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ProEnvironment

ProEnvironment 9 (2016) 5 - 16

Original Article

Vulnerability Assessment of Land for Surface Erosion using

Usle Model. Case Study: Some Mare Hills
COLNI Dorel1, Ioan PCURAR1, Sanda ROCA2, tefan BILACO2,3, Marcel DRJA1,
Amalia Ioana BO 1
1 University
of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj - Napoca, Mntur St., No. 3 5,
400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Geography, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; sbilasco@geografie.ubbcluj.ro,

sanda.rosca@geografie.ubbcluj.ro.
3Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca Subsidiary Geography Section, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Received 12 February 2016; received and revised form 20 February 2016; accepted 26 February 2016
Available online 29 March 2016

Abstract

Surface erosion represents, for the territory of Transylvanian Depression and especially for the contact area with
the mountains, one of the major processes of degradation of land, along with landslides, which imprints a reduction of
the quality of the soil and also for the agricultural production. Thereby, in studies, it is represented by the estimation of
the quantity of degraded soil by surface erosion using models and methods which include integrated analysis of the factors
that lead to the appearance of erosional processes. The new methods and techniques of spatial analysis in GIS
environment for the analysis of the unique influence of each factor, as well as the integrated manifestation of the factors
in the framework of the complex process of surface erosion. This are materialized in date bases which represent specific
coefficient as: the erodability coefficient of soil, coverage of ground vegetation, slope degree, slope length, the pluvial
erosion coefficient and so on. This were analyzed also through spatial distribution and the degree of influence among the
erosion of the whole area in study, at the subunits level of hydrographic basins from Some Mare hills, as well as through
the level of the administrative territorial units space identified in the study area. Identifying the areas with high
vulnerability for surface erosion represents the first step regarding the identification of areas with degraded lands, aimed
mainly the rehabilitation of this areas through establishment of pilot forest resorts, which will aloud after words their
inclusion in the economic circuit by sustainable exploitation of the obtained timber.
Keywords: GIS Analysis, U.S.L.E. soil erodability, soil erosion.

1. Introduction and study area Thereby, were implemented a series of

identification models for the degradation of soils by
Identifying the territories on slope class with Wischmeier and Smith, 1978, Mooc et. Al., 1979. So
restriction regarding the agricultural use of land we remember the main models in the category of
represented an objective followed and expressed in literature that offered appreciable results globally:
specialty studies since the XX century (Domua, USLE model (Universal soil erosion equation),
2011). (Wischmeier & Smith, 1965), RUSLE (Renard et al.,
1997), MUSLE (Williams, 1975), ANSWERS
* Corresponding author. (Beasley et al., 1980), EUROSEM al., 1997),
Tel: +40-264-596384
Fax: +40-264-593792 MUSLE (Williams, 1975), ANSWERS (Beasley et
e-mail: ioanpacurarcj@yahoo.com al., 1980), EUROSEM (Morgan et al., 1998),

