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UNIT III
The power plants are mainly classified into conventional and non conventional power plants.
Prime mover is a device used for converting different forms of energy into mechanical energy in
the form of rotation. Example: Steam turbine
Condenser is a device which cools the steam and converts it back to water. The condensed
water can be used as feed (input) water to the boiler (steam generator).
Steam power plant is also known as thermal power plant. It is used to generate electricity and it
is working based on Rankine cycle. It is widely operated around the world, because it can be
operated round the clock with coal as the fuel.
5. What are the various factors to be considered in selecting site for a thermal power plant?
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(b) Availability of water
(c) Transportation facilities
(d) Type of land
(e) Distance from residential area
6. List the various merits of steam (thermal) power plant.
Hydroelectric power plant utilizes the potential energy of water when it is stored in a dam built
across the river. The potential energy of stored water is converted into kinetic energy by passing
it through a pipe called penstock. The kinetic energy of water is then converted into mechanical
energy in a water turbine.
High head power plant When the water is exceeds 70 m the hydroelectric power plant is said
to be high head power plant. The Pelton wheel turbine is used as the prime mover.
Medium head power plant When the head water ranges between 15 m to 70 m, then the
hydroelectric power plant is said to be medium head power plant. The plant uses Francis
turbine as the prime mover.
Low head power plant When the head of water is less than 15 m, then the hydro electric
power plant is said to be low head power plant. The plant uses Kaplan turbine as the prime
mover.
10. State the merits of hydroelectric power plant.
A nuclear power plant differs from a thermal power plant only in the steam generating part. In
thermal (steam) power plant, the source is coal but in a nuclear power plant the source is a
nuclear fuel (Uranium). The heat produced by the nuclear fission reaction of the nuclear fuel is
used to convert water into steam. The steam with high energy content is used to drive the prime
mover which is coupled which generator.
As per the statement of scientists, One kg of U235 can produce as much as energy can be
produced by burning of 4500 tonnes of high grade coal.
A chain reaction produces enormous amount of heat which is used to produce steam. (The
chain reaction under uncontrolled conditions can release extremely large amount of energy
causing atomic explosion).
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It is a process of splitting up of nucleus of fissionable material like uranium into two or
more fragments with release of enormous amount of energy.
The nucleus of U235 is bombarded with high energy neutrons
The neutrons produced are very fast and can be made to fission other nuclei of U235, thus
setting up a chain reaction.
Out of 2.5 neutrons released one neutron is used to sustain the chain reaction.
U235+0n1 Ba 141+Kr92+2.50n1+200 MeV energy
1 eV = 1.6X10 joule.
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1 MeV = 106 eV
16. What are the various disposal methods for solid, liquid and gaseous waste from power
plants?
Gaseous wastes are discharged to the atmosphere through high stacks. Moderate liquid wastes,
after a preliminary treatment is discharged to deep pits. Active liquids are kept in concrete
tanks. These tanks are buried in the ground till their radioactivity decays up to a safe level for
disposal.
Solid wastes are classified into combustible wastes and non combustible wastes. Combustible
wastes can be reduced to ashes by putting them into fire.
Land burial is the best method employed for solid waste disposal.
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17. What are gas turbines?
Gas turbines are mainly used for electric power generation and also in jet engines of air craft. It
is also used in turbochargers of internal combustion (IC) engines. They have limited application
in marine engines.
Gas turbines have a unique advantage of using any type of fuel. i.e., Solid, liquid or gas. Gas
turbine operates either on an open cycle or closed cycle.
(a) Operating temperature is high in the combustion chamber; hence special high temperature
alloys should be used.
(b) Thermal efficiency is very low.
(c) Not suitable for low capacity.
(d) Large size exhaust duct due to increased requirement for air for cooling and combustion.
20. What is the method can be adopted to improve the thermal efficiency of gas turbine
power plant.
(a) By using a multistage compressor and inter-cooling to reduce the work of compression.
(b) By using a multistage turbine to reduce the temperature of the exhaust gases before leaving
the turbine
(c) By using a generator, to further reduce the temperature waste gases.
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Part B (Questions and Answers)
1. With a neat layout of thermal (steam) power plant, explain its construction and working
principle. What are the major circuits in a thermal power plant. Explain briefly about them.
List the advantages and disadvantages.
Working Principle: In a steam power plant, the water is converted into steam in a boiler. The
stored energy in the steam is used to drive the turbine. The turbine is coupled with generator,
hence power is produced.
