II.

Learning Area: Identifying the problem and asking the question

Number of weeks: 3 weeks (12 hours)
Learners activity:
Formulates clearly the statement of Research Problem
Presents written statement of the problem

Teachers activity:
Gives feedback or comments on progress achieved by the learner
Checks learners work
Conducts oral defense of learners work

Learners output: the output should defend upon the Research approach
whether it is Qualitative or Quantitative.

CONTENT
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
1. THE PHENOMENON 1. The Problem and Its Background

1.1 The Introduction 1.1 Introduction

The introductory part describes the
background, concepts, scope and
limitations of the study
It makes the reason clear why the
topic under investigation is worth
pursuing.(rationale)
It states the relevance/significance of
the study to SHS students.
It ends with the purpose of the study
(explanatory, exploratory, descriptive
and evaluative)
1.2 The Problem Statement
The research question or need for
study
Qualitative Research problem should
be anchored depending on the
strand of the students who are
conducting research
Constructions may be derive from
the literature review, personal
experience, personal knowledge and
This is the part of a research that
gives a brief introduction of the
study being conducted in a macro
approach or large scale approach.
Possibly 1-2 pages long.
The introduction usually emphasizes
relevant literature and research
that substantiates the relevance
and scope of the problem.
Use current statistics and literature
in documenting the present state
of the problem or need for
conducting the study.
This section should be concluded
with the purpose of the study.
1.2 Background of the Study
This part presents the background
and scope of the study to make
clear the reasons why the topic is
worth pursuing.
This delimits the area under
 observation
1.3 The Objectives
The central and specific purposes of
the study related to the tradition of
inquiry (Phenomenological, Case
Study, Oral History, Ethnography,
Grounded Theory, Critical Research,
and Action Research)
Specific objectives should be
numbered so that these can easily be
the point of reference in reporting
results
1.4 The Study Framework
In the case of Grounded Theory
Studies, the researchers emphasis is
on the generation of theory/theories.
Researchers may formulate new
paradigm based on the research
results.
Researchers may customize the
existing theory (Customized
Paradigm)
Researchers may integrate concepts
from two (2) or more theories.
(Integrated Paradigm
1.5 Theoretical Paradigm
Theoretical Paradigm: Theory/theories
drawn by communication scholars
which may guide and explain the
concepts as well as the underlying
research epistemology
(assumptions/postulates)
1.7 Conceptual Paradigm
Conceptual Paradigm: Presentation
of study concepts based on the
research results, theoretical precepts,
and literature reviews.
investigation
This part discusses extensive reasons
why the topic is important
A more expounded discussion of
the relevant literature and research
that substantiates the relevance
and scope of the problem.
Brief citation of the setting of the
study. The participants/respondents
and its scope should be presented.
1.3 Theoretical Framework
This part describes and explains the
theory/theories that are related
and relevant to the problem which
are drawn from related literature or
studies.
It clarifies the relationship between
and among the major variables of
the theory.
If theres any, the original model
should be illustrated.
1.4 Conceptual Framework
This part discusses how the
elements of the cited
theory/theories are applied in the
study.
The diagram or paradigm (original
or adapted) and how it was
conceived/applied in the study
and its corresponding explanation
thereof is also an important part of
this section.
1.5 Statement of the Problem
This part introduces the research
question.
Introductory paragraph should be
the start of the statement of the
problem that will justify the intent of
the study and should be closed
with the research question.
1.8 The Research Postulates
These are assumptions that are
anchored to the studys objectives.
The statements or principles will be
verified by the current study.
Postulates should be numbered and
with reference to the study objectives
1.9 The Explication of Terms
Operational Definition of the
concepts used in the study
Shared meanings among the
researchers, informants/participants
and other sources
Theoretical and or Technical terms
should be defined with proper
attribution of sources (American
Psychological Association or APA
Style)
Arrange the terms as they appear in
the manuscript
1.6 Objectives of the Study
This part consists of the clear,
definite and logical statement of
the objectives.
Objectives cited in this section are
enough to cover the thesis
problem.
Rely on specific objectives as a
reference in reporting the findings.
1.7 Assumptions or Hypotheses
These are the assertions related to
the study that identify relevant
theory, statements or principles that
were taken for granted as being
true but that were not verified by
the current study.
Assumptions and hypotheses
generally underlie beliefs, theories
and practices. Assumptions are
used if there is no variable testing
while Hypothesis will be used if
variables or relationships of the
variables will be tested.
Statement of assumptions should
be numbered so that these can
easily be the point of reference in
reporting findings.
1.8 Significance of the Study
This part presents the role of the
research findings to diverse sectors
The theoretical and practical
significance should be specific in
stating the possible contributions of
the findings.
If suitable, the theoretical or
conceptual significance should be
addressed in particular.
State in what way the study is
important to the researcher/s,
 students, groups, organization and
institution in the community, etc.
Explain in paragraph in what way
each of them would benefit from
the study.

1.9 Limitations of Study

This part sets the boundaries in the

study that may decrease the ability
to generalize findings to the target
population.
It includes the weaknesses of the
study which are beyond the control
of the researcher/s.

1.10 Operational Definition

This section presents theoretical

and/or operational definitions of
relevant terms to the study.
Each major term in the problem
statement or research question and
objectives should be defined.
Major concepts/variables within
the theoretical or conceptual
framework should also be defined.
Arrange the terms as they appear
in the manuscript NOT
alphabetically.
If both scientific
(technical/theoretical) and
operational definition will be used,
separate the definition and
indicate OD for operational
definition and LD for lexical
definition.
Technical and or theoretical terms
should be defined with proper
attribution of sources (use
American Psychological
Association or APA Style).
References:
1. Cristobal, Amadeo Jr. P.,2017, Practical Research for Senior High
School, C&E Publishing

2. Dawson, Catherine, 2002, Practical Research Methods, New Delhi,

UBS
PublishersDistributors

3. Kothari, C.R.,1985, Research Methodology- Methods and

Techniques, New Delhi,
Wiley Eastern Limited.

4. Kumar, Ranjit, 2005, Research Methodology-A Step-by-Step Guide

for
Beginners,(2nd.ed.),Singapore, Pearson Education.
Budget of work

Dll

Content

Bulleted (no narration)

Short description

Analytical
Theoretical
Conceptual