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 COLNI Dorel et al./ProEnvironment 9(2016) 5-16
EROSION 2D/3D (Schmidt,1999), USPED
(Mitasova et al., 1996), etc.
Some Mare Hills represents a territory with
a surface of 1074 km2, situated for 98% of territory
on the administrative limit of Bistria-Nsud county
and 2% on the NE territory of Cluj county. The
transition character, from the surroundings of
mountain units from the north, towards the
Transilvanian Depression is achieved by
subdivisions, represented by Ciceu Hills, Suplai Hills
in the center and Nsud Hills in the east.
At a first peak of the analyzed territory is
stands out the degrease of altitude from a maximum
of 1187 m to only 244 m in the southern area of the
contact with the Some Mare Corridor, which
extends from Sngiorz Bi up to Dej, channeling on
this direction the network of human settlements and
the communication network. Once with the degress
Fig. 1: Geographic position of Some Mare Hills
From the category of negative processes that
have an influence on territories with slope, reducing
their fertility, stands out the soil erosion as an effect
of water drainage on slopes, lacking the application
of minimum anti-erosional measures (Costache et.
Al., 1968, Neamu, 1996).
Otherwise, in the category of
geomorphological processes that have an effect on
hills in Romania, stands processes such as: surface
and deep erosion (Mooc, 1959, Ioni, 2000, Drja
et. Al., 2002, Mooc, 2002, Bilaco et. al., 2009) and
landslides (Petrea et. al., 2014, Roca, 2015, 2016).
Thereby, the purpose of the present study is to
identify the territories framed in different erosional
classes using GIS techniques and a complex data base
of altitude, from the northern sector up to Some
Corridor and by the modifications occurred for the
morphometric parameters of the relief with restrictive
role (land slope and de degree of fragmentation) it
stands out, in the category of land use, the increase of
agricultural surfaces in the meadow sector and low
hills.
Some Mare Hills covers, totally or partially,
28 administrative territorial units with a total of 65
villages (figure 1), where for 180 km2 prevails the
agricultural areas as a way to use land, mixed with
natural vegetation in the low hills and meadow
territories, the sector of very high hills (751-1000 m)
is predominant used as secondary pastures for 215
km2 and the sector of mountains with low altitude
(1001-1250 m) stands out for deciduous forests on
453 km2 (according to CORINE Landcover dates,
2006).
encompassing contributory factors (Roca, 2015b).
The USLE model is developed by Mooc, 1979,
being called also ROMSEM, tacking into account de
climatic conditions, specific for the Romanian
territory.
2. Database and methodology
Considering the purpose of this study it was
necessary to make a conceptual and informatics data
base (table 1), which will better describe the
complexity of the analyzed territory. Using ESRI
product: ArcMap 10.1, the maps of necessary
coefficients were spatially obtained, needed for
modeling the erosion of soil through USLE model.
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 COLNI Dorel et al./ProEnvironment 9(2016) 5-16

Table 1: Database structure

Nr. Database Structure type Source/resolution Database type
Topographic maps,
1. Contour lines vector primary
1:25.000
2. DEM Raster (grid) 20 m modelled
numeric
3. Erosion coefficient ICPA, 1987 modelled
Raster (grid)
4. Slope Raster (grid) degrees derived
Correction coefficient for
5. Raster (grid) ICPA, 1987 modelled
soil erosion
vector Conversion 20 m primary
6. Land use
Raster (Grid) Conversion 20 m derived
Correction coefficient for
7. Raster (grid) Based on land use classes modelled
crops effect
8. Runoff accumulation Raster (grid) Modeled on DEM derived
9. Slope lenght (m) Raster (grid) Based on the equation modelled

In order to identify the erosional classes of
soil, quantified in tones/hectare/year, it was
necessary to purchase a series of mandatory stages,
like the processing of digital elevation model with the
resolution of 25 m, based on the contour lines
extracted from the topographic maps. Using GIS
spatial analysis were obtained the data bases that
contain the slope length (Ln) and the coefficient of
slope lenght (Lm). Data bases that contain the
erosional classes of soils depending on the class and
type of soil and the erosional coefficient establish
based on the climatic aggression are based on
previous studies make by Drgan and Stnescu in
1970, Mooc et. Al., 1975, that allowed framing the
territory on different classes, according to the specific
methodology.

Fig. 2: The followed conceptual scheme (processed after Roca, 2014)

The integration of the universal equation of K Erosion coefficient determined based on