Steam power plant is also known as Thermal power plant. There are four major circuits in the
steam power plant. They are
(i) Coal and ash circuit
(ii) Water and steam circuit
(iii) Air and flue gas circuit
(iv) Cooling water circuit
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Coal and Ash circuit
Coal from mines is delivered by ships, rails or trucks to the power station.
Coal is sized by crushers, breakers etc., which is called coal sizing.
The sized coal is stored in coal storage.
From stock yard, the coal is transferred to the boiler furnace by means of conveyors,
elevators etc.,
The coal is burnt in the boiler and ash is produced.
Ash coming out of the furnace will be too hot, dusty and accompanied by poisonous
gases.
The ash is transferred to the ash storage.
Generally the ash will be quenched to reduce the temperature and the dust content.
Turbine
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The turbine drives generator to produce electric power.
The expanded steam is then passed through the condenser.
In the condenser, steam is condensed into water the re-circulated.
Air is taken from the atmosphere by the action of Forced draught (F.D) fan at
atmospheric pressure and temperature.
It is passed through an air pre heater
The air is preheated by the flue gases in the pre heater.
This preheated air is supplied to the furnace to aid the combustion of fuel and to
enhance the combustion.
Due to the combustion of fuel the flue gases are formed.
The flue gases from the furnace pass over the boiler tubes and super heater tubes.
Then the flue gases pass through economizer to heat the feed water.
After that it passes through a dust collector.
It is then exhausted to atmosphere through chimney.
The exhaust steam from the turbine is circulated through the tubes in the condenser.
In the condenser, the cold water is circulated to condense the steam into water.
The steam is condensed by losing its latent heat to the circulating the cold water.
Hence the cold water gets heated.
This hot water is then taken to a cooling tower.
In cooling tower the water is sprayed in the form of droplets through nozzles.
The atmospheric air enters the cooling tower from the openings provided at the bottom
of the tower.
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This cold water is again circulated through the pump, condenser and the cooling tower.
Some amount of water may be lost due to evaporation, during this process.
Hence make up water is added to the pond by means of a pump
Life of plant is more (25-30 years ) compared to Diesel plant (2-5 years)
Repair and maintenance cost is low when compared to diesel plant.
Initial cost is less compared to nuclear plant.
Suitable for varying load conditions.
No radioactive harmful wastes are produced
Unskilled operators can operate the plant.
The power generation does not depend on the water storage.
There are no transmission losses, as they are located near load centers.
2. Explain the construction and working principle of Gas turbine power plant and list the
merits and demerits.
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Working principle: In a gas turbine power plant, high pressure produced by combustion is
used to drive a gas turbine. The gas turbine shaft is coupled with generator. When the turbine
rotates generator is driven and thus the power is produced.
A simple open cycle gas turbine power plant consists of a compressor, a combustion chamber
and a turbine. The compressor and turbine are connected by a common shaft with a flange. Air
from the atmosphere is taken and compressed to a high pressure. The high pressure is supplied
to the combustion chamber, where the fuel is injected. The fuel burns and the temperature is
raised at constant pressure. The hot gases with high energy content passes through the turbine,
where it expands to its initial pressure before being exhausted to atmosphere.
A major portion of power developed in the turbine is used to drive the compressor and only the
remaining power is available as the net power output. Hence open cycle simple gas turbine
power plant is not economical to be operated as a single unit.
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Gas turbine with cogeneration of power (Combined gas turbine and steam turbine plant)
A major portion of power developed in the turbine is used to drive the compressor and only the
remaining power is available as the net power output. Hence, gas turbine power plant is very
expensive to operate. Therefore it is usually steam power plant in a closed combined cycle.
Gas turbine draws clean air into through air filter from atmosphere, with the help of a
compressor.
During the compression pressure of the air is increased.
Compressed air is passed through to a combustion chamber along with fuel (Natural
gas).
The air fuel mixture is ignited at high pressure in the combustion chamber.
Combustion takes place.
The generated hot gas of compression is passed through the gas turbine.
Hot gases expand, and the turbines blades are connected to the turbine shaft are rotated.
The turbine shaft which is coupled to the shaft of the electrical generator at the other end
also rotates and drives the electrical generator.
A portion of the energy developed by the hot gases through the gas turbine is used to
run the compressor.
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The residual hot gases from gas turbine are passed through a heat exchanger (heat
recovery steam generator)
The heat exchanger produces steam with high pressure with the help of a steam boiler.
The steam is allowed to expand in the steam turbine.
When it passes through the turbine blades, the turbine shaft is rotated. The shaft is
coupled to the generator, which generates electricity.
Gas turbine and steam turbine combination enables increased power generation.
Advantages
Natural gas is readily available.
