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http://math.niu.edu/richard/Math211
1. Asymptotes
2. Example
1
Let y = f (x) = x + x
1
f (x) = 1 x2
= 1 x2
2
f (x) = 2x3 = x3
1
Since lim+ f (x) = lim+ x + =
x0 x0 x
x = 0 (the y-axis) is a vertical asymptote.
1
Since lim f (x) x = lim =0
x x x
1
2
3. Graph of x + 1/x
1
lim+ =
x0 x
y-axis y=x
vertical asymptote p slant asymptote
(1, 2)
4. Vertical Asymptotes
x = 0, x = 3, x = 1
5. Horizontal Asymptotes
6. Computing Limits
7. Example 1.
1/x 8/x3
= lim
x 1 4/x2
00
=
10
=0
8. Second example
2x2 + 1/x
= lim
x 1 + 5/x2
+0
=
1+0
=
x+1x+2
=
(x + 1)2
3
=
(x + 1)2
By the power rule
f (x) = 6(x + 1)3
x = 1
vertical asymptote
y=1
horizontal asymptote
Revenue R(x)
Profit P (x)
Cost C(x)
Maximize Profit
Maximize Revenue
Minimize Cost
Since maximums and minimums occur when the derivative is zero, our goal
is to find values for which
marginal revenue, marginal profit, marginal cost = 0.
R = 0.05p2 + 0.98p + 18
R (p) = 0.1p + 0.98 = 0
p = 9.8
8
Revenue is maximum at x = 4
As a general rule
P (x) = R(x) C(x)
By calculus we know
P (x) = R (x) C (x)
and
P (x) = R (x) C (x)
Thus P (x) = 0 if and only if
R (x) = C (x)
The owner of a kennel has 90 feet of fencing available to enclose three pens
as shown
2x + 4y = 90
A=xy
Solve
2x + 4y = 90
for x:
2x = 90 4y
x = 45 2y
Subsitute x = 45 2y into A = xy
A = xy = (45 2y)y = 45y 2y 2
Differentiate (with respect to y) and set to 0:
dA
= 45 4y = 0
dy
if and only if y = 45/4 = 11.25
x = 45 2y = 45 22.5 = 22.5
The dimensions are 11.25 by 22.5
Building
4$ y y 4$
x
5$
C = 2 4y + 5x = 8y + 5x
The area is A = xy
The problem is to minimize the cost function C
subject to the constraining equation
x y = 810
14
If you have produced x items, then C(x + 1) C(x) is the cost required to
produce one more item. Likewise for P (x + 1) P (x) and R(x + 1) R(x)