soil erosion in Raster Calculator mod allowed climate aggressiveness
obtaining the erosional classes of soils in raster S Correction coefficient for soil erosion
format, which allows accession to the databases C Correction coefficient for crops effect
related to the subunits of relief or for the Cs Correction coefficient for the effect of
administrative territorial units situated within the anti-erosional works
study area. Lm Slope lenght (m)
Ln Land slope (%)
Universal Soil Erosion Equation
(Wischmeier & Smith, 1978): This equation allows the prediction of annual
E=KSCCS LmLn where, average losses of soil on long term (Morgan, 2005,
E The average annual erosion, (t/ha/an) Singh and Phadke, 2006,) for the present conditions
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 COLNI Dorel et al./ProEnvironment 9(2016) 5-16
as well for the conditions proposed especially
regarding the way of land use and the degree of
coverage with vegetation, but in this case is necesary
to identify the areas of silt deposition.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Description of the database used in modeling
coefficients
The erosional coefficient established on
pluvial aggressiveness (climatic) (K), for the territory
represented by Some Mare Hills is 0,120, value that
has been established by Mooc et. al., 1970 on
experimental plots from Perieni Resort and Valea
Clugreasc.
Fig. 3. The map of the correction coefficient for soil erosion
In order to establish the correction
coefficient for the crop effect for the analyzed
territory (figure 4), CORINE Landcower datas from
2006 were used, which were assigned values between
0 for urban and industrial area, 0,005 for areas
occupied by deciduous, mixed and coniferous forests,
0.2 for the transition areas with shrubs (generally
cleared) as well as land predominantly agricultural,
8
The correction coefficient for soil erosion
was obtained based on indicator 186 from the
Methodology of develop soil studies elaborate by
ICPA Bucharest in 1987, that takes into account the
genetic type of soil, erosion degree and texture of
soil. Thereby, on small areas irregularly distributed,
stands the existence of maximum class erosion for the
studied area of 1,1 (figure 3). The largest spread of
brown-luvic soil class (podzolic) frames the territory
in the medium erosional class of 1 for the area of low
hills, 0,80 for the area of medium hills (with altitudes
smaller than 500 m) and low erosional class of 0,69
for territories with altitudes bigger than 750 m, where
predominate brown acid soils.
mixed with natural vegetation, 0,3 for pastures, o,6
for areas with complex crops, 0,7 for territories
planted with vine plantations and 1 for non-irrigated
arable areas. This coefficient is included in the model
because of the influence that has on soil loss
dependent by the degree of development of
vegetation, by the works applied on soil and not least
by the direct effect of the relief.
 COLNI Dorel et al./ProEnvironment 9(2016) 5-16

Fig. 4: The map of correction coefficient for crops effect

The correction coefficient for the anti- 0.6,1.3,22.1,0.017 experimental

erosional effect was 1, due to very low spatial extent
of anti-erosion work applied.
The slope length (Lm) was calculated using
the formula proposed by Mitasova et. al., in 1996.
POW
([accumulation]20/22.1,0.6)POW(sin([slope]0.01
7)/0.09,1,3), where
Accumulation runoff acumulation
20 raster resolution
coefficients (Moore, I.D., Wilson, J.,P., 1992)
Slope (%)
The length of slopes expressed in meters had
values between 0 and 652 (figure 5). It is known the
fact that as the slope is greater the greater the volume
of water drained on slope will be, increasing also the
erosional power of drainage, values that will decrease
with decreasing slope length.

Fig. 5: The map of slope lenght for Some Mare Hills

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 COLNI Dorel et al./ProEnvironment 9(2016) 5-16

3.2 The distribution of soil erosion classes at level of
Some Mare Hills
After applying the USLE model for the
territory of Some Mare Hills it was possible to
identify and map the spatial erosional classes of soil
(figure 6), which represents the erosional risk (Grecu,
1998) based on the vulnerability of the territory at
surface erosion. From the territorial point of view
stands for an extended surface of 870 km2 losses of
soil as a result of soil erosion smaller than 5 t/ha/year,
which represents 86% of the analyzed territory
(figure 7). Still, the purpose followed in this study is
to identify lossed of soil that over comes 3t/ha/year.
This represents an area bigger than 10,66 km2,
predominant situated in the middle hilly sector,
characterized by large and medium slopes with a
lower degree of land cover vegetation.

Table 2: Spatial distribution of soil erosion classes

Clasa de eroziune Pierderile de sol Suprafaa
Erosional class Soil loss Surface
(t/ha/an) (km2)
Absent 0 0.5 870.91
Very low 0.5 1.5 104.04
Low 1.51 3 23.05
Moderate 3.1 6 7.94
Large 6.1 9 1.59
Very large >9 1.13

Fig. 6: The map of soil losses achieved after applying the USLE model

Fig. 7: The percentage distribution of soil erosion classes

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 COLNI Dorel et al./ProEnvironment 9(2016) 5-16

3.3 The distribution of soil losses a
thydrographic sub-basins level
According to specialty studies, it is
recommended the research of soil erosion and the
effects of torrential drainage on small hydrographic
sub-basins (Ionescu, 1972), which aloud in case of
modeling the utilization of the effects of maximum
drainage, dependent by the morphometric conditions,
soil and usage class of the territory afferent to them.

Fig. 8: The map of average soil losses at hydrographic sub-basin level

Thus is noticed, with high values of the
estimated soil erosion, the hydrographic sub-basins
of Borcut with 15,5 t/ha/year, Rebra with 79,1
t/ha/year, Gersa with 51,8 t/ha/year and Runc with
51,4 t/ha/year (table 3). At the opposite pole are
located the hydrographic sub-basins of Dumbrvia,
Valea Lung, Canciu and Leleti, with low values (<
0.228 t/ha/year), which can be attributed to expansion
luvic brown soils (podzolic)and on morphografic
characteristics of the hydrographic sub-basins,
framing the territory in the medium erosional class.

Table 3: The statistical analysis of soil losses at hydrographic sub-basins level

Nr. Bazin hidrografic Suprafaa Deviaia
Medii Maxime Suma
Hydrographic basin Surface Standard
Average Maximum Sum
(km2) Standard deviation
1 Seradia 0.0 0.2 1.5 0.3 21.9
2 Mgura 2.0 0.2 5.7 0.4 863.1
3 Strmbul 8.1 0.2 7.8 0.4 3325.4
4 Rituria 7.8 0.2 9.8 0.6 3840.6
5 Hma 9.1 0.2 9.8 0.4 4084.0
6 V. Caselor 8.2 0.2 9.3 0.5 4442.0
7 Sltruc 14.5 0.1 7.6 0.4 4539.7
8 ntre Hotare 10.1 0.2 9.2 0.5 5459.3
9 Leleti 24.3 0.2 13.6 0.5 9167.1
10 V. Negriletilor 18.3 0.2 20.6 0.8 10611.7
11 V. lui Dan 19.7 0.2 16.2 0.6 10971.6
12 Grbul Dejului 18.0 0.3 19.6 0.7 12362.6
13 Feldriel 29.1 0.3 50.5 0.8 18855.9
14 Dumbrvia 37.4 0.2 26.8 0.6 19448.7
15 Borcut 15.5 0.5 33.3 1.3 20120.3
16 Canciu 47.1 0.2 22.1 0.5 21102.0
17 Dobricel 35.0 0.3 27.6 0.7 23541.0

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 COLNI Dorel et al./ProEnvironment 9(2016) 5-16

18 Telcior 50.0 0.3 43.5 0.9 31413.7

19 Valea Mare 53.9 0.3 16.9 0.6 34894.0
20 Runc 51.4 0.3 47.6 1.1 36392.7
21 ible 71.1 0.3 31.2 0.7 42342.4
22 Gersa 51.8 0.4 39.5 1.0 45229.4
23 Rebra 79.1 0.3 56.0 1.1 59638.8
24 Fiad 135.1 0.2 42.3 0.8 77271.3
25 V. Lung 170.2 0.4 36.7 1.3 85427.1
26 Seradia 0.0 0.2 1.5 0.3 21.9
27 Suprafaa interbazinal 97.5 0.3 88.9 1.0 67192.4

Following the extension of the surface,
exactly this hydrographic basins, despite of the low
medium quantity of eroded soil, with a spatial surface
of 170.2 km2 presents summed values of eroded soil
bigger than 80 t/year, being folloed by the sub-basin
of Fiad, with a value of 68 t/year (figure 9). For this
hydrographic sub-basins can be proposed measures
to minimize soil erosion and thus to increase
productivity of cultivated plants, as well as the
extension of faster wooded areas with trees like
acacia, willow or poplar (Domua, 2011), while
ensuring a slower surface drainage, development of
natural or artificial outlets leading to excess rainfall
throughout the area served to the main collector.