Setting up cost can be reduced if the plant is installed near the source of natural gas.
Less gas storage cost
Less space occupation.
Compared to steam power plant, smaller in size.
Low operating cost.
Low maintenance cost.
No standby losses.
Cheaper fuels like natural gas.
Disadvantages
3. Draw the layout of a diesel power plant, explain its working principle. List the merits and
demerits.
Working
Air from atmosphere is drawn into the compressor and is compressed.
The compressed air is sent to diesel engine through filter.
In the filter, dust, dirt from air is filtered and only clean air is sent to diesel engine.
Fuel oil from tank is passed through filter where it gets filtered and clean oil is injected
into the diesel engine through fuel pump and fuel injector
Mixture of compressed air and spray of fuel oil are ignited into the engine and
combustion takes place.
The heat energy is utilized for driving the generator, which produces power.
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Advantages of diesel power plant :
4. Draw the neat layout of a hydroelectric power plant. List the merits and demerits.
Working
It uses the potential energy of water of water stored in a reservoir.
The water from the reservoir through a penstock and then forced through nozzle or
nozzles before reaching the turbine.
The hydraulic turbine converts the kinetic energy of water under pressure into
mechanical energy.
The shaft of the turbine is coupled to a generator that generates electricity
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The electricity generated is fed to the step-up transformer to increase its voltage.
Power is fed to the transmission lines for distribution.
The output power of Hydel power plant depends on the head of water stored in the
reservoir and the quantity of water discharged
Plant doesnt require any fuel, it uses naturally available source water and hence no
pollution.
Operating cost is less and skilled operator is not needed.
Simple in construction and less maintenance cost
Very robust and durable
The reservoir and dam used for power generation, can also used for irrigation.
5. With a neat sketch explain the construction and working principle of Nuclear power plant.
State its advantages and disadvantages.
Nuclear power plant uses nuclear energy from radio active element for generating
electrical energy.
More than 15% of the worlds electricity is generated from Nuclear power plants.
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It is generally located far away from populated areas.
In future generation of electricity will be depending on Nuclear Power Plant, as it is
economical.
1 kg of uranium U -235 can produce electrical power electrical that can be produced by
using 3000 -4500 tonnes of high grade coal or 2000 tonnes of oil.
Working
The heat generated in the reactor due to the fission of the fuel is taken up by the coolant.
The hot coolant then leaves the reactor and flows through the steam generator.
In the steam generator the hot coolant transfers its heat to the feed water which gets
converted into steam.
The steam produced is passed through the turbine, which is coupled with generator.
Hence the power is produced during the running of turbine.
The exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed in the condenser.
The condensate then flows to the steam generator through the feed pump.
The cycle is thus repeated.
Advantages :
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Disadvantages
Nuclear Fuel:
Fuel Rods: The fuel rods hold nuclear fuel in a nuclear power plant.
Neutron Source: A source of neutron is required to initiate the fission for the first time. A
mixture of beryllium with plutonium is commonly used as a source of neutron.
Reactor:
Neutron Reflectors:
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7. What are the various factors to be considered in selecting the site for constructing a
hydroelectric power plant?
Availability of Water:
Bearing capacity of the land should be good to withstand huge structures and equipments.
Storage of Water :
A dam must be constructed to store the large quantity of water in order to cope with variations
of water availability throughout the year.
Transportation Facilities :
The site should be accessible by rail and road for easy transportation of equipments and
machinery.
Reservoir :
Surge Tank :
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Power House:
It is building that houses that water turbine, generator, transformer and control room.
Water Turbine:
Water turbines such as Pelton, Kaplan and Francis are used to convert pressure and
kinetic energy of flowing water into mechanical energy.
Draft Tube:
Tailrace:
Generator:
Step up transformer:
It converts the Alternating Current (AC) into high voltage current suitable for
transmission.
Main pollutants from thermal plants are SO2, CO2, CO as minute particles such as fly
ash.
SO2 causes suffocation, irritation to throat and eyes and respiratory for people. It
destroys crop.
CO is a poisonous gas.
Dust particles cause respiratory troubles like cough, cold, sneezing etc.,
Thermal Pollution:
The sources of noise in a power plant are turbo alternators, fans and power
transformers.
Sound proofing can be done to reduce the noise.
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10. What are the various factors to be considered in selecting the site for a thermal power
plant?
Availability of coal:
A thermal plant of 400M, capacity requires nearly 6000 tons of coal every day.
Power plant should be located near coal mines.
Ash Disposal Facilities:
Public Problems:
The plant should be far away from residential area to avoid nuisance from smoke, fly
ash and noise.
Nature of Land: