Biophotonics Biophotonics

Last time
Light as a wave

Lecture 3 - Lenses Interference

and Fourier Optics The effect of multiple sources

Diffraction

Huygens-Fresnel Principle

Distance to the far field

Single slit diffraction pattern

1 2

Biophotonics
Todays Lecture
Biophotonics
Single Slit

Understanding diffraction

Numerical aperture and light collection

y=sinc2(x)
Aperture
Fourier transforms in optics width = a
Distance > a2/
Spatial frequencies
1 cm slit @ 800 nm - distance to far field = 125 m!
Generating arbitrary patterns at focus
So we never really see these effects?
A lens reproduces the far-field diffraction pattern at the
focus!
3 4
Biophotonics Biophotonics
Image Distance
How much light can a lens capture?

Maximum
captured rays
Medium index
=n Numerical aperture (NA)
=n.sin

Uncaptured
Rays
Having an aperture in the beam path
WILL cause diffractive effects NA specifies a cone of light that can be captured.

y=sinc2(x)
Higher NA - greater cone of light that can be captured.
Cant really just keep on increasing the size of the lens.
5 6

Biophotonics
2 Dimensions Biophotonics

Generally lenses are circular.

What effect will this have at the focus?

Mathematical representation:
At the focal point we
see Airy Rings

7 8
Biophotonics Biophotonics

9 10

Biophotonics Biophotonics

11 12
Biophotonics

800 nm light is diffracted by a slit of 50 um - what diffraction pattern

Biophotonics
Spatial Frequencies
do you observe and what is its width at a distance of 3 cm?

Fourier analysis allows this square wave to be represented

as a series of sine waves with different frequencies.
High levels of detail - sharp edges require the use of high
frequencies
In optical FT, we have access to the spatial frequencies.
Higher the spatial frequencies we can capture, the more
detail we can see in the images.
13 14

Biophotonics Using Spatial Frequencies Biophotonics

Spatial Light Modulator

Dynamic control of light at focus.

Can use learning algorithms to
Scientific Reports 3, Article number: 2266 (2013) produce particular spot.
doi:10.1038/srep02266
http://www.cs.northwestern.edu/~bgooch/
PerceptionClass/week3/spatial-filters.jpg

15 16
Biophotonics

Summary
Understanding diffraction

Numerical aperture and light collection

Fourier transforms in optics

Spatial frequencies

Generating arbitrary patterns at focus

17