Fig. 9. The map of total soil losses at hydrographic sub-basins level

Applying agrotechnical and forestry
measures with role of diminish soil erosion requires
a big amount of work, but with their ameliorative
character it is recommended to apply it in the sight of
reducing the installation on extensive surfaces of soil
erosion. Other wise, it is admitted the fact that forests
have the most benefic role on the hydrological regime
of a region, insuring a better preservation of the soil
by reducing the surface water drainage up to 19,4 mm
(Arghiriade et. al., 1968). Among the functions of
the forest on the environment, we can notice the
function of protection against the harmful climatic
factors, function of scientific reserve, the social
function and especially the hydrological and anti-
erosional function (Machedon, 1996), on which we
insist.
There are also differences between
deciduous and coniferous ones, being known the
shorter vegetation of deciduous, coniferous forest of
larch, pin, spruce can hold from 628 up to 831 g/m2,
while willow, maple or ash, in period of maximum
vegetation can hold between 415 and 687 687 g/m2,
acacia can hold 270 g/m2, but it is often used as a
result of high growth rate (Arghiriade et. al., 1968).

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 COLNI Dorel et al./ProEnvironment 9(2016) 5-16

Fig. 10: The map of areas occupied with forest at hydrographic sub-basin level

After analyzing CORINE LANDCOWER,
2006 database, stands out the extension on the
largest area of territory analyzed wooded areas with
deciduous (453,13 km2), which represents 43,70%
from the whole area, coniferous forest occupy only
5.89 km2 and mixed ones 8.55 km2. Analysing the
hydrographic sub-basins depending on their rate of
forestation, stands Valea Lung sub-basin, due to the
large areas occupied with deciduous forest, with 77
km2 (figure 10) of forest arranged predominantly in
the upper sector, which prints the low value of the
average rate of erosion of soil (figure 8) and Fiad sub-
basin with 37 km2, which corresponds the average
values of erosion of only 0.2 t/ha/year.
Analyzing the relation between the erosion
rate for soils on hydrographic sub-basins and the
forestation coefficient of them, stands a close
dependence of the two analyzed factors (figure 11)
plus the combined effect of other factors that
influence erosion rate dependent on soil
characteristics, relief or management of agricultural
land.

80
y = -5.898ln(x) + 62.206
60

40
Pierderile de sol

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Rata de mpdurire

Fig. 11: The correlation between the average amount of eroded soil and the forestation rate on
hydrographic sub-basins

Regarding the role of forests in soil
conservation and the landscape is known as altered
soil recovery factor (ru and Dicu, 2014), together
with the adjustability of the composition of the
atmosphere, the beneficial effect on topo-climate.
Economically speaking, forest can be seen both as an
anti-erosion measure and renewable natural capital
and thus influencing human society. Similarly,
analyzing the rate of erosion on deforested areas or
used as pastures, the quantity of eroded soil increased
dependent of slope length and the use of the land. In
1979, Dinu, V., considers that soil erosion that occurs

13
 COLNI Dorel et al./ProEnvironment 9(2016) 5-16
on slopes with gradient up to 20% may result in a
decrease of 60% of the ideal plot affected.
4. Conclusion
The results obtained after applying the USLE
model for Some Mare Hills revealed the territories
susceptible for surface erosion, following which
results soil losses bigger than 3 t/ha/year, dependent
on the hydro-climatic, morphographic and soil
characteristics.
In this study, the most affected territories are
those situated in the middle hilly sector characterized
by large and medium slopes and a lower degree of
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