. Cocaine
c. Antidepressants
d. Caffeine and parnate
4. Drugs that affect the heart (cardiac), such as:
a. Adrenaline
b. Nitroglycerin
c. Digitoxin
5. Depressant drugs fall into six common categories:
a. Alcohol
b. Antihistamines such as Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), Promethzine (HCI), Chloropheniramine (all
require prescriptions)
c. Tranquilizers such as Chlorodiazepozide HCI, Diazepam (Valium), Meprobamate (Deprol)
d. Anticonvulsants such as Phynetoin Sodium (Dilantin), and Mephenytoin (Mesantoin)
e. Barbiturate such as Pentobarbital Sodium (Nembutal), Secobarbital Sodium (Seconal)
f. Narcotics such as Opium, Morphine, Heroin, Codeine, Mepedrine, Hydrochloride (Demerol),
Hydromarphine (Diluadid), and Hydrochlorides of opium alkaloids
NOTE: the effect of the drugs are constant throughout the chart, therefore, it can be disregarded as a norm

Physiological Changes Caused by Drugs and Their Effects on Tracings and Charts
1. Stimulants cause the following physiological changes:
a. Increase in respiratory rate
b. Increase in blood pressure
c. Increase in pulse rate
d. Slows salivatory gland reaction causing dryness
e. Dilate the pupils of the eye
f. Increases perspiration
g. Inhibits digestive processes
2. Depressants cause the following physiological changes:
a. Decrease in respiratory rate

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 b. Decrease in blood pressure
c. Decrease or slows the pulse rate
d. Increase salivatory gland action
e. Constrict the pupils of the eye
f. Decrease perspiration rate
g. Stimulates digestive processes
3. Effects of Stimulant Drugs on the Pneumograph Tracings:
a. Increase in rate
b. Increase in amplitude
c. Increase in amplitude and rate
d. Possible serrated or notched tracing
4. Effects of stimulant Drugs on the Galvanograph Tracings:
a. Increase activity because of increase perspiration
b. All reaction will be very pronounced because of the stimulation
5. Effects of Stimulant Drugs on the Cardiograph Tracings:
a. Increase in blood pressure
b. Increase in pulse rate
c. Increase in amplitude
d. deceptive subject will probably show a sharp rise in blood pressure to relevant question
6. Effects of depressant drugs on the Pneumograph Tracings:
a. Decrease in rate
b. Shallow breathing

7. Effects of Depressant Drugs on Galvanograph Tracings:

a. Decrease activity
b. Perspiration rate has been greatly reduced so it would be logical to expect that any response will
be greatly reduced from the norm
8. Effects of Depressant Drugs on the Cardiograph Tracings:
a. Decrease in blood pressure
b. Decrease in pulse rate
c. Shallow or narrow amplitude
d. A deceptive subject probably shows a very small or slow rise in blood pressure at relevant
questions

Legal Status
a. Polygraph test is an invaluable aid in investigation. If a subject agrees to voluntarily submit to take
the test and it is properly conducted, his rights are not violated.
b. No polygraph test can be effectively employed on a unwilling subject. The charts derived there
from would be indicative more of bodily movements, silence and anger rather than an objective basis for an
opinion of lying; hence, voluntary consent is essential.
c. Generally, the opinions rendered by the polygraph examiner on the test charts are not acceptable as
evidence particularly if standing alone. The examiner may however testify on the voluntariness of any
statement, admission or confession obtained after an individual agreed to the test.
d. Rejection of the lie detector test is not based upon the inaccuracy of the instrument but rather
towards the weakness of the examiner and the subject as well, as to the query whether the test questions are
sound or not.
e. The question as to whether the polygraph is perfect is equivalent as to whether a clinical
thermometer, stethoscope, x-ray machine or compound microscope is perfect. A trained scientist maybe
mistaken in what he sees or hears by any of these devices. Like the thermometer and the stethoscope, the
polygraph is simply an instrument for recording physiological reactions and it is possible for the examiner to
be mistaken in his interpretation of the recording. Even in the best of clinics, the interpretation is not 100%
accurate, but that does not imply that the machine should not be used. The same can be said for the
polygraph.

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 f. In every case not substantiated by a valid confession, or other definite evidence, any conclusion
based solely upon the analysis of the polygraph charts, constitutes an opinion and in direct proportion to the
expertise and integrity of the examiner.
g. Those who will oppose the use of the examiners report in the courtroom do so mainly on the
question of its accuracy. Aside from the certain psychological considerations, they blame this inaccuracy of
the failure of examiners to used uniform procedures in the conduct of the test.
h. It is the experience of most courts that the great majority of trials on issue of guilt or innocence;
turn on the credibility of the witness. Perjury is prevalent and the oath taken by the witness has little effect to
deter false testimony. The principal role of the trier of facts is the search for truth and any reasonable
procedure or method to assist the court in this search must be employed.
i. Police, prosecutors and polygraph examiners, feels that the results of polygraph examination
should be admitted only insofar as they tend to prove or disprove the credibility of witness. The examiner
should not be allowed to testify as the guilt or innocence of the subject, but limit his testimony to the issue of
credibility based upon the subjects body responses to the questions asked.
j. Polygraph test results and expert testimony relating thereto can be admissible upon stipulation to
corroborate other evidences of a defendants participation to the crime charged or to corroborate or impeach
his own testimony under the following conditions:
j.1. The counsel of both parties and the subject, will sign a written stipulation providing for
subjects submission to the test and for the subsequent admission at the trial of the graphs and the
examiners opinion thereon, on behalf of either the defendant or the state.
j.2. That the admissibility of the test results is subject to the discretion of the trial judge. If the
trial judge is not convinced that the examiner is qualified or that the test was conducted under improper
conditions, he may refuse to accept such evidence.
j.3. If the graphs and examiners opinion are offered in evidence, the opposing party shall
have the right to cross- examine the examiner respecting among others, the following:
j.3.a. The examiners qualification and training.
j.3.b. The conditions under which the test was administered.
j.3.c. The limitations of and possibilities for error in the technique, and
j.3.d. Other matters deemed pertinent to inquire at the discretion of the trial judge.
k. The polygraph now enjoys general acceptance among authorities including psychologists,
physiologists, researchers in these fields as well as polygraph examiners, because it now possess a high
degree of reliability and validity as an effective instrument and procedure for detecting deception.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. Lie Detector it is the popular but misleading name of the polygraph. In Greek, polygraph means many
writing and the instrument were so named because it make various ink recordings of a persons body
functions.
2. Truth Verifier other name of the polygraph, since statistics show that in the vast majority of the
instances the instrument verifies an innocent persons truthfulness.
3. Fear is an emotional response to scientific danger that appears to beyond a person defensive power.
4. Stimuli is a force or motion reaching the organism and excise the deceptions. In short, is a force that
arouses the organism or any part to activity.
5. Reaction it is actions in mental attitude evoke by external influences.
6. Deceptions is an act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying.
7. Detection is an act of discovery existence, pressure or fact of something hidden or obscure/unknown.
8. Lying is an uttering or conveying falsehood, creating a false or misleading impression with the intention
of affecting wrongfully, the acts through the opinion or affection of another.
9. Response is any activity or division of the previous activity of an organism or as effect organ, or part of
the organism resulting from stimulation. (Internal Response and External Response)
10. Chart or Polygrams refers to the composite records of the pneumograph, galvanograph, and
cardiograph tracings recorded from series questions.
11. Subject refers to a person being examined.
12. Polygraph Examiner is one who conducts or administers polygraph test or examination.

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13. Psychology means is the study of human behavior.
14. Heredity - is the transmission of physical and mental traits to offspring.

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